[Cite as In re A.G., 2016-Ohio-5616.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 101010
IN RE: A.G. A Minor Child
JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Juvenile Division Case No. DL 12117864
BEFORE: Stewart, J., E.A. Gallagher, P.J., and Laster Mays, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 1, 2016 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
Timothy Young State Public Defender
Charlyn Bohland Assistant State Public Defender 250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400 Columbus, OH 43215
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Timothy J. McGinty Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
Eben McNair Anne Kiran Mikhaiel Assistant County Prosecutors Justice Center, 9th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113 MELODY J. STEWART, J.:
{¶1} On June 9, 2016, the Supreme Court of Ohio reversed our decision in In re
A.G., 2014-Ohio-4927, 21 N.E.3d 355 (8th Dist.), and remanded the case to this court to
once again consider A.G.’s assignments of error. In re A.G., Slip Opinion No.
2016-Ohio-3306. In light of the Supreme Court’s holding, we reverse the decision of
the juvenile court.
{¶2} The Supreme Court set out the relevant facts and procedural history of this
case as follows:
In June 2012, a person approached a man as the man was opening his car door after obtaining money from an ATM inside a store. The person pulled a gun out of his pocket and told the man that he would shoot him unless the man got into the car. The man did not comply but ran to his home nearby and lost track of the assailant. Police later took fingerprint samples from the car and found a fingerprint identifying A.G., who was 15 years old at the time of the event, as the assailant.
A complaint was filed in juvenile court alleging that A.G. was delinquent for engaging in conduct that if committed by an adult would have constituted aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) and kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2), with firearms specifications as to each. A.G. entered an admission to the allegations in the complaint. After finding the allegations proved beyond a reasonable doubt, the juvenile court ordered that A.G. be committed to the Department of Youth Services for minimum terms of one year each for the aggravated robbery and kidnapping adjudications. The court merged the firearm specifications into a single specification and imposed a one-year-commitment term for that specification. The court ordered all the terms to be served consecutively, for a total minimum commitment of three years, with the maximum commitment lasting until A.G. turned 21 years old.
A.G. appealed and raised two assignments of error. First, he argued that the juvenile court erred in failing to merge his adjudications for aggravated robbery and kidnapping as “allied offenses of similar import” and that the failure to merge the adjudications violated the double-jeopardy protections contained in the United States and Ohio Constitutions. 2014-Ohio-4927, 21 N.E.3d 355, ¶ 6 (8th Dist.). Second, he argued that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the allied-offenses issue.
The Eighth District Court of Appeals concluded that the aggravated robbery and kidnapping admitted to by A.G. would constitute allied offenses of similar import under R.C. 2941.25 if committed by an adult. Nevertheless, it reasoned that criminal statutes, including R.C. 2941.25, do not apply in juvenile delinquency proceedings. The court of appeals accordingly concluded that this court’s decisions illustrating how R.C. 2941.25 should be applied are inapplicable to juvenile delinquency proceedings. The court instead turned to the test from Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932), which requires comparing the elements of the offenses at issue “without regard to the evidence to be introduced at trial.” 2014-Ohio-4927, 21 N.E.3d 355, at ¶ 25. Relying on this decision, the Eighth District held that the juvenile court did not err in refusing to merge the adjudications for aggravated robbery and kidnapping, and it accordingly overruled A.G.’s first assignment of error and concluded that his second assignment of error regarding ineffective assistance of counsel was moot.
A.G. appealed to this court, and we accepted jurisdiction over his proposition of law: “The merger analysis set forth in State v. Johnson applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings to protect a child’s right against double jeopardy.” 142 Ohio St.3d 1464, 2015-Ohio-1896, 30 N.E.3d 973.
In re A.G., Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-3306, ¶ 2-6.
{¶3} On appeal, the Supreme Court determined that the allied offense statute, R.C.
2941.25, codifies the constitutional double jeopardy protections for both adults and
juveniles, and thus the R.C. 2941.25 merger analysis set forth in State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio
St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, applies equally to juvenile delinquency
proceedings. Id. at syllabus. With the Supreme Court’s clarification on this point of
law, we now reconsider A.G.’s arguments.
{¶4} In his first assigned error, A.G. argued that the trial court erred by failing to merge his adjudications for aggravated robbery and kidnapping, as allied offenses of
similar import under R.C. 2941.25. A.G.’s defense counsel failed to object to the
nonmerger and, therefore, forfeited all but plain error review. See State v. Rogers, 143
Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 21. Pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B),
appellate courts have discretion to correct plain errors. Plain errors are defined as
obvious defects in the trial court proceedings that affected the outcome of trial. Id. at ¶
22.
{¶5} R.C. 2941.25 provides:
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
{¶6} Courts must look to the offender’s conduct when considering whether
multiple offenses are allied and of similar import. Ruff at ¶ 25. This involves an
examination of “how the offenses were committed.” Id. The offenses will not merge if
any of the following are true:
(1) the offenses are dissimilar in import, (2) the offenses were committed separately, and (3) the offenses were committed with separate animus or motivation.
Id. at ¶ 20. As to the first factor, offenses committed with the same conduct are
dissimilar in import when they result in separate and identifiable harms. Id. at ¶ 26. {¶7} In this particular case, there was no recitation of the facts at the dispositional
hearing from which we can conduct an allied offenses analysis. Nevertheless, two other
areas of the record — the juvenile complaint to which A.G. admitted and the transcript of
the discretionary bindover probable cause hearing — establish that the aggravated
robbery and kidnapping offenses were subject to merger.
{¶8} The first count of the juvenile complaint charged A.G. with the offense of
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[Cite as In re A.G., 2016-Ohio-5616.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 101010
IN RE: A.G. A Minor Child
JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Juvenile Division Case No. DL 12117864
BEFORE: Stewart, J., E.A. Gallagher, P.J., and Laster Mays, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 1, 2016 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
Timothy Young State Public Defender
Charlyn Bohland Assistant State Public Defender 250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400 Columbus, OH 43215
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Timothy J. McGinty Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
Eben McNair Anne Kiran Mikhaiel Assistant County Prosecutors Justice Center, 9th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113 MELODY J. STEWART, J.:
{¶1} On June 9, 2016, the Supreme Court of Ohio reversed our decision in In re
A.G., 2014-Ohio-4927, 21 N.E.3d 355 (8th Dist.), and remanded the case to this court to
once again consider A.G.’s assignments of error. In re A.G., Slip Opinion No.
2016-Ohio-3306. In light of the Supreme Court’s holding, we reverse the decision of
the juvenile court.
{¶2} The Supreme Court set out the relevant facts and procedural history of this
case as follows:
In June 2012, a person approached a man as the man was opening his car door after obtaining money from an ATM inside a store. The person pulled a gun out of his pocket and told the man that he would shoot him unless the man got into the car. The man did not comply but ran to his home nearby and lost track of the assailant. Police later took fingerprint samples from the car and found a fingerprint identifying A.G., who was 15 years old at the time of the event, as the assailant.
A complaint was filed in juvenile court alleging that A.G. was delinquent for engaging in conduct that if committed by an adult would have constituted aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) and kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2), with firearms specifications as to each. A.G. entered an admission to the allegations in the complaint. After finding the allegations proved beyond a reasonable doubt, the juvenile court ordered that A.G. be committed to the Department of Youth Services for minimum terms of one year each for the aggravated robbery and kidnapping adjudications. The court merged the firearm specifications into a single specification and imposed a one-year-commitment term for that specification. The court ordered all the terms to be served consecutively, for a total minimum commitment of three years, with the maximum commitment lasting until A.G. turned 21 years old.
A.G. appealed and raised two assignments of error. First, he argued that the juvenile court erred in failing to merge his adjudications for aggravated robbery and kidnapping as “allied offenses of similar import” and that the failure to merge the adjudications violated the double-jeopardy protections contained in the United States and Ohio Constitutions. 2014-Ohio-4927, 21 N.E.3d 355, ¶ 6 (8th Dist.). Second, he argued that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the allied-offenses issue.
The Eighth District Court of Appeals concluded that the aggravated robbery and kidnapping admitted to by A.G. would constitute allied offenses of similar import under R.C. 2941.25 if committed by an adult. Nevertheless, it reasoned that criminal statutes, including R.C. 2941.25, do not apply in juvenile delinquency proceedings. The court of appeals accordingly concluded that this court’s decisions illustrating how R.C. 2941.25 should be applied are inapplicable to juvenile delinquency proceedings. The court instead turned to the test from Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932), which requires comparing the elements of the offenses at issue “without regard to the evidence to be introduced at trial.” 2014-Ohio-4927, 21 N.E.3d 355, at ¶ 25. Relying on this decision, the Eighth District held that the juvenile court did not err in refusing to merge the adjudications for aggravated robbery and kidnapping, and it accordingly overruled A.G.’s first assignment of error and concluded that his second assignment of error regarding ineffective assistance of counsel was moot.
A.G. appealed to this court, and we accepted jurisdiction over his proposition of law: “The merger analysis set forth in State v. Johnson applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings to protect a child’s right against double jeopardy.” 142 Ohio St.3d 1464, 2015-Ohio-1896, 30 N.E.3d 973.
In re A.G., Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-3306, ¶ 2-6.
{¶3} On appeal, the Supreme Court determined that the allied offense statute, R.C.
2941.25, codifies the constitutional double jeopardy protections for both adults and
juveniles, and thus the R.C. 2941.25 merger analysis set forth in State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio
St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, applies equally to juvenile delinquency
proceedings. Id. at syllabus. With the Supreme Court’s clarification on this point of
law, we now reconsider A.G.’s arguments.
{¶4} In his first assigned error, A.G. argued that the trial court erred by failing to merge his adjudications for aggravated robbery and kidnapping, as allied offenses of
similar import under R.C. 2941.25. A.G.’s defense counsel failed to object to the
nonmerger and, therefore, forfeited all but plain error review. See State v. Rogers, 143
Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 21. Pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B),
appellate courts have discretion to correct plain errors. Plain errors are defined as
obvious defects in the trial court proceedings that affected the outcome of trial. Id. at ¶
22.
{¶5} R.C. 2941.25 provides:
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
{¶6} Courts must look to the offender’s conduct when considering whether
multiple offenses are allied and of similar import. Ruff at ¶ 25. This involves an
examination of “how the offenses were committed.” Id. The offenses will not merge if
any of the following are true:
(1) the offenses are dissimilar in import, (2) the offenses were committed separately, and (3) the offenses were committed with separate animus or motivation.
Id. at ¶ 20. As to the first factor, offenses committed with the same conduct are
dissimilar in import when they result in separate and identifiable harms. Id. at ¶ 26. {¶7} In this particular case, there was no recitation of the facts at the dispositional
hearing from which we can conduct an allied offenses analysis. Nevertheless, two other
areas of the record — the juvenile complaint to which A.G. admitted and the transcript of
the discretionary bindover probable cause hearing — establish that the aggravated
robbery and kidnapping offenses were subject to merger.
{¶8} The first count of the juvenile complaint charged A.G. with the offense of
aggravated robbery, if committed by an adult. The second count of the complaint
charged A.G. with the offense of kidnapping under R.C. 2905.01,1 if committed by an
adult. The second count stated:
[A.G.] on or about June 29, 2012, did, by force, threat, or deception, purposely remove [the victim] from the place where he was found or restrain the liberty of him for the purpose of facilitating the commission of a felony to wit: Aggravated Robbery in violation of ORC 2911.01(A)(1) or flight thereafter in violation of Ohio Revised Code Section 2905.01(A)(2).
{¶9} Accordingly, by its terms, the plain language of the complaint establishes a
nexus between the aggravated robbery offense and the kidnapping offense by charging
the aggravated robbery as an element of the kidnapping. This alone should have
indicated to the judge that the offenses were subject to a merger analysis.
{¶10} Moreover, the probable cause hearing on the discretionary bindover
established the necessary facts for determining whether the offenses were allied offenses
R.C. 2905.01(A)(2) states that “[n]o person by force, threat, or deception, or, in the case of a 1
victim under the age of thirteen or mentally incompetent, by any means, shall remove another from the place where the other person is found or restrain the liberty of the other person, for any of the following purposes: to facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter.” of similar import. At this hearing, the victim took the witness stand and testified that on
the evening of the offense, he was at a gas station and had just finished making a
withdrawal from an ATM when he was approached by a person who would later be
identified as A.G. The victim testified that as soon as A.G. approached him, A.G. pulled
out a gun and threatened to shoot the victim if the victim did not get into his car. At that
point, the victim successfully ran away and called the police.
{¶11} These facts establish that A.G.’s conduct — i.e., pulling out a gun and
ordering that the victim get into the car, presumably so A.G. could rob him — constituted
both the kidnapping and aggravated robbery. The facts also show that the offenses were
committed simultaneously with a single animus, which was to restrain the victim long
enough to effectuate the robbery, and resulted in the same harm to the victim
{¶12} We thus conclude that the offenses were allied offenses of similar import
and that the juvenile court’s failure to merge them as such was an obvious defect that
prejudiced the defendant. The defect was obvious because the record clearly supported
the merger of offenses, and the court’s failure to conduct an allied offenses analysis
prejudiced the defendant because it resulted in a longer sentence.
{¶13} Having found plain error on the first assigned error, we find that the second
assignment of error alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, is moot.
{¶14} Accordingly, the judgment is reversed and remanded to the juvenile court
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is ordered that appellant recover of appellee costs herein taxed. The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga
County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
MELODY J. STEWART, JUDGE
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, P.J., and ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR