[Cite as In re Adoption of S.J.M.H., 2014-Ohio-3565.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: ADOPTION OF S.J.M.H. : APPEAL NO. C-130683 TRIAL NO. AS-201300763 :
: O P I N I O N.
Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: August 20, 2014
Father, pro se.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
F ISCHER , Judge.
{¶1} Appellant father appeals the probate court’s entry, overruling his
objections and adopting the magistrate’s decision that had determined that father’s
consent was not required for the adoption of his minor daughter, S.J.M.H., by her
stepfather. He argues the probate court erred by overruling “his objections and
affirming the magistrate’s decision in contravention of well-established law.”
Finding no merit in his arguments, we affirm the probate court’s judgment.
Probate Court Proceedings
{¶2} S.J.M.H. was born to father and mother in October 2005. In
September 2006, mother left father. Shortly thereafter, father abducted mother and
a female friend and held them hostage. Father forcibly raped mother and then shot
her friend. In January 2007, father pleaded guilty to the kidnapping, forcible rape,
and felonious assault of mother, and to the kidnapping, felonious assault, and
attempted murder of mother’s friend. Father was sentenced to 19 years in prison.
{¶3} In June 2011, mother married stepfather, and they have lived
together with S.J.M.H. In February 2013, stepfather filed a petition to adopt
S.J.M.H. The petition alleged that father’s consent to the adoption was not required
because father had failed, without justifiable cause, to provide more than de minimis
contact with S.J.M.H. during the year immediately preceding the filing of the
adoption petition and/or father had failed, without justifiable cause, to provide
maintenance and support for S.J.M.H. for the 12 months immediately preceding the
filing of the petition for adoption. Mother filed a written consent to the adoption.
{¶4} A copy of the adoption petition was served upon father, who is
currently incarcerated at the Warren Correctional Institution in Lebanon, Ohio.
Father filed a timely notice contesting the adoption. Father also filed a number of
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
objections relating to the procedure of the case, and further asserted that his failure
to communicate and support S.J.M.H. was justified because mother had rebuffed his
attempts to support and communicate with his daughter.
{¶5} The probate court overruled father’s objections, and ordered the
magistrate to hold an evidentiary hearing on whether father’s consent was required
for the adoption. At the hearing on this issue, father did not appear. However,
mother, stepfather, and father’s brother appeared and testified.
{¶6} The magistrate subsequently issued a decision finding that father’s
consent to the adoption was unnecessary because father had not provided support to
S.J.M.H. during the requisite one-year review period and he had failed to provide
more than de minimis contact with S.J.M.H. for the 12 months preceding the
adoption petition.
{¶7} In her decision, the magistrate stated that there was no existing
child-custody or child-support order for S.J.M.H. Mother and stepfather testified
that they had received no child support, no cash payments, no clothing, no shoes, no
offers of health insurance, no payments of medical bills, daycare bills, or financial
support of any kind from father or his family during the 12-month period preceding
the filing of the adoption petition.
{¶8} Mother also testified that during the criminal trial, a no-contact
order had been issued against father because father and his family had made threats
against mother in an effort to get mother to drop the criminal charges against father.
Mother acknowledged receiving a few letters from father at her grandmother’s
address. In the letters, father had asked about S.J.M.H., but mother testified that
father had never asked her if he could visit with S.J.M.H. Although mother had
moved from her grandmother’s home, and she had not provided her forwarding
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
address to father, she testified that her grandmother still lived at the same address
and that her grandmother had continued to forward any mail that would have been
addressed to mother at that address. Mother testified that she had not received any
letters from father after 2009.
{¶9} Mother further testified that father initially had her cell phone
number, but that she had changed her cell phone number in July 2008, following her
move to another city, and that she had not shared her new cell phone number with
father after that time. She testified, however, that father knew her grandmother’s
phone number, her grandmother had not changed her phone number, and, to her
knowledge, father had never attempted to call her grandmother to communicate with
S.J.M.H.
{¶10} Both mother and stepfather denied making any threats against
father, refusing any offers of financial support, or rebuffing any communication
attempts by father in any manner in the 12 months preceding the filing of the
adoption petition. The magistrate noted that father’s brother testified that upon his
release from prison, father’s brother, on his own initiative, had made one attempt to
contact mother.
{¶11} The magistrate concluded, based upon the testimony of mother,
stepfather, and father’s brother, that father had not provided support to S.J.M.H.
during the requisite one-year review period and he had failed to provide more than
de minimis contact with S.J.M.H. for the 12 months preceding the adoption petition.
She further found that father had failed to set forth any evidence to establish some
justifiable cause for his failure to communicate with his daughter or to provide her
support in the 12 months preceding stepfather’s petition for adoption. As a result,
the magistrate held that father’s consent to the adoption was not required.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶12} Father filed timely objections to the magistrate’s decision, and
attached the affidavit of a fellow inmate, as well as a copy of an undated letter to
S.J.M.H. Father then filed supplemental objections to the magistrate’s decision, and
attached photos of his daughter that an inmate’s brother had secured for him from
stepfather’s Facebook page, as well as a letter dated September 10, 2012, that father
claimed to have sent to mother’s grandmother. Father also filed a motion for leave
to supplement essential information. In the motion, father stated that he had
contacted mother by phone and asked why she had initiated the adoption
proceedings. He attached documentation showing that mother had then contacted
prison authorities and asked that father make no further phone contact with her.
{¶13} In an entry dated October 13, 2013, the probate court granted
father’s motion for leave to supplement essential information, and considered
father’s objections and supplemental objections. The probate court then overruled
all of father’s objections and adopted the magistrate’s decision.
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[Cite as In re Adoption of S.J.M.H., 2014-Ohio-3565.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: ADOPTION OF S.J.M.H. : APPEAL NO. C-130683 TRIAL NO. AS-201300763 :
: O P I N I O N.
Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: August 20, 2014
Father, pro se.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
F ISCHER , Judge.
{¶1} Appellant father appeals the probate court’s entry, overruling his
objections and adopting the magistrate’s decision that had determined that father’s
consent was not required for the adoption of his minor daughter, S.J.M.H., by her
stepfather. He argues the probate court erred by overruling “his objections and
affirming the magistrate’s decision in contravention of well-established law.”
Finding no merit in his arguments, we affirm the probate court’s judgment.
Probate Court Proceedings
{¶2} S.J.M.H. was born to father and mother in October 2005. In
September 2006, mother left father. Shortly thereafter, father abducted mother and
a female friend and held them hostage. Father forcibly raped mother and then shot
her friend. In January 2007, father pleaded guilty to the kidnapping, forcible rape,
and felonious assault of mother, and to the kidnapping, felonious assault, and
attempted murder of mother’s friend. Father was sentenced to 19 years in prison.
{¶3} In June 2011, mother married stepfather, and they have lived
together with S.J.M.H. In February 2013, stepfather filed a petition to adopt
S.J.M.H. The petition alleged that father’s consent to the adoption was not required
because father had failed, without justifiable cause, to provide more than de minimis
contact with S.J.M.H. during the year immediately preceding the filing of the
adoption petition and/or father had failed, without justifiable cause, to provide
maintenance and support for S.J.M.H. for the 12 months immediately preceding the
filing of the petition for adoption. Mother filed a written consent to the adoption.
{¶4} A copy of the adoption petition was served upon father, who is
currently incarcerated at the Warren Correctional Institution in Lebanon, Ohio.
Father filed a timely notice contesting the adoption. Father also filed a number of
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
objections relating to the procedure of the case, and further asserted that his failure
to communicate and support S.J.M.H. was justified because mother had rebuffed his
attempts to support and communicate with his daughter.
{¶5} The probate court overruled father’s objections, and ordered the
magistrate to hold an evidentiary hearing on whether father’s consent was required
for the adoption. At the hearing on this issue, father did not appear. However,
mother, stepfather, and father’s brother appeared and testified.
{¶6} The magistrate subsequently issued a decision finding that father’s
consent to the adoption was unnecessary because father had not provided support to
S.J.M.H. during the requisite one-year review period and he had failed to provide
more than de minimis contact with S.J.M.H. for the 12 months preceding the
adoption petition.
{¶7} In her decision, the magistrate stated that there was no existing
child-custody or child-support order for S.J.M.H. Mother and stepfather testified
that they had received no child support, no cash payments, no clothing, no shoes, no
offers of health insurance, no payments of medical bills, daycare bills, or financial
support of any kind from father or his family during the 12-month period preceding
the filing of the adoption petition.
{¶8} Mother also testified that during the criminal trial, a no-contact
order had been issued against father because father and his family had made threats
against mother in an effort to get mother to drop the criminal charges against father.
Mother acknowledged receiving a few letters from father at her grandmother’s
address. In the letters, father had asked about S.J.M.H., but mother testified that
father had never asked her if he could visit with S.J.M.H. Although mother had
moved from her grandmother’s home, and she had not provided her forwarding
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
address to father, she testified that her grandmother still lived at the same address
and that her grandmother had continued to forward any mail that would have been
addressed to mother at that address. Mother testified that she had not received any
letters from father after 2009.
{¶9} Mother further testified that father initially had her cell phone
number, but that she had changed her cell phone number in July 2008, following her
move to another city, and that she had not shared her new cell phone number with
father after that time. She testified, however, that father knew her grandmother’s
phone number, her grandmother had not changed her phone number, and, to her
knowledge, father had never attempted to call her grandmother to communicate with
S.J.M.H.
{¶10} Both mother and stepfather denied making any threats against
father, refusing any offers of financial support, or rebuffing any communication
attempts by father in any manner in the 12 months preceding the filing of the
adoption petition. The magistrate noted that father’s brother testified that upon his
release from prison, father’s brother, on his own initiative, had made one attempt to
contact mother.
{¶11} The magistrate concluded, based upon the testimony of mother,
stepfather, and father’s brother, that father had not provided support to S.J.M.H.
during the requisite one-year review period and he had failed to provide more than
de minimis contact with S.J.M.H. for the 12 months preceding the adoption petition.
She further found that father had failed to set forth any evidence to establish some
justifiable cause for his failure to communicate with his daughter or to provide her
support in the 12 months preceding stepfather’s petition for adoption. As a result,
the magistrate held that father’s consent to the adoption was not required.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶12} Father filed timely objections to the magistrate’s decision, and
attached the affidavit of a fellow inmate, as well as a copy of an undated letter to
S.J.M.H. Father then filed supplemental objections to the magistrate’s decision, and
attached photos of his daughter that an inmate’s brother had secured for him from
stepfather’s Facebook page, as well as a letter dated September 10, 2012, that father
claimed to have sent to mother’s grandmother. Father also filed a motion for leave
to supplement essential information. In the motion, father stated that he had
contacted mother by phone and asked why she had initiated the adoption
proceedings. He attached documentation showing that mother had then contacted
prison authorities and asked that father make no further phone contact with her.
{¶13} In an entry dated October 13, 2013, the probate court granted
father’s motion for leave to supplement essential information, and considered
father’s objections and supplemental objections. The probate court then overruled
all of father’s objections and adopted the magistrate’s decision.
{¶14} In a single assignment of error, father argues that “the trial court
erred when it overruled his objections and affirmed the magistrate’s decision in
contravention of well-established law.”
Jurisdiction to Entertain Father’s Appeal
{¶15} R.C. Chapter 3107 governs adoption proceedings in the state of
Ohio. In re Adoption of Kuhlman, 99 Ohio App.3d 44, 49, 649 N.E.2d 1279 (1st
Dist.1994). An adoption proceeding is a two-step process, which involves a “consent”
phase and a “best interest” phase. In re Adoption of Jordan, 72 Ohio App.3d 638,
645, 59 N.E.2d 963 (10th Dist.1991); see R.C. 3107.14(C); In re Adoption of Walters,
112 Ohio St.3d 315, 2007-Ohio-7, 859 N.E.2d 545, ¶ 5.
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶16} When the adoption of a child is proposed, a natural parent has the
right to adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard before any existing parental
rights are terminated. See R.C. 3107.06. However, R.C. 3107.07 provides certain
circumstances where a natural parent’s consent to the adoption is not required.
Pertinent here, R.C. 3107.07(A) provides parental consent to adoption is not
required when:
* * * it is alleged in the adoption petition and the court after proper
service of notice and hearing, finds by clear and convincing
evidence that the parent has failed without justifiable cause to
provide more than de minimis contact with the minor child or to
provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as required
by law or judicial decree for a period of at least one year
immediately preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or
the placement of the minor in the home of the petitioner.
{¶17} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that “[a] trial court’s finding
pursuant to R.C. 3107.07 that the consent to an adoption of a party described in R.C.
3107.06 is not required is a final appealable order.” In re Adoption of Greer, 70
Ohio St.3d 293, 638 N.E.2d 999 (1994), paragraph one of the syllabus; see In re
Adoption of Johnson, 72 Ohio St.3d 1217, 651 N.E.2d 429 (1995), following Greer.
Thus, the fact that the probate court has not yet proceeded to the “best interest”
phase of the adoption does not preclude appellate review of the probate court’s
decision in the “consent phase.” See In re Adoption of B.M.S. and J.C.S., 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 07AP-236, 2007-Ohio-5966, ¶ 16, citing Greer.
{¶18} Father raises a number of arguments related to the probate court’s
decision in the consent phase. He first raises a number of procedural issues related
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
to the consent proceedings. He argues the probate court erred by failing to provide
him with a copy of the adoption petition, by utilizing a stamp of the judge’s signature
on the magistrate’s entries in contravention of Civ.R. 53 and 58, and by failing to
consider an alternative way for him to participate at the consent hearing in lieu of his
personal appearance. Finally, he argues that the probate court erred in admitting
hearsay testimony at the consent hearing and by finding his consent to the adoption
was not necessary.
Failure to Provide Father with the Adoption Petition
{¶19} Father first argues that the probate court erred by failing to provide
him with a copy of the adoption petition. He relies on R.C. 3107.05(A), which
provides “[a] petition for adoption shall be prepared and filed according to the
procedure for commencing an action under the Rules of Civil Procedure.” But
nothing in this sentence requires the court to provide father with a copy of the
adoption petition. Moreover, R.C. 3107.07 and 3107.11 provide that father is entitled
to notice of the filing of the petition for adoption, the date and time of the hearing set
on the petition for adoption, and notice as to why the consent of the birth parent is
not necessary. Here, the record reflects that father was provided with the statutorily
required notice. As a result, the trial court properly overruled father’s objection.
Magistrate’s Entries
{¶20} Father next argues that the magistrate’s entries failed to comply
with Civ.R. 53 because they contained a stamped signature of the probate court
judge, which the magistrate had initialed. He argues, in essence, that the probate
judge’s actual signature must appear on each entry before it can be adopted by the
probate court and constitute a final appealable order under Civ.R. 58. Father’s
argument is not well taken.
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶21} The record reflects that when father filed timely objections to the
magistrate’s entries, his objections were set for hearing before the probate court
judge, and they were overruled by entries personally signed by the probate court
judge. Furthermore, the trial court in a separate, signed entry adopted the
magistrate’s decision that father’s consent to the adoption was unnecessary. As a
result, the trial court properly overruled father’s objection.
Failure to Secure Father’s Appearance at Consent Hearing
{¶22} Father next argues that the probate court erred by failing to
arrange an alternate way for him to appear at the consent hearing. At the outset of
the case, the magistrate had issued an order permitting father to be transported from
the Warren Correctional Institution to the probate court, as long as he deposited with
the court sufficient funds to cover the cost of transportation.
{¶23} Father objected to the magistrate’s order and argued that the
probate court was required to consider alternative ways to secure his participation at
the consent proceedings. The probate court overruled father’s objection on the basis
that the transport order was an appropriate accommodation to secure father’s
appearance at the consent hearing.
{¶24} Father argues the trial court erred in overruling his objection. He
relies upon the opinion of the Twelfth Appellate District in In re Adoption of A.N.B.,
12th Dist. Preble No. CA2012-12-017, 2013-Ohio-2055, where the appellate court had
held that the trial court had violated the due-process rights of a biological mother,
who was incarcerated in another state, by failing to consider alternative ways to
secure her appearance at a consent hearing on the stepmother’s petition for adoption
of her children.
8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶25} Father’s case, however, is factually distinguishable from A.N.B.
Father did not argue in the probate court, nor does he argue on appeal, that his due-
process rights have been violated based upon his failure to personally appear at the
consent hearing. Nor did father file a motion asking the court to provide him with an
alternative way of appearing at the hearing. The magistrate incorporated father’s
prior written arguments into her decision, and the probate court additionally
permitted father to file supplemental information to support his objections. The
probate court then considered this information before overruling father’s objections
and supplemental objections, and adopting the magistrate’s decision. Thus, the trial
court properly overruled father’s objections.
Father’s Arguments Relating to the Consent Hearing
{¶26} Father also argues that the magistrate erred by allowing certain
testimony at the consent hearing. He argues that mother was improperly permitted
to testify to hearsay statements by her grandmother. He further argues that the
magistrate “erred by stating [in the decision] that he had ‘argued that his consent to
the adoption was necessary’ ” even though he had not appeared at the hearing.
Father additionally argues that the probate court erred in finding that his consent to
the adoption was unnecessary based on his failure to communicate with his daughter
on more than a de minimis basis.
{¶27} Father points to letters he sent to S.J.M.H.’s great-grandmother,
and to the affidavit of a prison immate, which were attached to his objections to the
magistrate’s decision. In the affidavit, the inmate stated that father had attempted to
contact his daughter through her great-grandmother and that father was planning to
seek visitation rights through the courts for his daughter.
9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶28} R.C. 3107.07(A) provides that the petitioner for adoption has the
burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence, both (1) that the natural parent
has failed to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or has failed to
support the child for the requisite one-year period, and (2) that this failure was
without justifiable cause. See In re Adoption of Bovett, 33 Ohio St.3d 102, 515 N.E.2d
919 (1987), paragraph one of the syllabus (where former R.C. 3107.07 did not contain
a “clear and convincing” standard, but the Supreme Court, nonetheless, applied such
a standard). If the probate court finds either the communication or the support
prong has been met, then it must proceed to determine whether justifiable cause for
the failure has been proved. See In re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-
Ohio-236, 963 N.E.2d 142, ¶ 23.
{¶29} Whether a parent has failed to provide for the maintenance and
support of a minor child or has failed to provide more than de minimis contact is a
question of fact. See In re Adoption of J.R.H., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-29, 2013-
Ohio-3385, ¶ 28; In re Adoption of M.B. at ¶ 21-23. Thus, the probate court’s
determination of whether a financial contribution constitutes maintenance and support
for purposes of R.C. 3107.07(A) is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. In re Adoption of
M.B. at ¶ 21, 25, and 30. Likewise, whether a parent has failed to provide more than de
minimis contact with his or her child is reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.
See In re Adoption of S.M.H, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2013-CA-59, 2014-Ohio-45, ¶ 4.
{¶30} Finally, “ ‘ the question of whether justifiable cause for failure to pay
child support has been proven by clear and convincing evidence in a particular case is a
determination for the probate court and will not be disturbed on appeal unless such
determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence.’ ” See In re Adoption of
M.B. at ¶ 24, quoting In re Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163, 492 N.E.2d 140 (1986),
10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
paragraph two of the syllabus; see also In re Adoption of McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d 301,
305, 408 N.E.2d 680 (1980) holding that “[t]he two standards ‘willfully failed to
support’ and ‘without justifiable cause’ are questions of fact to be determined by the
probate court”).
{¶31} In this case, however, father failed to file a transcript of the
proceedings with the trial court and with this court. Generally, the trial court must
undertake an independent review of the case before adopting the magistrate’s
decision. See Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d). When a party objects to factual findings of the
magistrate and wishes to properly preserve those challenges for consideration by the
trial court, the party must supply the court with a transcript of the proceedings.
Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(iii).
{¶32} Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(iii) provides,
The objecting party shall file the transcript or affidavit with the
court within thirty days after filing objections unless the court
extends the time in writing for preparation of the transcript or
other good cause. If a party files timely objections prior to the date
on which a transcript is prepared, the party may seek leave of court
to supplement the objections.
{¶33} Because father did not provide the probate court or this court with a
transcript of the proceedings before the magistrate, we cannot review any claimed errors
with regard to the admissibility of the evidence at the consent hearing. Likewise, we are
unable to review father’s arguments challenging the magistrate’s factual findings. See In
re Adoption of G.W., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008609, 2005-Ohio-1274, ¶ 6-8; In re
Adoption of Christopher M. Vest, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 00AP-1150, 2001 Ohio App.
LEXIS 1105, *13 (Mar. 13, 2001). Instead, we are limited to determining if the trial
11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
court abused its discretion in applying the applicable law to the magistrate’s findings of
fact. See In re Adoption of Christopher M. Vest at *10, quoting Jones v. Davenport, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 18162, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 226 (Jan. 26, 2001); see also State
ex rel. Duncan v. Chippewa Twp. Trustees, 73 Ohio St.3d 728, 730, 654 N.E.2d 1254
(1995). Based upon our review of the magistrate’s decision, we find sufficient evidence
to support the trial court’s conclusions that father had failed to provide more than de
minimis contact with S.J.M.H. or to support her for the requisite one-year period,
and that this failure was without justifiable cause.
{¶34} Furthermore, to the extent that the trial court considered father’s
supplemental evidence relating to the consent issue, we cannot say based upon our
review of that evidence that the probate court’s judgment, finding that father had failed
to set forth evidence to rebut the assertion that his failure to support or provide more
than de minimis contact with S.J.M.H. was without justifiable cause, was an abuse of
discretion or contrary to the weight of the evidence. See In re Adoption of S.M.H., 2d
Dist. Greene No. 2013 CA 59, 2014-Ohio-45, ¶ 15. We, therefore, overrule father’s sole
assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court. Judgment affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, P.J, and DINKELACKER, J., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry this date.