Filed 5/31/13 In re A.M. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re A.M., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY E056051 CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, (Super.Ct.No. J240884) Plaintiff and Respondent, OPINION v.
H.M. et al.,
Defendants and Respondents;
C.L.,
Objector and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Barbara A.
Buchholz, Judge. Affirmed.
Liana Serobian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Objector and
Appellant C.L.
1 Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, and Jeffrey L. Bryson, Deputy County Counsel,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
No appearance for Defendants and Respondents H.M. and V.B.
C.L. (the father) is the biological father of A.M. (A. or the child). When the child
was born, her mother was married to V.B. (the husband).1 In this dependency
proceeding, the juvenile court found that the husband — not the father — was the child‟s
presumed father. It placed the child with the husband, and it denied the father‟s request
for reunification services.
The father appeals, contending:
1. The juvenile court erred by refusing to find that the father was entitled to
presumed father status.
1 When this case was originally filed, the child‟s name was listed as A.B. (i.e., using the husband‟s last name). At the detention hearing, the mother‟s counsel stated that the child‟s true name was actually A.M. (i.e., the mother‟s last name). The court replied, “The court will not change the [child‟s] last name until we have confirmation via a birth certificate.” Thereafter, her birth certificate was duly filed; it showed her name as A.M. Thus, at the jurisdictional/dispositional hearing, the juvenile court was asked to correct the child‟s name to A.M. It responded, “I agree.” Unfortunately, the resulting minute order stated, “Court makes a finding that the minor‟s true name is [A.B.] . . . .” (Italics added; capitalization omitted.) “„[W]hether the recitals in the clerk‟s minutes should prevail as against contrary statements in the reporter‟s transcript, must depend upon the circumstances of each particular case.‟ [Citation.]” (In re Kyle E. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 1130, 1136.) Here, it is clear that the juvenile court intended to find that the child‟s true name is A.M.
2 2. The father‟s constitutional rights were violated because he was not given
paternity testing or visitation for several months.
We find no error. Hence, we will affirm.
I
GENERAL BACKGROUND
In 1999, when H.M. (the mother) was 16, she and the husband had their first child
together. In 2000, they got married. In 2007, after their sixth child was born, they
separated. The husband was awarded custody of the six children; the mother had
visitation.
In January 2009, the mother gave birth to a seventh child, A. According to A.‟s
birth certificate, she took the mother‟s last name; the birth certificate did not list any
father.
In June 2009, the mother obtained a restraining order against the husband
prohibiting him from threatening her or making false police reports against her.
In September 2011, the husband called the police; he reported that the mother had
stolen his truck. When the police determined that he had actually given her permission to
use the truck, they arrested him for perjury and for violation of the restraining order.
The police found all seven children in the husband‟s home. They also found filthy
conditions in the home, including old food lying around and backed-up toilets. The
husband explained that his mother had recently died, and he was suffering from
depression. San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (the Department) was
3 not immediately able to locate the mother or any other relatives who could take care of
the children. Accordingly, it detained all seven children and filed a dependency petition
as to them.
The mother and the husband both appeared at the detention hearing. The husband
asserted that he was the father of all seven children. The mother, however, identified A.‟s
father as one S.M.
Sometime in September or October 2011, the father contacted the social worker
and claimed to be the child‟s father.
At a hearing in October 2011, the father requested visitation. The husband had
had a paternity test, but the results had not yet been received. The juvenile court ordered
that, if the husband turned out not to be the biological father, the father would be tested.
Then, if the father turned out to be the biological father, it would allow him visitation.
In January 2012, the Department filed the paternity test results. They revealed that
the husband was not the child‟s biological father and that the father was. The father was
immediately allowed visitation.
Meanwhile, the mother did not participate in services and visited the children only
sporadically. The six older children were placed with the husband.
In April 2012, at the jurisdictional/dispositional hearing, the juvenile court found
that it had jurisdiction based on failure to protect. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 300, subd. (b).)
It formally removed the child from the mother‟s custody and placed her with the husband.
4 It found that the husband was the child‟s presumed father and that the father was not;
thus, it ordered reunification services for the husband but not for the father.
II
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the evidence that was before the juvenile court
at the dispositional hearing.
The husband had an “extensive” criminal history, including three convictions for
aggravated assault, as well as convictions for statutory rape,2 carrying a concealed firearm
without a license, possession of a controlled substance for sale, being under the influence
of a controlled substance, receiving stolen property, theft by invalid access card,
conspiracy, contempt of court, and unauthorized entry of a dwelling. He admitted a past
history of using methamphetamine. During the dependency, he had tested positive for
methamphetamine once.
The father had been in the military from 2006 through 2008, receiving an
honorable discharge. He had no known criminal history. He denied ever using any
illegal substances. By the time of trial, he was a full-time college student, majoring in
criminal justice.
When the child was conceived, the mother was not living with the husband. After
she got pregnant, however, she moved back in with him. Thus, she was living with him
2 This conviction arose out of his sexual intercourse with the mother when she was 16, which resulted in the birth of their first child.
5 when the child was born. He was at the hospital for the birth. The mother did not list him
(or anyone else) on the birth certificate, because she was not sure who the child‟s father
was.
The mother continued to live with the husband until the child was about six
months old. During this time, he provided for the child and helped to feed and care for
her. Even after the mother moved out, however, she and the child would visit the
husband and the older children. Sometimes, she left the child with the husband overnight
or for a weekend. The child “considered [the husband] her father.”
Meanwhile, the father had moved to Illinois. The mother did not immediately
notify him of the birth because she did not believe he was the father. She did not have his
phone number, but she was able to contact him through Facebook and Skype.
At some point,3 via Facebook, she told him that she had had a child and that he
was one of several possible fathers. He asked her to send him photos of the child. When
he saw them, he felt that the child looked “exactly” like him when he was a child.
The father could not leave Illinois because he was taking care of his own father,
who had cancer. He told the mother that he would to pay the airfare for her and the child
to visit him in Illinois, but he was never able to come up with enough money. They
agreed that he should get a paternity test, but again, he did not have enough money. The
3 The father gave the date as mid-2009, which would be when the child was about six months old. The mother gave the date as when the child was a year to a year and a half old, which would be early to mid-2010.
6 mother told him that he could get a free paternity test through the child support
authorities. However, he did not.
In March 2011, the father returned to California “to be closer to A[.]” Two or
three days later, the mother brought the child for a visit.4 After that, however, according
to the father, she stopped answering or returning his phone calls.
In May 2011, the mother called and asked if he wanted another visit. They agreed
that the child would visit for the weekend. However, the mother did not come back as
planned and did not return his phone calls, so the father ended up keeping the child for
two weeks. During this time, he bought her clothes and diapers.
The mother and the child also may have visited a third time. Finally, the father
stayed overnight with the mother and child.
Thereafter, according to the father, the mother stopped answering or returning
phone calls again. One day, he called her then-boyfriend, Ed, who told him that the child
was in foster care.
The mother denied preventing the father from having access to the child. She
explained that her cell phone had been “shut off” for “a month or two.” However, she
testified, the father had Ed‟s phone number and could have contacted her that way. He
could also have contacted her via Facebook.
4 The father‟s trial testimony on this point conflicted with his statement to a social worker that he was not able to arrange a visit until the two-week visit in May 2011.
7 The father never paid any child support. According to him, he offered to pay, but
the mother declined. According to the mother, however, he never offered. He had never
given the child a birthday or Christmas present.
As a result of the dependency, the father had started having visitation with the
child. At first, she was “really hesitant,” but “then she slowly started to warm up to
[him].” She called him “daddy.”
The husband was also visiting the child. The child also called him “daddy.”
On the day of the hearing, the mother and the father signed a voluntary declaration
of paternity. (Fam. Code, § 7570 et seq.)
III
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In connection with the dispositional hearing, the Department recommended that
the child remain in foster care, that the father receive reunification services, and that the
husband be denied reunification services. The husband contested the recommendation.
At the hearing, counsel for the Department conceded that the husband qualified as
a presumed father because he was married to the mother when the child was born (Fam.
Code, § 7611, subd. (a)) but argued that the father was entitled to be treated as a
presumed father under Adoption of Kelsey S. (1992) 1 Cal.4th 816 (Kelsey S.).
The father‟s counsel argued that his client had “acted like the father” and had done
all he could, under the circumstances. He “ask[ed] the Court at a minimum to give [the
father] services.”
8 Counsel for the child disagreed with the Department‟s recommendation. She
argued that the father was not a Kelsey S. father and that “it would be in [the child‟s] best
interest to maintain a relationship with [the husband] . . . .”
The husband‟s counsel argued that the husband qualified as a presumed father not
only because he was married to the mother when the child was born but also because he
had received the child into his home and held her out as his own (Fam. Code, § 7611,
subd. (d)), and that the father did not qualify as a Kelsey S. father. She also argued that it
was in the child‟s best interest to be with the husband.
Counsel for the mother joined in the arguments of counsel for the husband and
counsel for the child.
The juvenile court began by noting that the husband was not entitled to a
conclusive presumption of paternity under Family Code section 7540 because he was not
cohabitating with the mother when the child was conceived. However, it found that the
husband did qualify as a presumed father because he was married to the mother when the
child was born. (Fam. Code, § 7611, subd. (a).) It also found that the father had not
rebutted that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. (See Fam. Code, § 7612,
subd. (a).) Next, it found that the father did not qualify as either a presumed father or a
Kelsey S. father. It concluded by “declar[ing] [the husband] the presumed father in this
case.”
9 IV
MOOTNESS
The Department contends that this appeal is moot. In support of that contention, it
has asked us to take judicial notice that, while the appeal was pending, the juvenile court
dismissed the dependency and issued an exit order giving the husband custody.
The juvenile court‟s order is judicially noticeable. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d),
459, subd. (a).) Moreover, we can consider postjudgment evidence for the purpose of
determining whether an appeal is moot. (In re A.S. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1332, 1339.)
Accordingly, we grant the request for judicial notice.
We conclude, however, that the appeal is not moot. “As a general rule, an order
terminating juvenile court jurisdiction renders an appeal from a previous order in the
dependency proceedings moot. [Citation.]” (In re C.C. (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1481,
1488.) However, “„[a]n issue is not moot if the purported error infects the outcome of
subsequent proceedings.‟ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) Here, the order appealed from directly
impacts the exit order giving the husband custody. (See In re J.S. (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th
1291, 1295.)
10 V
THE EFFECT OF THE DEPARTMENT‟S CHANGE OF POSITION
The husband and the child have not filed briefs in this case.5 The Department,
however, has filed a brief arguing in favor of affirmance. The father therefore contends
that the Department is barred from opposing his position on appeal because it supported
his position below.
He relies on cases holding that a litigant cannot raise a new theory on appeal as a
basis for reversal. “Appellate courts are loath to reverse a judgment on grounds that the
opposing party did not have an opportunity to argue and the trial court did not have an
opportunity to consider. [Citation.]” (JRS Products, Inc. v. Matsushita Electric Corp. of
America (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 168, 178.)
However, a litigant is not necessarily barred from raising a new theory on appeal
as a basis for affirmance. “„“„No rule of decision is better or more firmly established by
authority, nor one resting upon a sounder basis of reason and propriety, than that a ruling
or decision, itself correct in law, will not be disturbed on appeal merely because given for
the wrong reason. If right upon any theory of law applicable to the case, it must be
sustained regardless of the considerations which may have moved the trial court to its
5 The father asserts that the husband is not a “part[y] to this appeal.” The Department concurs. However, that is not strictly accurate. The husband was a party to the proceeding below, and he is directly interested in the outcome of the appeal; hence, he would be entitled to file a respondent‟s brief. (See Slaughter v. Edwards (1970) 11 Cal.App.3d 285, 288-289.) The appellant‟s opening brief was served on him, however, so evidently he has chosen not to appear.
11 conclusion.‟”‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Geier (2007) 41 Cal.4th 555, 582.) “„The rule that
the appellate court is interested in the decision rather than the reasons of the lower court
necessarily means that the doctrine of theory of trial will often be disregarded in order to
affirm, not reverse, the judgment.‟ [Citation.]” (Superior Motels, Inc. v. Rinn Motor
Hotels, Inc. (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 1032, 1055, fn. 13.)
We recognize that “if the new theory contemplates a factual situation the
consequences of which are open to controversy and were not put in issue or presented at
the trial the opposing party should not be required to defend against it on appeal.
[Citations.]” (Panopulos v. Maderis (1956) 47 Cal.2d 337, 341.) Here, however, the
Department is merely adopting the position that the husband, the mother, and the child
took below. Hence, the issues were fully and fairly litigated.
Even if the Department had wholly failed to file a respondent‟s brief, the father
would not win by default; rather, we would “independently examine the record and
reverse only if prejudicial error is found. [Citations.]” (Kennedy v. Eldridge (2011) 201
Cal.App.4th 1197, 1203.) A fortiori, we are entitled to consider the Department‟s
contentions in determining whether the father has carried his burden of demonstrating
error.
12 VI
THE JUVENILE COURT‟S PATERNITY DETERMINATION
A. Presumed Fatherhood.
The father contends that the juvenile court erred by refusing to accord him
“The Uniform Parentage Act, [Family Code] section 7600 et seq. (the Act),
provides the framework by which California courts make paternity determinations.
[Citation.] Under section 7611 of the Act, a man is presumed the natural father of a child
born during, or within 300 days after the termination of, his marriage to the child‟s
mother. ([Fam. Code,] § 7611, subd. (a).) He also attains the status of presumed father if
he receives the child into his home and openly holds out the child as his natural child.
([Fam. Code,] § 7611, subd. (d).)” (Dawn D. v. Superior Court (1998) 17 Cal.4th 932,
937.)
“An alleged father has the burden to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence,
the foundational facts supporting his entitlement to presumed father status . . . .
[Citation.]” (In re M.C. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 197, 212.)
“We review a juvenile court‟s determination of presumed parentage status under
the substantial evidence standard. [Citations.] „[W]e review the facts most favorably to
the judgment, drawing all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in favor of the
order. [Citation.] We do not reweigh the evidence but instead examine the whole record
13 to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have found for the respondent.
[Citation.]‟ [Citation.]” (In re M.C., supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at p. 213.)
The husband was married to the mother when the child was born. Thus, he is a
presumed father under Family Code section 7611, subdivision (a).
The father‟s voluntary declaration of paternity was ineffective. “A voluntary
declaration of paternity is invalid if, at the time the declaration was signed, . . . [¶] . . .
[¶] [t]he child already had a presumed parent under subdivision (a) . . . of Section 7611.”
(Fam. Code, § 7612, subd. (e)(2).) Here, the husband was already the child‟s presumed
father under Family Code section 7611, subdivision (a).
The father contends that he received the child into his home and openly held her
out as his daughter, so as to qualify as a presumed father under Family Code section 7611,
subdivision (d). We consider the two prongs of this subdivision separately.
The child never resided with the father. He therefore argues that regular and
consistent visitation can constitute the necessary “reception.” However, it is well
established that visitation that is not regular and consistent does not qualify. (In re
Cheyenne B. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1361, 1379-1380.) Here, prior to the dependency,
the father visited the child just three or four times; only two of those visits took place in
his home. He testified that the longest visit was supposed to be just “for the weekend”;
however, the mother did not come back as planned and did not return his phone calls, so
he ended up keeping the child for two weeks. This is not evidence of receipt into his
14 home; to the contrary, it is evidence that he acknowledged the mother‟s custody and
control of the child.
The father also never openly held out the child as his own. “In determining
whether a man has „receiv[ed a] child into his home and openly h[eld] out the child‟ as his
own [citation], courts have looked to such factors as whether the man actively helped the
mother in prenatal care; whether he paid pregnancy and birth expenses commensurate
with his ability to do so; whether he promptly took legal action to obtain custody of the
child; whether he sought to have his name placed on the birth certificate; whether and
how long he cared for the child; whether there is unequivocal evidence that he had
acknowledged the child; the number of people to whom he had acknowledged the child;
whether he provided for the child after it no longer resided with him; whether, if the child
needed public benefits, he had pursued completion of the requisite paperwork; and
whether his care was merely incidental. [Citations.]” (In re T.R. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th
1202, 1211.)
Here, none of these factors weighed in the father‟s favor. At most, he provided
incidental care for the child during visits. He claims that he acknowledged the child. The
cited portions of the record, however, do not support this. In one, the mother testified that
she may have sent photos of the child to the father via his mother. In another, she also
testified that, when she left the child with the father for two weeks, the father was living
15 with his “mom and pops.”6 It would be odd if the father had a toddler stay with him for
two weeks without explaining to his “mom and pops” who she was; still, this is hardly
“unequivocal evidence that he . . . acknowledged the child.” And even if it were, it would
show that he acknowledged the child to two close family members, at most. It fails to
show that he “openly” held her out as his own.
Thus, the father is not a presumed father under any statutory definition.
B. “Kelsey S.” Fatherhood.
The father therefore also argues, alternatively, that he is entitled to be treated as a
presumed father under Kelsey S. Kelsey S. held that, as a matter of equal protection, when
“an unwed father [has] promptly come[] forward and demonstrate[d] a full commitment
to his parental responsibilities” (Adoption of Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 849), but he
has been prevented by the mother (or someone else) from receiving the child into his
home and thus from becoming a presumed father, he must be accorded the same statutory
rights as a presumed father. (Id. at pp. 844-850.)
Although the specific statutory right involved in Kelsey S. was the right to refuse
consent for an adoption, it has since been extended to include statutory rights in a
dependency proceeding. (In re D.M. (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 541, 551.)
In evaluating a Kelsey S. claim, “the trial court must consider whether [the father]
has done all that he could reasonably do under the circumstances.” (Adoption of Kelsey
6 As the father‟s own father had been living in Illinois and had cancer, presumably “pops” refers to a stepfather.
16 S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 850, fn. omitted.) “Once the father knows or reasonably should
know of the pregnancy, he must promptly attempt to assume his parental responsibilities
as fully as the mother will allow and his circumstances permit. . . . A court should also
consider the father‟s public acknowledgement of paternity, payment of pregnancy and
birth expenses commensurate with his ability to do so, and prompt legal action to seek
custody of the child.” (Id. at p. 849, fn. omitted.)
“The burden is on the biological parent „to establish the factual predicate‟ for
Kelsey S. rights. [Citation.]” (Adoption of Myah M. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1518, 1539.)
“When deciding whether a parent meets the requirements under Kelsey S., appellate
courts have reviewed the ruling for substantial evidence. [Citations.] . . . To the extent
that the issue is a mixed question of law and fact, we exercise our independent judgment
in measuring the facts against the applicable legal standard. [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
Here, the father did not promptly demonstrate a full commitment to his parental
responsibilities. Prior to the dependency, he did not try to establish paternity or to
contribute to the child‟s support. Most significantly, he never sought custody. (See In re
Elijah V. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 576, 583 [Kelsey S. father “must also demonstrate a
willingness to assume full custody”].) While in Illinois, he only tried to arrange visitation
(and he never did, due to lack of funds). Once in California, he continued to try to
arrange visitation. He complains that the mother was “extremely difficult to reach . . . .”
This is beside the point, however, as it appears that he never attempted to obtain custody,
as opposed to visitation. Indeed, he admitted that, during the week that both the mother
17 and the child were staying with him, he did not discuss custody with her, “because I
didn‟t want to discuss that in front of my family.” That is the opposite of the full public
commitment to parenthood that Kelsey S. requires.
C. Weighing Conflicting Presumptions.
“Although more than one individual may fulfill the statutory criteria that give rise
to a presumption of paternity, „there can be only one presumed father.‟ [Citations.]” (In
re Jesusa V. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 588, 603.)
“[A] presumption under Section 7611 is a rebuttable presumption affecting the
burden of proof and may be rebutted in an appropriate action only by clear and
convincing evidence.” (Fam. Code, § 7612, subd. (a).) However, “[i]f two or more
presumptions arise under Section 7610 or 7611 that conflict with each other, or if a
presumption under Section 7611 conflicts with a claim pursuant to Section 7610, the
presumption which on the facts is founded on the weightier considerations of policy and
logic controls.” (Fam. Code, § 7612, subd. (b).) “This is a matter entrusted to the
juvenile court‟s discretion. [Citation.]” (In re Jesusa V., supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 606.)
The father contends that “[b]ecause [he] too qualified as a presumed father under
[Family Code] section 7611, subdivision (d) and Kelsey S., the juvenile court was
required to weigh conflicting interests and make [a] determination that would give
greatest weight to [the] child‟s well[-]being. ([Fam. Code,] § 7612, subd. (b).)” As we
held in parts VI.A and VI.B, ante, however, the juvenile court properly found that he did
not qualify as a presumed father or a Kelsey S. father.
18 Significantly, the father does not contend that, even if he did not qualify as either a
presumed father or a Kelsey S. father, the juvenile court was still required to engage in a
weighing process. He does not challenge the juvenile court‟s finding that he had failed to
rebut the presumption in favor of the husband by clear and convincing evidence;
moreover, he does not argue that this finding was not sufficient to dispose of his claim.
We deem any such contentions forfeited.
D. Delayed Paternity Testing and Visitation.
The father also contends that his constitutional rights were violated because he was
not given paternity testing or visitation for several months. He argues that this prevented
him from achieving presumed father status.
He forfeited this contention by failing to raise it below. “„A party forfeits the right
to claim error as grounds for reversal on appeal when he or she fails to raise the objection
in the trial court. [Citations.] Forfeiture, also referred to as “waiver,” applies in juvenile
dependency litigation and is intended to prevent a party from standing by silently until the
conclusion of the proceedings. [Citations.]‟ [Citation.]” (Kevin R. v. Superior Court
(2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 676, 686.) Even a constitutional claim can be forfeited. (In re
A.A. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 597, 606 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)
19 VII
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
CODRINGTON J.