MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Apr 28 2015, 7:41 am Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Erik H. Carter Donna Jameson Carter Legal Services LLC Greenwood, Indiana Noblesville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In Re Adoption of K.P. et al., April 28, 2015 Court of Appeals Case No. D.M., 49A02-1410-AD-707 Appeal from the Marion Superior Appellant-Petitioner, Court The Honorable Gerald Zore, Judge v. Cause No. 49D08-1312-AD-045049
C.P., Appellee-Respondent
Bailey, Judge.
Case Summary [1] K.P. and H.P. (“the Children”) were born to A.M., who is now deceased, and
C.P. (“Father”). D.M., the guardian and maternal grandmother of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 1 of 11 Children (“Grandmother”) sought to adopt the Children without consent from
Father. Following a hearing on the necessity of consent, the trial court denied
the petition for adoption and ordered custody transferred to Father.
Grandmother now appeals. We affirm the order denying the adoption petition,
reverse the custody order, and remand for a custody hearing.
Issues [2] Grandmother presents six issues, which we consolidate and restate as three:
I. Whether Grandmother has standing to disestablish Father’s paternity; II. Whether the trial court clearly erred in concluding that Father’s consent to an adoption was necessary; and III. Whether the trial court entered a custody order prematurely.
Facts and Procedural History [3] K.P. was born in 2003 and H.P. was born in 2004. Around the time of K.P.’s
birth, Father was released from prison and he and Mother moved in together.
They sometimes resided at the home of Mother’s father, M.M.
(“Grandfather”). Mother also lived independently with the Children at times.
At least once, Mother left the Children with Grandmother for an extended
period of time so that she could serve a term of imprisonment.
[4] Paternity was established in Father and he was ordered to pay $5.00 weekly in
child support. He also applied for and received Veteran’s disability benefits
payable to the custodian of the Children.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 2 of 11 [5] In August of 2012, Mother died of an apparent drug overdose. Father was at
that time incarcerated. Grandmother and Grandmother’s sister S.P. (“Great-
Aunt”) were awarded guardianship of the Children. At first, Great-Aunt had
physical custody of the Children. Grandmother and Great-Aunt each filed a
petition to adopt the Children. Thereafter, Grandmother and Great-Aunt
reached an agreement that Grandmother would have physical custody of the
Children and pursue their adoption.
[6] Father was released from incarceration and initially returned to Grandfather’s
residence. He exercised parenting time with the Children while they were with
maternal relatives and he secured independent housing. Father also filed an
objection to the adoption petition. Grandmother filed a motion for summary
judgment, alleging that Father’s consent was not required, pursuant to Indiana
Code Section 31-19-9-8.
[7] Paternity, guardianship, and adoption proceedings were consolidated and the
trial court conducted hearings on July 28, 2014 and August 5, 2014. At the
outset, Grandmother testified and attempted to challenge Father’s biological
paternity. Brief argument was heard on the availability of a remedy to dis-
establish paternity, and the trial court clarified that the presentation of evidence
would be limited to the statutory factors bearing upon parental consent to
adoption. At the conclusion of the hearings, the trial court asked that the
parties submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions thereon. On
September 16, 2014, the trial court issued its findings of fact, conclusions, and
order.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 3 of 11 [8] The trial court denied Grandmother’s petition for adoption and ordered custody
of the Children transferred to Father. At Grandmother’s request, the order was
stayed pending this appeal.
Discussion and Decision
Standard of Review
[9] We will disturb the trial court’s decision in an adoption case only where the
evidence leads to a single conclusion and the trial court reached an opposite
conclusion. In re Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965, 973 (Ind. 2014). We will not
reweigh the evidence but will examine the evidence most favorable to the trial
court’s decision together with reasonable inferences drawn therefrom to
determine whether sufficient evidence exists to sustain the decision. In re
Adoption of A.S., 912 N.E.2d 840, 851 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied.
Dis-establishment of Paternity
[10] Grandmother contends that the trial court ignored a “threshold issue,” that is,
her claim that Father cannot be the biological parent of one or both of the
Children. According to Grandmother, K.P. began questioning his paternity
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 4 of 11 due to apparent racial differences and Grandmother procured DNA tests
indicating that the Children had different biological fathers.1
[11] Grandmother acknowledges that Indiana courts have been extremely reluctant
to dis-establish paternity. She directs our attention to Fairrow v. Fairrow, 559
N.E.2d 597 (Ind. 1990). The appellant in Fairrow had discovered his “non-
parenthood through the course of ordinary medical care,” and was ultimately
granted relief from an order that he pay child support. Id. at 600. In granting
relief, our Indiana Supreme Court acknowledged “the importance of stability in
legally established relationships between parents and children” and stressed that
“[o]ne who comes into court to challenge a support order on the basis of non-
paternity without externally obtained clear medical proof should be rejected as
outside the equitable discretion of the trial court.” Id.
[12] Grandmother argues that Mother’s sudden death is an unexpected medical
event “that meets the standard of Fairrow to allow a challenge to paternity.”
(Appellant’s Br. 13.) We agree with Grandmother that Mother’s death was an
unforeseen event independent of court action and that Grandmother did not
obtain DNA testing for evasion of child support obligations. Critically,
however, Grandmother does not fall within the scope of Fairrow because she is
not a parent of the Children. Grandmother fails to identify any authority that
1 Although Grandmother requests that this Court direct the trial court to enter a finding that Father is not the biological parent of either child, Grandmother does not point to any evidence directly challenging Father’s biological paternity of H.P. Rather, Grandmother claims that Mother’s lifestyle choices made Father’s paternity of H.P. suspect.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Apr 28 2015, 7:41 am Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Erik H. Carter Donna Jameson Carter Legal Services LLC Greenwood, Indiana Noblesville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In Re Adoption of K.P. et al., April 28, 2015 Court of Appeals Case No. D.M., 49A02-1410-AD-707 Appeal from the Marion Superior Appellant-Petitioner, Court The Honorable Gerald Zore, Judge v. Cause No. 49D08-1312-AD-045049
C.P., Appellee-Respondent
Bailey, Judge.
Case Summary [1] K.P. and H.P. (“the Children”) were born to A.M., who is now deceased, and
C.P. (“Father”). D.M., the guardian and maternal grandmother of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 1 of 11 Children (“Grandmother”) sought to adopt the Children without consent from
Father. Following a hearing on the necessity of consent, the trial court denied
the petition for adoption and ordered custody transferred to Father.
Grandmother now appeals. We affirm the order denying the adoption petition,
reverse the custody order, and remand for a custody hearing.
Issues [2] Grandmother presents six issues, which we consolidate and restate as three:
I. Whether Grandmother has standing to disestablish Father’s paternity; II. Whether the trial court clearly erred in concluding that Father’s consent to an adoption was necessary; and III. Whether the trial court entered a custody order prematurely.
Facts and Procedural History [3] K.P. was born in 2003 and H.P. was born in 2004. Around the time of K.P.’s
birth, Father was released from prison and he and Mother moved in together.
They sometimes resided at the home of Mother’s father, M.M.
(“Grandfather”). Mother also lived independently with the Children at times.
At least once, Mother left the Children with Grandmother for an extended
period of time so that she could serve a term of imprisonment.
[4] Paternity was established in Father and he was ordered to pay $5.00 weekly in
child support. He also applied for and received Veteran’s disability benefits
payable to the custodian of the Children.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 2 of 11 [5] In August of 2012, Mother died of an apparent drug overdose. Father was at
that time incarcerated. Grandmother and Grandmother’s sister S.P. (“Great-
Aunt”) were awarded guardianship of the Children. At first, Great-Aunt had
physical custody of the Children. Grandmother and Great-Aunt each filed a
petition to adopt the Children. Thereafter, Grandmother and Great-Aunt
reached an agreement that Grandmother would have physical custody of the
Children and pursue their adoption.
[6] Father was released from incarceration and initially returned to Grandfather’s
residence. He exercised parenting time with the Children while they were with
maternal relatives and he secured independent housing. Father also filed an
objection to the adoption petition. Grandmother filed a motion for summary
judgment, alleging that Father’s consent was not required, pursuant to Indiana
Code Section 31-19-9-8.
[7] Paternity, guardianship, and adoption proceedings were consolidated and the
trial court conducted hearings on July 28, 2014 and August 5, 2014. At the
outset, Grandmother testified and attempted to challenge Father’s biological
paternity. Brief argument was heard on the availability of a remedy to dis-
establish paternity, and the trial court clarified that the presentation of evidence
would be limited to the statutory factors bearing upon parental consent to
adoption. At the conclusion of the hearings, the trial court asked that the
parties submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions thereon. On
September 16, 2014, the trial court issued its findings of fact, conclusions, and
order.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 3 of 11 [8] The trial court denied Grandmother’s petition for adoption and ordered custody
of the Children transferred to Father. At Grandmother’s request, the order was
stayed pending this appeal.
Discussion and Decision
Standard of Review
[9] We will disturb the trial court’s decision in an adoption case only where the
evidence leads to a single conclusion and the trial court reached an opposite
conclusion. In re Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965, 973 (Ind. 2014). We will not
reweigh the evidence but will examine the evidence most favorable to the trial
court’s decision together with reasonable inferences drawn therefrom to
determine whether sufficient evidence exists to sustain the decision. In re
Adoption of A.S., 912 N.E.2d 840, 851 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied.
Dis-establishment of Paternity
[10] Grandmother contends that the trial court ignored a “threshold issue,” that is,
her claim that Father cannot be the biological parent of one or both of the
Children. According to Grandmother, K.P. began questioning his paternity
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 4 of 11 due to apparent racial differences and Grandmother procured DNA tests
indicating that the Children had different biological fathers.1
[11] Grandmother acknowledges that Indiana courts have been extremely reluctant
to dis-establish paternity. She directs our attention to Fairrow v. Fairrow, 559
N.E.2d 597 (Ind. 1990). The appellant in Fairrow had discovered his “non-
parenthood through the course of ordinary medical care,” and was ultimately
granted relief from an order that he pay child support. Id. at 600. In granting
relief, our Indiana Supreme Court acknowledged “the importance of stability in
legally established relationships between parents and children” and stressed that
“[o]ne who comes into court to challenge a support order on the basis of non-
paternity without externally obtained clear medical proof should be rejected as
outside the equitable discretion of the trial court.” Id.
[12] Grandmother argues that Mother’s sudden death is an unexpected medical
event “that meets the standard of Fairrow to allow a challenge to paternity.”
(Appellant’s Br. 13.) We agree with Grandmother that Mother’s death was an
unforeseen event independent of court action and that Grandmother did not
obtain DNA testing for evasion of child support obligations. Critically,
however, Grandmother does not fall within the scope of Fairrow because she is
not a parent of the Children. Grandmother fails to identify any authority that
1 Although Grandmother requests that this Court direct the trial court to enter a finding that Father is not the biological parent of either child, Grandmother does not point to any evidence directly challenging Father’s biological paternity of H.P. Rather, Grandmother claims that Mother’s lifestyle choices made Father’s paternity of H.P. suspect.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 5 of 11 would purportedly confer upon a non-parent a right to pursue the dis-
establishment of legal paternity in another individual’s child. Grandmother has
not demonstrated that the trial court erred by refusing to entertain a groundless
claim.
Necessity of Consent
[13] Indiana Code Section 31-19-11-1 provides that the trial court “shall grant the
petition for adoption and enter an adoption decree” if the court hears evidence
and finds, in part, that “the adoption requested is in the best interest of the
child” and “proper consent, if consent is necessary, to the adoption has been
given.” The adoption statute creates a statutory proceeding unknown at
common law and courts “must strictly construe the statute in favor of the rights
of biological parents.” In re B.W., 908 N.E.2d 586, 592 (Ind. 2009).
[14] Indiana 31-19-9-8 provides several grounds upon which a trial court may
conclude that consent to adoption is not required. Grandmother argued that
Father’s consent was unnecessary due to his parental unfitness and his failure to
significantly communicate with and provide for the Children.
[15] According to Indiana Code Section 31-19-9-8(a):
Consent to adoption, which may be required under section 1 of this chapter, is not required from any of the following: *** (2) A parent of a child in the custody of another person if for a period of at least one (1) year the parent: (A) fails without justifiable cause to communicate significantly with the child when able to do so; or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 6 of 11 *** (B) knowingly fails to provide for the care and support of the child when able to do so as required by law or judicial decree. *** (11) A parent if: *** (A) a petitioner for adoption proves by clear and convincing evidence that the parent is unfit to be a parent; and (B) the best interests of the child sought to be adopted would be served if the court dispensed with the parent’s consent. [16] Grandmother was required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that
Father’s consent was not required. See D.D. v. D.P., 8 N.E.3d 217, 221 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2014). The provisions of Indiana Code Section 31-19-9-8 are disjunctive;
as such, either provides independent grounds for dispensing with parental
consent. In re Adoption of T.W., 859 N.E.2d 1215, 1218 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
[17] Grandmother insists that Father made only token efforts to support and
communicate with the Children. However, the evidence most favorable to the
trial court’s ruling includes testimony from Father and Grandfather as to
Father’s diligence as a provider and parent. Grandfather testified that Father
had procured Veterans disability benefits for the benefit of the Children, sent
money for gifts and necessities, and paid book fees. He further testified that
Father had given school supplies to Great-Aunt. According to Grandfather,
Father had “not gone a whole year without communicating” and had
maintained contact “somehow.” (Tr. 168.)
[18] Father testified as follows. He had paid for food, rent, and utilities while the
Children lived with him and he had “continually” paid some of Mother’s
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 7 of 11 monthly bills after she moved out with the Children. (Tr. 220.) He described a
scenario of Mother persistently seeking his help because her drug addiction
caused her to deplete family resources. According to Father, he provided
clothing with the tags removed so that Mother would not re-sell the items. He
produced documentation that the Children had received $9,000 in Veteran’s
benefits over a several-year period of time. Father testified that Mother brought
the Children to see him while he was incarcerated and he “did not go a year
without contact.” (Tr. 233.)
[19] As for Father’s fitness as a parent, Grandmother relies heavily upon Father’s
long history of incarceration and testimony of his recent involvement in illicit
drug activity. However, the evidence of alleged unfitness is not without
conflict. Grandfather testified that Father had abandoned criminal activity.
Father testified that he no longer used drugs, had obtained suitable housing and
a legal source of income, and was bonded with the Children.
[20] As the evidence of support, communication, and parental unfitness does not
point unerringly to a single conclusion, one which is opposite that reached by
the trial court, its decision will be undisturbed. Notwithstanding the testimony
of Detective Derrick Harris that he had – in 2013 – observed Father sell cocaine
to a confidential informant on four occasions, it was within the province of the
trial court to credit Father’s and Grandfather’s testimony that Father had
relinquished criminal activity. That said, the willingness to live a law-abiding
life clearly bears upon parental fitness and “the primary concern in every
adoption proceeding is the best interest of the child.” In re Adoption of A.M., 930
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 8 of 11 N.E.2d 613, 616 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). Because the best interests of children
remain paramount, a denial of an adoption petition does not preclude “filing
another petition to adopt in the future.” In re Adoption of J.T.A., 988 N.E.2d
1250, 1256 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
Custody Proceedings
[21] Contemporaneously with denying the adoption petition, the trial court
summarily ordered that Father have physical custody of the Children.
Grandmother asks that, as a minimum, we remand for appropriate custody
proceedings, including inquiry into the best interests of the Children and
submission of the report of the Guardian ad Litem (“GAL”).
[22] Indiana Code Section 31-19-11-5(a) provides: “If the court dismisses a petition
for adoption, the court shall determine the person who should have custody of
the child.” As we have already observed, the best interests of the Children are
“paramount.” In re J.T.A., 988 N.E.2d at 1256.
[23] Here, the trial court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing on the best interests
of the Children with respect to a custody determination. At the outset, the trial
court expressly agreed that the scheduled hearing would involve “just do[ing]
the consent part.” (Tr. 35.) During the presentation of testimony, the trial
court again clarified that the hearing was confined to “just consent.” (Tr. 80.)
This restriction also served as a basis for rejection of the GAL report. However,
although Father’s counsel successfully argued, “we’re not here on a best interest
today,” at the same time she acknowledged that such reports are admissible in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 9 of 11 custody proceedings. (Tr. 122.) The trial court ruled that the GAL testimony
or documentary evidence would be limited to the three alleged bases for
obviating consent to adoption and the GAL report would be excluded “at this
time.” (Tr. 124.) The trial court also excluded the GAL’s proffered testimony
as to the Children’s wishes on grounds that the Children’s desires were “not a
part of consent.” (Tr. 142.)
[24] Accordingly, the scheduled hearing was not initiated or conducted as one
intended to serve as an evidentiary hearing on the matter of custody.
Nonetheless, we observe that the record includes testimony that Father has a
lengthy criminal history and has been incarcerated for significant portions of the
Children’s lives. Detective Derrick Harris provided testimony regarding more
recent activities not culminating in a criminal conviction. Detective Harris
testified that he worked with a confidential informant, who on four occasions
purchased crack cocaine from Father. According to Detective Harris, he
“actually saw” the exchanges via video surveillance and the purchased
substances were tested and found to be cocaine. (Tr. 267.) Detective Harris
accompanied a parole officer into Father’s apartment, where cocaine and digital
scales were found in the pockets of a garment hanging in Father’s bedroom
closet.2
2 It was subsequently discovered that Father’s parole had actually ended before the parole officer made the home visit. In light of this information, the State declined to prosecute Father for possession of cocaine.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 10 of 11 [25] Also, there was evidence that Child Protective Services had thrice initiated
investigations while Children were in the care of Father and Grandfather; one
report of neglect or abuse had been substantiated. Numerous police runs to
Grandfather’s residence had been documented. Finally, there was testimony
that the Children had expressed fear of Father and that Father had expressed
the opinion that counseling and medication were unnecessary for K.P. (who
had, at age nine, discovered his deceased mother’s body). We remand for
conduct of a hearing at which such evidence is considered in relation to a
determination of the best interests of the Children.
Conclusion [26] There is evidence from which the fact-finder could have concluded that Father’s
consent to adoption is necessary. Accordingly, the denial of the adoption
petition is affirmed. We reverse the summary custody determination and
remand for a custody hearing, to include the presentation of evidence relative to
the Children’s best interests.
[27] Affirmed in part; reversed in part, and remanded.
Riley, J., and Barnes, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1410-AD-707| April 28, 2015 Page 11 of 11