Summary Rule 23 order filed 2016 IL App (5th) 150203 December 23, 2015; Motion to publish granted NO. 5-15-0203 February 4, 2016. IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________
In re ADOPTION OF J.W., a Minor Child ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of (Jennifer N.J., Adam J.H., Janet D.W., and ) St. Clair County. Gregory L.W., ) ) Petitioners-Appellees, ) No. 13-AD-1 ) v. ) ) Family Choices, NFPC, ) Honorable ) Stephen R. Rice, Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. ________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Cates and Moore concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The question before us in this appeal is whether biological parents who executed a
surrender of their child to an agency for purposes of adoption may revoke that surrender
more than 12 months after signing it where they have alleged both fraud and a conflict of
interest by the attorney representing the prospective adoptive parents. The biological
parents filed a motion to revoke their surrenders, and the adoption agency filed a motion
to dismiss, citing the 12-month statute of limitations found in section 11 of the Illinois
Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2012)). The trial court denied the motion to
1 dismiss and certified a question for our review pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule
308 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015). The certified question asks us to decide whether allegations of
fraud or conflict of interest provide an exception to the statute of limitations. We answer
that question in the negative and reverse the court's ruling.
¶2 Petitioners Jennifer J. and Adam H. are the biological parents of J.W. Petitioners
Janet and Gregory W. are Jennifer's aunt and uncle. J.W. was born on August 4, 2012.
On October 9, 2012, Jennifer and Adam executed surrenders for adoption. Their intent
was for J.W. to be adopted by the W.s. However, they executed surrenders to an agency
for adoption rather than consents to adoption by the W.s. See 750 ILCS 50/10 (West
2012). The surrenders were prepared by the W.s' attorney, Deborah Crouse Cobb. The
adoption agency involved, respondent Family Choices, NFPC, is owned by Cobb's
mother, and the adoption caseworker assigned to the petitioners' case is Cobb's sister,
Susan Wolk.
¶3 The W.s filed a petition to adopt J.W. in January 2013. The matter came for a
hearing on November 22, 2013. Cobb told the court that she treated the adoption as an
agency adoption for two reasons. First, due to issues involving Jennifer, the Department
of Children and Family Services (DCFS) was likely to become involved. See In re
Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d 954, 964 (1994) (noting that problems can arise "from an
attempt to use a consent to adoption form in a neglect proceeding"). Second, Gregory W.
was involved in DCFS proceedings in which a child was removed from his home 15 or
20 years prior to the proceedings involved here. Family Choices refused to consent to the
adoption based on the findings in a psychological evaluation of the W.s. The court
2 denied their petition to adopt J.W. and ordered that J.W. be surrendered to Family
Choices for placement in another home.
¶4 On December 11, 2013, Jennifer and Adam filed a motion to revoke their
surrenders for adoption or, in the alternative, to reform and determine the surrenders to be
voidable consents. They alleged that (1) Cobb, acting in concert with Wolk, fraudulently
induced them to sign irrevocable surrenders to the agency even though she was aware of
their intent that their child was to be adopted by the W.s; and (2) Cobb had an actual
conflict of interest because Family Choices was owned by her mother. On the same day,
the W.s filed a motion to vacate the court's November 22 order and reopen the case.
Their motion contained the same allegations as Jennifer and Adam's motion.
¶5 On May 22, 2014, Family Choices filed a motion to dismiss both motions. It
noted that the motion to revoke the surrenders was filed more than 12 months after the
surrenders were executed and argued that, as such, the statute of limitations in section
11(a) of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2012)) barred revocation.
¶6 On April 13, 2015, the court entered an order denying the motion to dismiss. The
court found that the petitioners' motions should not be dismissed "in the context of the
unique set of allegations made in the pleadings." Family Choices filed a motion for
certification of a question pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308(a) (eff. Jan. 1,
2015). The court granted the motion and certified the following question for our review:
"Whether allegations of fraud and/or a conflict of interest by an attorney
representing the petitioners in an adoption case provide an exception to the 12-
3 month statute of limitations provided under the Illinois Adoption Act 750 ILCS
50/11(a)?"
Family Choices then filed a petition for leave to appeal, which this court granted on July
1, 2015.
¶7 Family Choices filed its motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code
of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012)). In ruling on a section 2-619 motion,
courts must construe the allegations in the pleadings and supporting documents in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. On appeal, our review is de novo. In re
Adoption of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d 250, 253 (2010). Thus, we assume that the
allegations in the petitioners' motions are true. We also note that the facts underlying the
petitioners' allegations of a conflict of interest are undisputed.
¶8 Section 11 of the Adoption Act provides that "[n]o action to void or revoke a
consent to or surrender for adoption, including an action based on fraud or duress, may
be commenced after 12 months from the date the consent or surrender was executed."
(Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2012). Thus, the statute of limitations, by
its express terms, is applicable to cases involving allegations of fraud. See In re D.B.,
246 Ill. App. 3d 484, 490 (1993).
¶9 The petitioners argue that we should find that their allegations of conflict of
interest fall within an exception to the statute of limitations. They point out that neither
the statute nor any Illinois decisions directly address allegations of conflict of interest.
We are not persuaded. Illinois courts have repeatedly and consistently held that the
statute of limitations is absolute. See, e.g., In re Adoption of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d
4 at 258; In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 970. The statute of limitations applies to both
agency surrenders and consents. In re Adoption of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d at 260. In
addition, it applies regardless of whether an adoption has been finalized. In re Adoption
of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d at 258. The fact that the statute does not explicitly state
that its limitations period is applicable to cases involving allegations of conflict of
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Summary Rule 23 order filed 2016 IL App (5th) 150203 December 23, 2015; Motion to publish granted NO. 5-15-0203 February 4, 2016. IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________
In re ADOPTION OF J.W., a Minor Child ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of (Jennifer N.J., Adam J.H., Janet D.W., and ) St. Clair County. Gregory L.W., ) ) Petitioners-Appellees, ) No. 13-AD-1 ) v. ) ) Family Choices, NFPC, ) Honorable ) Stephen R. Rice, Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. ________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Cates and Moore concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The question before us in this appeal is whether biological parents who executed a
surrender of their child to an agency for purposes of adoption may revoke that surrender
more than 12 months after signing it where they have alleged both fraud and a conflict of
interest by the attorney representing the prospective adoptive parents. The biological
parents filed a motion to revoke their surrenders, and the adoption agency filed a motion
to dismiss, citing the 12-month statute of limitations found in section 11 of the Illinois
Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2012)). The trial court denied the motion to
1 dismiss and certified a question for our review pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule
308 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015). The certified question asks us to decide whether allegations of
fraud or conflict of interest provide an exception to the statute of limitations. We answer
that question in the negative and reverse the court's ruling.
¶2 Petitioners Jennifer J. and Adam H. are the biological parents of J.W. Petitioners
Janet and Gregory W. are Jennifer's aunt and uncle. J.W. was born on August 4, 2012.
On October 9, 2012, Jennifer and Adam executed surrenders for adoption. Their intent
was for J.W. to be adopted by the W.s. However, they executed surrenders to an agency
for adoption rather than consents to adoption by the W.s. See 750 ILCS 50/10 (West
2012). The surrenders were prepared by the W.s' attorney, Deborah Crouse Cobb. The
adoption agency involved, respondent Family Choices, NFPC, is owned by Cobb's
mother, and the adoption caseworker assigned to the petitioners' case is Cobb's sister,
Susan Wolk.
¶3 The W.s filed a petition to adopt J.W. in January 2013. The matter came for a
hearing on November 22, 2013. Cobb told the court that she treated the adoption as an
agency adoption for two reasons. First, due to issues involving Jennifer, the Department
of Children and Family Services (DCFS) was likely to become involved. See In re
Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d 954, 964 (1994) (noting that problems can arise "from an
attempt to use a consent to adoption form in a neglect proceeding"). Second, Gregory W.
was involved in DCFS proceedings in which a child was removed from his home 15 or
20 years prior to the proceedings involved here. Family Choices refused to consent to the
adoption based on the findings in a psychological evaluation of the W.s. The court
2 denied their petition to adopt J.W. and ordered that J.W. be surrendered to Family
Choices for placement in another home.
¶4 On December 11, 2013, Jennifer and Adam filed a motion to revoke their
surrenders for adoption or, in the alternative, to reform and determine the surrenders to be
voidable consents. They alleged that (1) Cobb, acting in concert with Wolk, fraudulently
induced them to sign irrevocable surrenders to the agency even though she was aware of
their intent that their child was to be adopted by the W.s; and (2) Cobb had an actual
conflict of interest because Family Choices was owned by her mother. On the same day,
the W.s filed a motion to vacate the court's November 22 order and reopen the case.
Their motion contained the same allegations as Jennifer and Adam's motion.
¶5 On May 22, 2014, Family Choices filed a motion to dismiss both motions. It
noted that the motion to revoke the surrenders was filed more than 12 months after the
surrenders were executed and argued that, as such, the statute of limitations in section
11(a) of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2012)) barred revocation.
¶6 On April 13, 2015, the court entered an order denying the motion to dismiss. The
court found that the petitioners' motions should not be dismissed "in the context of the
unique set of allegations made in the pleadings." Family Choices filed a motion for
certification of a question pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308(a) (eff. Jan. 1,
2015). The court granted the motion and certified the following question for our review:
"Whether allegations of fraud and/or a conflict of interest by an attorney
representing the petitioners in an adoption case provide an exception to the 12-
3 month statute of limitations provided under the Illinois Adoption Act 750 ILCS
50/11(a)?"
Family Choices then filed a petition for leave to appeal, which this court granted on July
1, 2015.
¶7 Family Choices filed its motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code
of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012)). In ruling on a section 2-619 motion,
courts must construe the allegations in the pleadings and supporting documents in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. On appeal, our review is de novo. In re
Adoption of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d 250, 253 (2010). Thus, we assume that the
allegations in the petitioners' motions are true. We also note that the facts underlying the
petitioners' allegations of a conflict of interest are undisputed.
¶8 Section 11 of the Adoption Act provides that "[n]o action to void or revoke a
consent to or surrender for adoption, including an action based on fraud or duress, may
be commenced after 12 months from the date the consent or surrender was executed."
(Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2012). Thus, the statute of limitations, by
its express terms, is applicable to cases involving allegations of fraud. See In re D.B.,
246 Ill. App. 3d 484, 490 (1993).
¶9 The petitioners argue that we should find that their allegations of conflict of
interest fall within an exception to the statute of limitations. They point out that neither
the statute nor any Illinois decisions directly address allegations of conflict of interest.
We are not persuaded. Illinois courts have repeatedly and consistently held that the
statute of limitations is absolute. See, e.g., In re Adoption of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d
4 at 258; In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 970. The statute of limitations applies to both
agency surrenders and consents. In re Adoption of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d at 260. In
addition, it applies regardless of whether an adoption has been finalized. In re Adoption
of Samuel E., 401 Ill. App. 3d at 258. The fact that the statute does not explicitly state
that its limitations period is applicable to cases involving allegations of conflict of
interest does not create an exception to this absolute time limit. See In re Joseph B., 258
Ill. App. 3d at 970 (stating that the statute "clearly contemplates the application of its
one-year statute of limitations" to actions that do not involve allegations of fraud or
duress).
¶ 10 For these reasons, we conclude that allegations of fraud and/or conflict of interest
do not create an exception to the 12-month statute of limitations. We therefore answer
the certified question in the negative and reverse the order of the trial court denying the
respondent adoption agency's motion to dismiss.
¶ 11 Reversed; certified question answered.
5 2016 IL App (5th) 150203
NO. 5-15-0203
IN THE
FIFTH DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
In re ADOPTION OF J.W., a Minor Child ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of (Jennifer N.J., Adam J.H., Janet D.W., and ) St. Clair County. Gregory L.W., ) ) Petitioners-Appellees, ) No. 13-AD-1 ) v. ) ) Family Choices, NFPC, ) Honorable ) Stephen R. Rice, Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
Summary Rule 23 Order Filed: December 23, 2015 Motion to Publish Granted: February 4, 2016 Opinion Filed: February 4, 2016 ______________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.
Honorable Judy L. Cates, J., and Honorable James R. Moore, J., Concur ______________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys William R. Tapella II, Daniel C. Jones, Tapella & Eberspacher, LLC, for P.O. Box 627, Mattoon, IL 61938 Appellant ______________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Donald E. Groshong, Donald E. Groshong, Ltd., 510 East 6th St., for Alton, IL 62002; John J. Hopkins, John J. Hopkins & Associates, P.C., Appellees 500 East 6th St., P.O. Box 595, Alton, IL 62002 ______________________________________________________________________________