[Cite as In re Adoption of L.J.L.L., 2020-Ohio-5502.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS MORGAN COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
: JUDGES: : : Hon. John W. Wise, P.J. : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. : Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J. IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION : OF: L.J.L.L. : : Case No. 20AP0001 : : : : : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Morgan County Probate Court, Case No. 19 PA 0066
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: November 30, 2020
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant: For Defendant-Appellee:
STACY J. JEWELL JOHN A. WELLS 9 S. Third St. 1 W. Main St. Newark, OH 43055 P.O. Box 176 McConnelsville, OH 43756 Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 2
Delaney, J.
{¶1} Appellant Biological Father appeals the January 21, 2020 judgment entries
of the Morgan County Probate Court, finding the consent of Biological Father is not
required and granting the step-parent adoption petition of Appellee Step-Father.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶2} Biological Father is the father of L.J.L.V. (nka L.J.L.L), a minor child born
on September 12, 2011. The child is hereinafter referred to as “L.V.” On August 6, 2019,
Step-Father filed a step-parent petition for the adoption of L.V. in the Morgan County
Probate Court. The petition alleged, pursuant to R.C. 3107.07 (A), that Biological Father’s
consent was not necessary because he had not more than de minimis contact with L.V.
for a period of at least one year preceding the filing of the adoption petition. Step-Father
married L.V.’s mother on July 7, 2018. Biological Father and Mother were never married.
{¶3} Biological Father was properly served, obtained legal counsel, and later
filed an objection with the trial court on August 19, 2019. Discovery ensued. An adoption
home visit was conducted and the report was filed on November 18, 2019. In addition,
letters in support of Step-Father’s petition were filed with the trial court.
{¶4} On January 7, 2020, the adoption hearing was held in the Morgan County
Probate Court. At said hearing, the trial court first heard testimony from Biological Father.
Upon direct examination by his legal counsel, Biological Father testified he currently
resides in Vermont and is current in his child support payments. (T. 12, Ex. A). Biological
Father stated his relationship with Mother ended in November, 2012 and his last contact
with L.V. was in December, 2012. (T. at 13, 14). Thereafter, Biological Father testified his
substance abuse issues and recovery treatment, which were followed by a period of Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 3
homelessness, created concerns for him being a presence in L.V.’s life. (T. 15). Biological
Father is a disabled military veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. He
further did not want to jeopardize the good relationship that Mother had with Paternal
Grandmother by trying to seek visitation over the past 6 years. (T. 15- 17). During that
time, Biological Father had gotten married, had a child, and was attending college.
Biological Father testified in May 2019, he sent a letter to Mother to establish contact
and/or visitation with L.V. but reaffirmed he had not had contact with L.V. since December,
2012. (Ex. B; T. 21). He sent a second letter by certified mail in July 2019 requesting
some sort of contact in August when Biological Father was planning a trip home to Ohio,
but the letter was refused on July 27, 2019. (T. 19). Step-Father subsequently filed the
petition for step-parent adoption on August 6, 2019. Biological Father acknowledged that
Step-Father is an excellent father in L.V.’s life. (T. 21).
{¶5} Upon cross-examination, Biological Father again conceded he had no
physical or verbal contact with L.V. since December, 2012, including the 365 days prior
to the filing of the petition for adoption on August 6, 2019. (T. 23-24).
{¶6} Biological Father rested, and the trial court asked Step-Father’s counsel if
he intended to call any witnesses. Step-Father’s counsel responded “Not on this issue,
Your Honor. I think we’ve satisfied our burden.” (T. 25).
{¶7} The parties made their closing remarks and the trial court took a brief recess
to review the exhibits and the law. Thereafter, the trial court resumed the proceedings
and ruled orally from the bench that Biological Father’s consent for the adoption was not
necessary based on the law and facts of this case. The trial court remarked it felt like it
had “no choice” on this issue but encouraged the parties to maintain communication Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 4
between the biological families. (T. 30). The trial court then announced it would recess
for ten minutes before the “adoption can proceed.” (T. 31). When the trial court resumed
the proceeding, only Step-Father’s counsel and his clients were present in the courtroom.
(T2. 3, 10). Step-Father and Mother testified as to their understanding of the legal
ramifications of adoption and desire for the adoption to be granted. (T2. 4-10). The trial
court ruled orally from the bench that “…it would be in this child’s best interest to be
adopted” and granted the petition. (T2. 10).
{¶8} The trial court’s rulings were journalized via judgment entries filed on
January 21, 2020. Upon remand by this Court, the trial court issued findings of fact and
conclusions of law on October 1, 2020.
{¶9} Biological Father now appeals, raising the following seven assignments of
error:
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶10} “I. THE COURT’S DECISION THAT THE APPELLANT HAD NO
JUSTIFIABLE CAUSE FOR HAVING LESS THAN DE MINIMIS CONTACT WITH L.V.
FOR THE YEAR IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE FILING OF THE ADOPTION
PETITION HAS NO MERIT.
{¶11} “II. THE TRIAL COURT’S DECISION VIOLATES APPELLANT’S
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.
{¶12} “III. THE TRIAL COURT’S DECISION IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
{¶13} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED IN ITS DECISION OF FINDING
APPELLANT’S CONSENT WAS NOT REQUIRED FOR THE ADOPTION BECAUSE ITS Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 5
DECISION WAS NOT BASED ON CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE PUT FORTH
BY THE APPELLEE AS LAW REQUIRES. THE TRIAL COURT PUT THE BURDEN OF
PROOF ON THE APPELLANT. THE BURDEN WAS ON THE APPELEE TO SHOW
WHETHER THE APPELLANT’S CONSENT WAS NECESSARY.
{¶14} “V. THE TRIAL COURT IMPROPERLY PLACED THE BURDEN OF
PROOF ON THE APPELLANT TO SHOW THAT JUSTIFIABLE CAUSE WAS PRESENT
FOR THE LACK OF COMMUNICATION WITH L.V. THE BURDEN WAS ON THE
APPELLEE TO SHOW THERE WAS NO JUSTIFIABLE REASON.
{¶15} “VI. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY THE GRANTING
THE ADOPTION.
{¶16} “VII. THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED WHEN IT TOLD THE APPELLANT
THAT FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES IT WAS GRANTING THE ADOPTION PRIOR
TO THE BEST INTEREST HEARING.”
LAW AND ANALYSIS
R.C. 3107.07 and Consent
{¶17} Under R.C. 3107.07(A), Biological Father’s consent to the adoption of his
child is not required if the probate court finds by clear and convincing evidence that he
“has failed without justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with” his child
for at least one year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petition. The probate
court must strictly construe R.C. 3107.07(A) in favor of the parent to protect his or her
rights as a natural parent. In re Adoption of Schoeppner, 46 Ohio St.2d 21, 24, 345 N.E.2d
608 (1976). Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 6
{¶18} The clear and convincing standard is the highest degree of proof available
in civil cases. Stark Cty. Milk Producers’ Assn v. Tabeling, 129 Ohio St. 159, 171, 194
N.E. 16 (1934). It requires evidence that is sufficient to “produce in the mind of the trier of
facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford,
161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954).
{¶19} The stepparent or petitioner -- who asserts that a parent’s consent is not
required -- has the burden of proving the applicability of R.C. 3107.07(A). In re Adoption
of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 481 N.E.2d 613 (1985), paragraph four of the syllabus.
{¶20} Even if a parent has completely failed to communicate with his child during
the statutory period, his consent to adoption will still be required if there exists justifiable
cause for the failure. Id. at 367. The burden of proving a lack of justifiable cause remains
on the petitioner in the adoption proceedings. Id. at 368. Typically, a noncustodial parent
has justifiable cause for failing to communicate when the custodial parent significantly
interferes with or significantly discourages communication. Id. at 367-368.
{¶21} The Supreme Court of Ohio has articulated a two-step analysis for probate
courts to employ when applying R.C. 3107.07(A). In Re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d
186, 2012-Ohio-236. The first step involves deciding a factual question, in this case,
whether the parent failed to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor for a
period of at least one year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petition. In Re
Adoption of C.N.A., 3rd Dist. Shelby No. 17-17-20, 2018-Ohio-897. “A trial court has
discretion to make these determinations, and in connection with the first step of the
analysis, an appellate court applies an abuse-of-discretion standard when reviewing a
probate court decision.” Id. at ¶ 9, citations omitted. In the second step of analysis, if a Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 7
probate court finds the parent failed to provide more than de minimis contact, the court
then determines ‘whether justifiable cause for the failure has been proved by clear and
convincing evidence. A probate court’s decision on whether justifiable cause exists will
not be disturbed on appeal unless the determination is against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Id. A judgment supported by some competent, credible evidence will not be
reversed by a reviewing court as against the manifest weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris
Co. v. Foley Construction Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279 (1978).
{¶22} The Supreme Court also has held that “[s]ignificant interference by a
custodial parent with communication between the non-custodial parent and the child, or
significant discouragement of such communication, is required to establish justifiable
cause for the non-custodial parent’s failure to communicate with the child.” Id. at
paragraph three of the syllabus. A probate court is not restricted to focusing solely on the
one-year statutory period in making such a determination. In re M.G.B.-E, 12th Dist.
Clinton No. CA2016-06-017, 2016-Ohio-7912, ¶ 61; In re: Adoption of Lauck, 82 Ohio
App.3d 348, 612 N.E.2d 459 (1992).
{¶23} In light of the preceding law, we turn to address Biological Father’s
assignments of error.
I.
{¶24} In this first assignment of error, Biological Father challenges the trial court’s
finding that his lack of contact with L.V. was without justifiable cause. As noted earlier,
Biological Father admits that he had not had contact with L.V. since December, 2012 --
almost seven years before the filing of the adoption petition. Therefore, the trial court
correctly reasoned the “principal question for the court during the consent portion of the Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 8
hearing, therefore, was whether [Biological Father’s] lack of contact was justified.”
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, October 1, 2020, ¶ 11.
{¶25} It is undisputed that Biological Father admitted he was not in a place in his
life to have contact with L.V. due to his (1) substance abuse, (2) PTSD diagnosis, and (3)
desire not to disrupt Paternal Grandmother’s good relationship with Mother. However, he
asserts that Mother and Step-Father significantly interfered and significantly discouraged
communication by failing to respond to his letters in May and July, 2019. He claims the
filing of the adoption petition was a “direct result” of Biological Father sending the letters
and is “manipulative, calculated and disingenuous.” Appellant’s Brief, p. 15.
{¶26} The trial court disagreed, stating:
The Petitioner and his wife, [Mother], have permitted [Biological Father’s]
mother to be in the child’s life and to have frequent contact with her. In fact,
testimony indicated that [Biological Father’s] mother had visitation the
weekend before the adoption hearing. Based upon the frequent contact
Petitioner and [Mother] have afforded [Biological Father’s] mother, the court
finds it is unlikely that Petitioner and [Mother] have interfered, discouraged
or prevented [Biological Father] from having contact with the child. The
court further finds it commendable that the Petitioner and [Mother] have
maintained contact with [Biological Father’s] family even when [Biological
Father] failed to maintain contact with the child.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, ¶ 13.
{¶27} Furthermore, the trial court found: Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 9
By [Biological Father’s] own admission on both direct examination and
cross examination, [Biological Father] had not had any contact with the
minor child since December, 2012. The last time [Biological Father] had
contact with the minor child, the child was only fifteen (15) months old. The
child is now eight (8) years old. It is unlikely the child has any recollection
of [Biological Father]. [Biological Father] attempted to excuse his failure to
have contact with the minor child to his (1) substance abuse, (2) PTSD
diagnosis, and (3) desire not to disrupt his mother’s good relationship with
[Mother]. The finds these excuses, on their fact (sic), to be unpersuasive.
Many men suffer from these illnesses, yet maintain healthy and productive
relationships with their children.
Id at 12.
{¶28} We also observe there is no evidence that Biological Father had any
difficulty locating L.V. during his life or made any efforts to communicate with him over
the last six years other than the two attempted letters to Mother in 2019. Nor does the
record reflect that Biological Father made efforts to establish parenting time through any
court proceeding. Furthermore, there is no evidence of a pattern on Mother’s part of
impeding Biological Father’s efforts to reinsert himself into L.V.’s life. To the contrary,
Mother had fostered a loving, close relationship with Paternal Grandmother. While it is
commendable Biological Father is on a journey of recovery and treatment, we must afford
the appropriate deference to the trial court’s assessment of credibility. Accordingly, we
find sufficient competent, credible evidence to support the finding that Biological Father Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 10
failed to provide, without justifiable cause, more than de minimis contact with L.V. in the
year preceding the adoption petition.
{¶29} The first assignment of error is overruled.
Il.
{¶30} In his second assignment of error, Biological Father contends the trial court
violated his constitutional right to parent his child. He argues the trial court failed to strictly
construe R.C. 3107.07(A) in his favor because he had justifiable cause for having no
contact with L.V. due to Mother thwarting his efforts. In addition, he claims the trial court
failed to explain the trial procedure and/or the burden of proof upon the parties.
{¶31} Biological Father correctly states the language of R.C. 3107.07(A) must be
construed to protect the interest of the non-consenting parent subject to forfeiture of his
or her parent rights. However, a probate court, as the trier of fact, determines the weight
and credibility of the evidence. We may not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of
fact. We have already determined the trial court did not err in determining that Biological
Father failed without justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with L.V.
to be supported by the record.
{¶32} We further observe that Biological Father was represented by legal counsel
of his choosing at the hearing. No objection was made to the manner in which the hearing
was conducted nor does the record reflect Biological Father was prohibited from
presenting any witnesses or evidence.1 The findings of fact and conclusions of law written
by the trial court were thorough and comprehensive.
1Biological Father attached his affidavit to the appellant’s brief attesting that he was never told by the Judge or his attorney that he was permitted to stay for the best interest portion of the hearing or that it was his burden to prove that the adoption was not in his son’s best interest. However, the affidavit is not properly before this Court and is sua sponte stricken from the record. Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 11
{¶33} The second assignment of error is overruled.
III., IV., V., VI. and VII.
{¶34} In his third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seven assignments of error, Biological
Father argues the trial court’s decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence and
an abuse of discretion.
{¶35} Biological Father essentially challenges the procedural manner in which the
trial court conducted the adoption hearing. He asserts the trial court improperly placed
the burden of proof upon the non-consenting parent during the consent portion, then
granted the adoption petition prior to the best interest hearing and without affording
Biological Father his right to present evidence as to the best interest of L.V. during the
best interest hearing.
{¶36} The trial court stated in its October 1, 2020, entry as follows:
10. The adoption hearing took place on January 7, 2020. Petitioner was
represented by Attorney John A. Wells. [Biological Father] was represented
by Attorney K. Robert Toy. Testimony was heard from [Step-Father], the
[Mother] and the [Biological Father]. As is the court’s custom, the hearing
(sic) bifurcated into two parts. The first session being primarily concerning
if consent of the biological father was necessary. The second session
primarily concerned determining best interest.
* * *
15. At the conclusion of the “consent” portion of the hearing, the court ruled
that [Biological Father’s] consent was not required for the adoption to be
granted. The court then took a brief recess. Upon return from the court’s
recess, [Biological Father] and his attorney K. Robert Toy were no longer Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 12
present. The court then completed the adoption hearing. Both [Step-Father]
and the [Mother] testified on direct examination.
{¶37} As stated earlier, the trial court ruled orally from the bench that it was in
L.V.’s best interest to be adopted and granted the petition.
{¶38} Biological Father reiterates the trial court granted the adoption prior to the
best interest hearing and faults the trial court for not explaining the burden for the best
interest hearing or telling Biological Father he was permitted to stay for the best interest
hearing.
{¶39} The record reflects the trial court conducted a separate best interest hearing
almost immediately after the consent hearing. Such an approach is understandable and
logical in light of the two-step analysis to be conducted under R.C. 3107.07.
{¶40} Without citation to any authority, Biological Father argues the trial court
should have explained the bifurcated proceeding to him, or the respective burdens of
proof upon the parties. Upon review of the transcript and the fact Biological Father was
represented by the counsel of his choosing, we can find no prejudicial error committed by
the trial court in this regard.
{¶41} We also disagree with Biological Father’s characterization and assumption
that the trial court granted the adoption at the end of the “consent’ portion” when it stated,
“I have no choice other than to rule that the consent of the biological father is not
necessary for this adoption to proceed, and the law is the law. And this is – this is the
adoption law and it is pretty carved in granite, so – but I do hope that his child continues
to see Grandma, biological grandma because biological grandma can give him Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 13
connection to the future if he needs a kidney transplant or he’s got to have something that
involves biological people.” (T. 30).
{¶42} Biological Father claims that he left the courthouse and did not stay for the
best interest hearing because he believed the adoption had been granted by the trial
court. Whether or not such an impression was in the mind of Biological Father, the record
clearly reflects the trial court took a brief recess after announcing its judgment orally that
the consent of Biological Father was not necessary before the “adoption can proceed.”
(T. 31). The trial court thereafter reconvened and proceeded to the best interest portion
of the hearing.
{¶43} The evidence demonstrates the adoption by Step-Father was supported by
competent, credible evidence. Biological Father admitted that Mother has fostered a good
relationship with his family, and Petitioner “has stepped up to be stepfather.” Biological
Father further appreciated that Step-Father has instilled in L.V. a desire to be an athlete
and someone who hunts and fishes. The home visit report favored the adoption, finding
Step-Father and Mother have been a couple since L.V. was two years old and L.V. now
has a half-sibling. Mother consented to the adoption and testified she believes that the
adoption is in L.V.’s best interest.
{¶44} We find, based on the foregoing, the trial court could conclude Biological
Father had failed to maintain more than de minimis contact with L.V. for a period of at
least one year immediately preceding the filing of the petition, and such failure was
unjustified. We therefore do not find the trial court erred in determining that Biological
Father consent to LV.’s adoption was not required and the adoption was in the best
interest of L.V. Morgan County, Case No. 20AP0001 14
{¶45} Biological Father’s third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seven assignments of error
are overruled.
CONCLUSION
{¶46} The January 21, 2020 and October 1, 2020, judgment entries of the
Morgan County Probate Court are affirmed.
By: Delaney, J.,
Wise, John, P.J. and
Wise, Earle, J., concur.