In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-23-00287-CV
IN RE ANNA MCCUTCHEON, RELATOR
Original Proceeding Arising From Proceedings Before the County Court at Law No. 2 Lubbock, County, Texas Trial Court No. 2016-519,187, Honorable Tom W. Brummett, Presiding
September 26, 2023 MEMORANDUM OPINION Before PARKER and DOSS and YARBROUGH, JJ.
In this original proceeding we determine if the trial court abused its discretion in
holding the relator, Anna McCutcheon, in contempt for disobeying the trial court’s
possession orders. McCutcheon raises the following issues: (1) the contempt order is
void because it violated McCutcheon’s due process rights; (2) the motion for enforcement
did not meet the statutory requirements; (3) the possession order provisions are too
vague to be enforced by contempt; (4) there is insufficient evidence of McCutcheon’s
willful intent to violate the possession order; and (5) the award of attorney’s fees is void. Because we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we deny her petition for
writ of mandamus.
BACKGROUND
Anna McCutcheon is the mother of T.C. and H.C.1 Real party in interest,
Christopher Caddel, is the father. Caddel and McCutcheon are divorced, and
McCutcheon and the children reside in Lubbock, Texas, while Caddel resides in Victoria,
Texas. On March 10, 2023, Caddel was entitled to take possession of the children at
their school based upon the following language in the possession order issued in the
divorce:
*** Spring Vacation in All Years – Every year, beginning at the time school is regularly dismissed or 3:30 p.m., as applicable, on the day the child is dismissed from school for the school’s spring vacation and ending at 6:00 p.m. on the day before school resumes after that vacation. *** If CHRISTOPHER LOUIS CADDEL’s period of possession is to begin when school is dismissed, ANNA CADDEL MCCUTCHEON is ORDERED to surrender the child to CHRISTOPHER LOUIS CADDEL at the beginning of each period of CHRISTOPHER LOUIS CADDEL’s possession at the school the child attends. ***
Just before the dismissal of school at 3:25 p.m. on the Friday before Spring Break
2023, Caddel went to the children’s school to pick them up. School administrators paged
the children over the intercom to come to the front office. H.C. apparently heard the
1 To protect their privacy, we refer to the children by their initials.
2 intercom page but did not go to the front office. T.C. responded to the page and went to
the front office where she saw her father, but then asked if she could go back to her
classroom to pick up something she forgot. One of T.C.’s teachers saw her after she left
the front office. The dismissal bell rang, and they were shortly joined by H.C. The teacher
testified both children stated they did not wish to go with their father for Spring Break, and
H.C. suggested they could meet their mother, who was picking up their half-sister from
first grade.2
The teacher took T.C. and H.C. across the street to the pickup location where
McCutcheon was with their younger half-sibling. Upon seeing McCutcheon, T.C.’s
teacher asked McCutcheon if she could take the children, and she agreed. Caddel,
meanwhile, waited in the front office for the children, and when they did not show up, he
asked the principal where the children were. The principal confirmed the children had left
with their mother, and Caddel drove to McCutcheon’s house.
When McCutcheon reached home, she found Caddel in his vehicle parked in front
of her house. McCutcheon decided to keep driving, picked up an infant half-sibling from
daycare, and then left all four children at a friend’s house before returning home. Caddel
at some point called the police and observed McCutcheon drive into her garage. Caddel
remained in his vehicle and exchanged text messages with McCutcheon, demanding she
relinquish the children to him under the possession order and warning her the police were
on their way. McCutcheon responded the issue was between Caddel and the children,
implying the children did not wish to go with him, and she had done “all I can.” When the
2 The children’s half-siblings are not subject to the possession order.
3 police arrived, McCutcheon was leaving to retrieve the children. The responding officer
flagged down McCutcheon in her driveway and asked her for her side of the situation.
She explained the children were at her friend’s house and did not wish to go with their
father. The officer returned to Caddel and told him he would not be getting the children.
Caddel left McCutcheon’s home and returned to Victoria.
Following the incident, Caddel first filed a writ of habeas corpus for the return of
the children and then filed a motion to find McCutcheon in contempt. The hearing for
contempt was held before an associate judge, who, at the conclusion of the hearing,
recommended McCutcheon be jailed for three days and pay Caddel’s attorney’s fees and
court costs. Five days later, the trial court incorporated the recommendations into a
written order of contempt, but suspended the jail commitment for twelve months upon the
following conditions:
• McCutcheon “comply with the court order”; and
• McCutcheon paid Caddel’s attorney’s fees and court costs.
No order of commitment was issued by the trial court. McCutcheon requested findings of
fact and conclusions of law, and after receiving the findings from the trial court, filed this
petition for writ of mandamus.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Because contempt orders are not appealable, they are reviewable only by writ of
mandamus or habeas corpus.” In re Janson, 614 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex. 2020) (orig.
proceeding) (citation omitted). “When the contemnor is not jailed, the proper vehicle to
4 challenge a contempt order is a writ of mandamus, which requires the contemnor to show
that the trial court abused its discretion.” Id. Mandamus relief is appropriate when a
petitioner demonstrates a clear abuse of discretion and has no adequate remedy by
appeal. In re Geomet Recycling, LLC, 578 S.W.3d 82, 91 (Tex. 2019) (orig. proceeding)
(citations omitted). When a trial court fails to analyze or apply the law correctly, it has
clearly abused its discretion. In re Sherwin-Williams Co., 668 S.W.3d 368, 370 (Tex.
2023) (orig. proceeding) (internal quotations omitted).
ANALYSIS
Contempt Order is not Void
McCutcheon argues the contempt order is void because: (1) the delay between
the date of the associate judge’s recommendation and the trial court’s rendering of the
contempt order was more than four days; (2) the “comply with the court order” provision
of the suspension portion of the contempt order is ambiguous and does not comply with
the Texas Family Code; and (3) the contempt order does not state McCutcheon
committed her violations “willfully.” We disagree.
In support of her sub-issue (1), McCutcheon cites In re Stewart, No. 07-22-00079-
CV, 2022 Tex. App. LEXIS 2820, at *4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 27, 2022, orig.
proceeding). Under Stewart, McCutcheon argues, the contempt order is void because
the delay of more than four days between the signing of recommendations and the trial
court’s rendering of the written order per se violated her due process rights.
The trial court in Stewart held a father in contempt for violating the geographic
restriction in a custody order. It issued a written order suspending the contempt order 5 upon payment of a bond, and then reduced its initial oral contempt finding to a written
judgment two weeks later. No order of commitment was issued by the trial court. Id. at
*2–3. We reversed the trial court’s contempt order as void because the delay between
the oral pronouncement of contempt by the trial court and the rendering of the written
order was more than four days. Id. at *4. We also noted the lack of an order of
commitment from the trial court, despite requiring the father to pay a bond to stay out of
jail. Id.
Here, unlike in Stewart, the trial court did not conduct the initial hearing for
contempt—the associate judge did. The associate judge made a written recommendation
on the day of the hearing. Although he proposed enforcement by contempt, the associate
judge’s recommendation did not constitute an enforceable order of the trial court until it
was adopted by the trial court. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 201.1041(b). McCutcheon’s
individual freedom only came into jeopardy once the trial court rendered its judgment, not
when the associate judge made his recommendations. Five days later, the trial court’s
executed written contempt order reflected many of the recommendations of the associate
judge, but it did not expressly adopt the recommendations and it also modified them by
including suspension of the recommended commitment. Readily distinguishable from
Stewart, in this case there was no prior oral pronouncement of contempt by the trial court.
As a result, there was no delay between ordering contempt and reducing the order to
writing; it occurred in the same act by the trial court—the rendering of the written order of
6 contempt. Under these circumstances, we find Stewart to be inapplicable, and we do not
find any due process violation from the rendering of the contempt order.3
Regarding her sub-issue (2), McCutcheon argues the condition of the suspension
of commitment requiring her to “comply with the court order” is ambiguous because: (a)
it is not a listed condition for community supervision under Texas Family Code Section
157.211; and (b) the requirement is overly broad, encompassing aspects of the divorce
decree between the parties unrelated to the possession orders. McCutcheon argues, in
cases not involving child support payments, Section 157.211 limits the trial court to
assessing court costs and attorney’s fees as conditions for suspension of commitment for
each contempt finding. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.211(5). Under her rubric,
McCutcheon would merely have her commitment suspended by paying attorney’s fees
and court costs and would then be free to violate the possession orders anew. This belies
the very nature and purpose of the courts’ inherent power of contempt, which is to coerce
a noncompliant party into compliance with its orders. In re Hesse, 552 S.W.3d 893, 896–
99 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2018, orig. proceeding); see also In re Office of the AG, 422
S.W.3d 623, 627 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding). The “comply with the court order”
condition of the suspension of her commitment ensures McCutcheon’s future compliance
and, with sufficient incentive, prevents additional and repeated violations. Also, Section
157.211 states the “the terms and conditions of community supervision may include” the
listed items. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.211 (emphasis added). The word “may” in
3 McCutcheon also points out the trial court did not issue an order of commitment but does not
make any argument regarding the effect of the lack of commitment order. However, unlike Stewart, in this case, McCutcheon’s commitment was suspended from the moment the trial court rendered its contempt order, and no payment of bond was required by McCutcheon to acquire freedom. Further, the trial court had no reason to issue an order of commitment when McCutcheon had not yet violated the conditions of the suspension of her commitment. 7 statutory construction “creates discretionary authority or grants permissive power.” TEX.
GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.016. Read in context, the community supervision statute merely
suggests the actions a trial court may take; it does not provide an exclusive or exhaustive
list of those remedies displacing the inherent contempt power of courts.4
Addressing the second part of her sub-issue (2), “comply with the court order” is
not ambiguous. The contempt order refers to the “violations of the order signed July 12,
2019,” which is the divorce decree between the parties. There could be no other “order”
to which the contempt order refers. McCutcheon’s argument the order becomes
uncertain when modified is also unavailing because those modifications would
necessarily be of the “order signed on July 12, 2019.” McCutcheon’s concern she will
inadvertently violate part of the divorce decree unrelated to possession of the children
does not make the order ambiguous. To the contrary, as stated above, the trial court’s
inherent contempt power allows it to coerce compliance by McCutcheon for the entire
order, not just the possession provisions. Supra.
For her sub-issue (3), McCutcheon does not provide any authority for her
contention the contempt order required a finding her violations were “willful.”
Nonetheless, “[n]oncompliance with an unambiguous order will raise an inference that the
noncompliance was willful.” Ex parte Chambers, 898 S.W.2d 257, 261 (Tex. 1995). As
we discuss further below, the possession orders were unambiguous, and the trial court’s
4 At least two of our sister courts have found continued compliance with court orders to be an
acceptable condition of a suspension of commitment. In re Miller, No. 09-18-00253-CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 7126, at *3 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Aug. 30, 2018, orig. proceeding) (condition of suspension included surrender of children pursuant to court orders); In re Quintanilla, No. 13-17-00470-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 8285, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 29, 2017, orig. proceeding) (condition of suspension included paying child support as ordered); but cf. In re Pierre, 50 S.W.3d 554, 558 (Tex. App.— El Paso 2001, orig. proceeding) (finding list under Section 157.211 exhaustive). 8 finding McCutcheon violated the possession order allows us to infer she violated the order
“willfully.”
We find the contempt order is not void. McCutcheon’s first issue is overruled.
Caddel’s Motion for Enforcement was not Vague
McCutcheon’s second issue argues the motion for enforcement did not meet the
statutory requirements because it was vague. She complains of the following language
in the motion:
On March 10, 2023, Respondent Anna McCutcheon, failed and refused to surrender the children to Petitioner, Christopher Caddel, at the time the children’s school dismissed for the spring vacation at the school where the children attend. Respondent further failed and refused to surrender the children to Petitioner, Christopher Caddel, at the residence of Respondent after Respondent picked the children up from the school where the children attend.
McCutcheon argues the above language lacks specificity with respect to the requirement
to state “the date, place, and, if applicable, the time of each occasion of the respondent’s
failure to comply with the order.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.002(c). We find this
argument unmeritorious. From a plain reading of the motion, it is apparent the conduct
complained of is McCutcheon’s failure to surrender the children to Caddel at their school
on March 10, 2023.
Moreover, McCutcheon did not object to the motion, either in writing or at the
hearing. In failing to object, she failed to preserve the issue for appeal. TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1. We overrule her second issue.
9 Possession Order Provisions not Vague
In her third issue, McCutcheon complains the possession orders at issue are too
vague to be enforceable. She complains specifically of the following language: “. . .
beginning at the time school is regularly dismissed or 3:30 p.m., as applicable . . . .” She
argues this language did not “delineate whether Caddel was to pick the children up at
regular dismissal time or at 3:30 p.m.” and the parties cannot “determine which time was
‘applicable.’” Again, we find her argument is without merit.
Although not ideally drafted, a plain reading of the provision yields only one
unambiguous interpretation: Caddel could pick up the children at the earlier of 3:30 p.m.
or the regular dismissal time of the school. The provision is drafted as a “catch all” to
account for different dismissal times at different schools the children may attend.5 But,
again, McCutcheon did not object or argue at the trial court the provision is vague, and
therefore she did not preserve the issue for appeal. McCutcheon’s third issue is
overruled.6
5 “The order need not be full of superfluous terms and specifications adequate to counter any flight
of fancy a contemnor may imagine in order to declare it vague.” In re Janson, 614 S.W.3d at 727–28 (quoting Ex parte Chambers, 898 S.W.2d at 260).
6 McCutcheon also argues Caddel attempted to pick up the children early from school without
authority. This is because he requested the children be paged to come to the front office at 3:25 p.m. instead of 3:30 p.m. First, being five minutes early is a distinction without meaning; and second, at 3:30 p.m., the record demonstrates McCutcheon was told by the children their father was in the front office and did not want to go with him. Instead of taking the children to the front office or calling Caddel to pick them up, McCutcheon decided to drive the children to a friend’s house, despite being fully aware of the possession order and Caddel’s right to possession at the time. 10 Evidence Demonstrates Willful Intent to Violate Orders
McCutcheon raises as her fourth issue the sufficiency of the evidence of her willful
intent to violate the possession orders. “Noncompliance with an unambiguous order will
raise an inference that the noncompliance was willful.” Ex parte Chambers, 898 S.W.2d
at 261. Further, intent may be established by circumstantial evidence alone. Hammack
v. State, 622 S.W.3d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (citations omitted); Guevara v.
State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (citation omitted).
In this case, the trial court found:
• Caddel attempted to pick up the children at their school at dismissal time on March 10, 2023;
• McCutcheon took the children from the school without notifying Caddel;
• Caddel went to McCutcheon’s home to pick up the children; and
• McCutcheon left the children at a friend’s house and did not present the children to Caddel at her home.
In addition to these findings, the record also demonstrates:
• McCutcheon saw the children during pick up and did not attempt to deliver the children back to the front office at the school;
• she left the school with the children and did not contact or notify Caddel that she was doing so;
• despite seeing Caddel parked in front of her home after picking up the children, she continued to drive to a friend’s house and then left them there; and
• she made no effort to contact Caddel regarding coordinating delivery of the children.
11 The trial court, as the factfinder, was free to judge the credibility of all the witnesses in
this matter. Even giving McCutcheon the benefit of the doubt that she did not intend to
take the children from the school on March 10, 2023, and fully expected them to go with
their father, she nevertheless took them when the opportunity presented itself without any
attempt to coordinate with Caddel. The trial court was free to infer from these
circumstances McCutcheon willfully intended to violate the possession order of the court
when she saw her children at their school before Spring Break.
We find sufficient evidence to establish McCutcheon’s willful intent to violate the
possession order. McCutcheon’s fourth issue is overruled.
Attorney’s Fees not Void
In her final issue, McCutcheon argues the award of attorney’s fees was error
because Caddel’s attorney failed to segregate the attorney’s fees. Particularly, she
contends the award of fees did not segregate Caddel’s attorney’s fees for the
enforcement action from those for modification of the custody order. She also contends
Caddel did not introduce sufficient evidence the attorney’s fees were reasonable.
When reviewing a trial court’s award of attorney’s fees, we must ensure the record
contains sufficient evidence to support such an award. Yowell v. Granite Operating Co.,
620 S.W.3d 335, 354 (Tex. 2020) (citing Rohrmoos Venture v. UTSW DVA Healthcare,
LLP, 578 S.W.3d 469, 505 (Tex. 2019)). The party seeking attorney’s fees bears the
burden of proof and must supply enough facts to support the reasonableness of the
amount awarded. Yowell, 620 S.W.3d at 354 (citing El Apple I, Ltd. v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d
757, 762–63 (Tex. 2012)). If there is insufficient evidence in the record to uphold the trial
12 court’s award of those fees, we must reverse. Yowell, 620 S.W.3d at 354 (citing El Apple,
370 S.W.3d at 763–64). “Sufficient evidence includes, at a minimum, evidence of (1)
particular services performed, (2) who performed those services, (3) approximately when
the services were performed, (4) the reasonable amount of time required to perform the
services, and (5) the reasonable hourly rate for each person performing such services.”
Webb v. Dynamic Jmc Builders, No. 07-22-00247-CV, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 4536, at
*10 (Tex. App.—Amarillo June 27, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Rohrmoos Venture,
578 S.W.3d at 498). Without the details regarding the work done, time spent on tasks,
and how fees were calculated, attorney testimony lacks the substance required to uphold
a fee award. Rohrmoos Venture, 578 S.W.3d at 505.
At the hearing, Caddel’s attorney did not present billing statements and only
testified as to her attorney’s fees. The attorney’s testimony included: her billing rate, the
particular tasks she performed, the amount of time she spent on each task, and the total
amount of fees based on multiplying her billing rate by the number of hours worked. The
tasks identified by the attorney included preparation of an initial writ of habeas corpus and
preparations for the enforcement hearing. The attorney did not identify any time spent
preparing responses to the motion for modification, and based upon her testimony, the
fees were already segregated from the work performed for the modification. Caddel’s
attorney concluded her testimony by stating the services she provided “were necessary
to file to represent [Caddel] for the enforcement of his possession and access to the
13 children.” When asked by the associate judge whether there were any objections to the
attorney’s fees testimony, McCutcheon’s attorney simply replied, “No. Your Honor.”7
Caddel’s attorney presented sufficient evidence of attorney’s fees for the trial court
to perform the required lodestar analysis under Rohrmoos Venture and determine
whether the fees were reasonable and necessary. We overrule McCutcheon’s fifth issue.
CONCLUSION
We find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rendering its contempt order.
Accordingly, we deny the petition for writ of mandamus.
Alex Yarbrough Justice
7Additionally, review of the record reveals it was McCutcheon, not Caddel, who filed a request for
a modification of the possession orders after Caddel filed his motion for contempt. It would appear the modification was presented defensively to the motion for enforcement, and therefore any fees incurred from the hearing on both the modification and enforcement were “so intertwined that they need not be segregated.” Transcor Astra Grp. S.A. v. Petrobras Am. Inc., 650 S.W.3d 462, 482 (Tex. 2022) (citing Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 313–14 (Tex. 2006). 14