In re Adoption of G.O.D.

2024 Ohio 1627

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: April 29, 2024
• Docket: 4-23-11
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as In re Adoption of G.O.D., 2024-Ohio-1627.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT DEFIANCE COUNTY

IN RE: THE ADOPTION OF: CASE NO. 4-23-11

G.O.D. OPINION [JOSHUA V. - APPELLANT].

Appeal from Defiance County Common Pleas Court Probate Division Trial Court No. 2061

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: April 29, 2024

APPEARANCES:

W. Alex Smith for Appellant

Danny Hill, II for Appellee Case No. 4-23-11

WALDICK, J.

{¶1} Respondent-appellant, Joshua V. (“Joshua”), appeals the September 13,

2023 judgment of the Defiance County Common Pleas Court, Probate Division, in

which the trial court granted a final order of adoption of Joshua’s minor son,

“G.O.D.”, after finding that Joshua’s consent was not required for the adoption. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm.

Procedural & Factual Background

{¶2} On May 1, 2023, petitioner-appellee, Richard D. (“Richard”), filed a

petition pursuant to R.C. 3107.05 for adoption of G.O.D., who was born in 2010

and is the biological son of Richard’s wife, Janelle D. (“Janelle”). The petition

asserted that Joshua’s consent was not required for the adoption. Specifically, the

petition alleged that Joshua had failed without justifiable cause to provide more than

de minimis contact with the child for a period of at least one year immediately

preceding the filing of the adoption petition, and also that Joshua had failed without

justifiable cause to provide for the maintenance and support of the child as required

by law or judicial decree for at least that same time frame.

{¶3} When filing the adoption petition, Richard filed instructions for service

on Joshua by publication, along with an affidavit that, in relevant part, stated that

Joshua “currently has an outstanding warrant in Defiance County Common Pleas

Court, under Case No. 23-CR-14995, that was issued on January 26, 2023”, that

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“due to [Joshua]’s outstanding warrant, his addresses are unknown”, and that “due

to [Joshua]’s addresses being unknown, the only way to give him notice of the

petition of adoption is by publication in the newspaper.” (Affidavit, Docket No. 12).

{¶4} On May 15, 2023, the probate court filed a notice of hearing on petition

for adoption, notifying Joshua that the petition had been filed on May 1, 2023, and

setting a hearing on the petition for July 24, 2023. The record reflects that

publication of the legal notice of hearing on petition for adoption issued by the

probate court then occurred for six consecutive weeks in the Defiance Crescent-

News, and that the return of service from the newspaper was filed with the probate

court on July 3, 2023.

{¶5} On July 12, 2023, Richard filed additional service instructions in the

case, asking that Joshua be served by certified U.S. Mail at the Corrections Center

of Northwest Ohio (“CCNO”), at the address provided in the instructions.

{¶6} On July 24, 2023, a hearing was held on the issue of whether Joshua’s

consent was required for the adoption. At the start of that hearing, the trial judge

noted that there had been service on Joshua by publication, based on the affidavit

that his whereabouts were unknown. The trial court noted that Joshua was

apparently subsequently arrested, because he was then served on July 17, 2023 by

certified mail at CCNO. The trial court noted that Joshua had filed nothing in the

case, had not objected, and that no type of appearance by any lawyer had been

entered on Joshua’s behalf. The trial court then also confirmed with the court staff

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present that Joshua had not contacted the court, and that he was not present in the

building at that time.

{¶7} Evidence was then received by the trial court on the issue of consent.

Janelle testified that she is the mother of G.O.D., who was thirteen years old at that

time, and that Joshua is G.O.D.’s biological father. Janelle testified that Joshua last

had contact with G.O.D. when he was four or five years old, that she had done

nothing to prohibit Joshua from having contact with G.O.D., and that Joshua knew

both her address and phone number. Janelle further testified that Joshua had not

sent G.O.D. any cards, Christmas presents, birthday presents, or other things of that

nature. Janelle also testified that Joshua had provided no financial support for

G.O.D. in 2022 or 2023, and had provided no in-kind support such as clothing or

food. Finally, Janelle testified that Joshua had not contacted her in any way since

the filing of the adoption petition, nor to her knowledge had he contacted G.O.D.,

who has his own phone. Richard testified that he has been married to Janelle since

2015 and that G.O.D. had been with him since the child was one-year-old. Richard

confirmed that Janelle’s testimony was accurate with regard to Joshua’s lack of

contact with G.O.D. and the lack of financial support.

{¶8} The trial court then ruled from the bench that all parties were before the

court by proper service, and that the evidence established that Joshua’s consent to

the adoption was not required because Joshua is a parent who (1) had failed without

justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor for at least

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one year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petition, and (2) had failed

without justifiable cause to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as

required by law or judicial decree for at least one year immediately preceding the

filing of the adoption petition.

{¶9} On July 24, 2023, at 11:35 a.m., the probate court journalized the ruling

on consent made previously from the bench.

{¶10} On July 24, 2023, at 1:08 p.m., a handwritten letter signed by Joshua

dated July 19, 2023 was filed with the probate court, in which Joshua asserted that

he was contesting the adoption of his son.

{¶11} On August 28, 2023, a hearing on whether the adoption was in the best

interests of G.O.D. was held, at which Joshua appeared via Zoom from Northwest

Community Corrections Center, a community-based correctional facility. At the

start of that hearing, the trial court reviewed the record with regard to service on

Joshua. The trial court noted that, pursuant to the instructions for service by

publication, publication had occurred on May 23rd, May 30th, June 6th, June 13th,

June 20th, and June 27th, with return of that service made by the Defiance Crescent-

News on July 3, 2023, and then the first hearing was held on July 24, 2023, which

was more than twenty days after the last publication of notice. The trial court further

noted that, after Joshua’s consent to the adoption was found not to be necessary at

the July 24, 2023 hearing, a letter from Joshua contesting the adoption was delivered

to the court later that same date via regular U.S. mail, after the trial court’s judgment

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on the issue of consent had been journalized. The trial court found that receipt of

that letter on July 24, 2023 was more than fourteen days after the service by

publication was completed and return of the service made. After noting that Joshua

did not appear at the hearing on the issue of consent, and did not file a timely

objection, the trial court made an additional finding that Joshua’s consent to the

adoption was not required because he had failed to object within fourteen days as

required by R.C. 3107.07(K).

{¶12} Preliminary evidence was then received by the trial court on the issue

of whether adoption was in the best interest of G.O.D. After taking brief testimony

from Richard, Janelle, and G.O.D., the trial court then communicated with Joshua

via Zoom. The trial court informed Joshua that it had already been determined that

his consent to the adoption was not required, and that the sole issue before the court

at that time was whether adoption was in G.O.D.’s best interest. Joshua asked if he

could have counsel to represent him and the trial court, after hearing that Joshua was

unemployed with no assets, arranged to have an application for court-appointed

counsel emailed to Joshua. The trial court determined that, if Joshua qualified for

court-appointed counsel, counsel would be appointed and the hearing rescheduled

so that counsel could attend.

{¶13} On September 13, 2023, the “best interests” hearing resumed, with

Joshua represented by court-appointed counsel and Joshua attending remotely. At

the start of that hearing session, Joshua’s counsel requested a continuance because

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Joshua wanted to hire private counsel and wished to attend the hearing in person.

The trial court denied the motion for a continuance.

{¶14} At the hearing, testimony was given by Janelle and Rick in support of

the adoption petition, and then Joshua testified in opposition to the petition. Based

upon the evidence presented, as well as letters of recommendation received by the

court and an evaluation done by an adoption assessor on behalf of the court, the trial

court found adoption to be in G.O.D.’s best interests and granted the petition.

{¶15} On October 5, 2023, Joshua filed the instant appeal, in which he raises

one assignment of error for our review.

Assignment of Error

The Probate Court erred by ruling that consent of the father was not necessary.

{¶16} In the sole assignment of error, Joshua argues that the trial court erred

in determining that his consent to the adoption was not required.

{¶17} “[T]he right of a natural parent to the care and custody of his children

is one of the most precious and fundamental in law.” In re Adoption of Masa, 23

Ohio St.3d 163, 165, 492 N.E.2d 140 (1986). “Under most circumstances, both of a

minor’s natural parents must provide written consent prior to the adoption of that

minor.” In re Adoption of S.S., 3d Dist. Van Wert No. 15-17-06, 2017-Ohio-8956,

¶ 16.

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{¶18} However, R.C. 3107.07 sets forth certain exceptions to that general

rule requiring consent. An exception determined by the probate court to be

applicable in this case is found in R.C. 3107.07(K), which provides that “[c]onsent

to adoption is not required of * * * a * * * person given notice of the petition

pursuant to division (A)(1) of section 3107.11 of the Revised Code that fails to file

an objection to the petition within fourteen days after proof is filed pursuant to

division (B) of that section that the notice was given[.]”

{¶19} R.C. 3107.11 governs the notice that must be given of the hearing on

an adoption petition, and provides:

(A) After the filing of a petition to adopt an adult or a minor, the court shall fix a time and place for hearing the petition. The hearing may take place at any time more than thirty days after the date on which the minor is placed in the home of the petitioner. At least twenty days before the date of hearing, notice of the filing of the petition and of the time and place of hearing shall be given by the court to all of the following:

(1) Any juvenile court, agency, or person whose consent to the adoption is required by this chapter but who has not consented;

(2) A person whose consent is not required as provided by division (A), (G), (H), or (I) of section 3107.07 of the Revised Code and has not consented;

(3) Any guardian, custodian, or other party who has temporary custody or permanent custody of the child.

Notice shall not be given to a person whose consent is not required as provided by division (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), or (J) of section 3107.07, or section 3107.071, of the Revised Code. Second notice shall not be given to a juvenile court, agency, or person whose consent is not required as provided by division (K) of section 3107.07 of the

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Revised Code because the court, agency, or person failed to file an objection to the petition within fourteen days after proof was filed pursuant to division (B) of this section that a first notice was given to the court, agency, or person pursuant to division (A)(1) of this section.

(B) Upon the filing of a petition for adoption that alleges that a parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor, the clerk of courts shall send a notice to that parent with the following language in boldface type and in all capital letters:

"A FINAL DECREE OF ADOPTION, IF GRANTED, WILL RELIEVE YOU OF ALL PARENTAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO CONTACT THE MINOR, AND, EXCEPT WITH RESPECT TO A SPOUSE OF THE ADOPTION PETITIONER AND RELATIVES OF THAT SPOUSE, TERMINATE ALL LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MINOR AND YOU AND THE MINOR'S OTHER RELATIVES, SO THAT THE MINOR THEREAFTER IS A STRANGER TO YOU AND THE MINOR'S FORMER RELATIVES FOR ALL PURPOSES, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF DIVISION (A)(1)(b) OF SECTION 3107.15 OF THE REVISED CODE. IF YOU WISH TO CONTEST THE ADOPTION, YOU MUST FILE AN OBJECTION TO THE PETITION WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS AFTER PROOF OF SERVICE OF NOTICE OF THE FILING OF THE PETITION AND OF THE TIME AND PLACE OF HEARING IS GIVEN TO YOU. IF YOU WISH TO CONTEST THE ADOPTION, YOU MUST ALSO APPEAR AT THE HEARING. A FINAL DECREE OF ADOPTION MAY BE ENTERED IF YOU FAIL TO FILE AN OBJECTION TO THE ADOPTION PETITION OR APPEAR AT THE HEARING."

(C) All notices required under this section shall be given as specified in the Rules of Civil Procedure. Proof of the giving of notice shall be filed with the court before the petition is heard.

{¶20} In support of his assignment of error, Joshua first argues that the 14

days in which he was required to object should be counted from the date he was

served with notice of the adoption by certified mail. Joshua suggests that the service

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by publication in this case was negated by the fact that he was subsequently also

served notice by certified mail.

{¶21} We find no merit to that general argument. Under R.C. 3107.07(K),

the 14-day objection period begins when proof of service of notice is filed with the

trial court. Here, that date was July 3, 2023 and, as a result, Joshua’s objection was

due on or before July 17, 2023. However, Joshua’s objection was not filed until

July 24, 2023, which was one week after the expiration of the July 17, 2023

deadline. Joshua cites to no legal authority in support of his assertion that

subsequent service by certified mail somehow negated the already completed

service by publication, nor has this Court uncovered any such authority.

{¶22} Joshua further argues that he was not served in accordance with the

Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure, asserting that more diligence should have been

exercised in attempting to locate him prior to resorting to service by publication.

Joshua also argues that service by publication may not be allowed by law in adoption

cases. In support of the latter assertion, Joshua notes that for service by publication,

Civ.R. 4.4(C) requires not only that the address of the party to be served be unknown

but that service by publication shall be made in actions where “such service is

authorized by law.” Joshua then notes that R.C. 2703.14 does not list adoption as a

type of case where service by publication is appropriate, but provides no further

analysis in support of his claim.

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{¶23} As an initial matter, we note that Civ.R. 4 to 4.6, which govern service

of process, are applicable to some, but not all, probate court proceedings. Pursuant

to Civ.R. 73(A), the “Rules of Civil Procedure shall apply to proceedings in the

probate division of the court of common pleas as indicated in this rule.” Civ.R.

73(C) provides that “Civ.R. 4 through 4.6 shall apply in any proceeding in the

probate division of the court of common pleas requiring service of summons.”

However, pursuant to Civ.R. 73(E), “[i]n any proceeding where any type of notice

other than service of summons is required by law * * * and the statute providing for

notice neither directs nor authorizes the court to direct the manner of its service,”

then notice shall be given in accordance with Civ.R. 73(E).

{¶24} As noted above, R.C. 3107.11(A) provides that, when an adoption

petition has been filed, the probate court shall set a time and place for hearing the

petition and must provide “notice of the filing of the petition and of the time and

place of hearing” to any of the persons or entities listed in that section. (Emphasis

added.) Thus, R.C. 3107.11 “‘requires service of notice rather than issuance of

summons.’” In re Adoption of L.R.B., 9th Dist. Summit No. 28678, 2018-Ohio-

1489, ¶ 27, quoting Askew v. Taylor, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2004CA00184, 2004-Ohio-

5504, ¶ 18, citing In re Burdette, 83 Ohio App. 368, 374, 83 N.E.2d 813 (9th

Dist.1948).

{¶25} In the instant case, Joshua’s reliance on Civ.R. 4.4 is therefore

somewhat misplaced, as is his reliance on R.C. 2703.14, as both of those legal

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provisions apply to service of summons. Instead, we look to Civ.R. 73(E) for

permissible methods by which notice of a probate court proceeding may be served.

Relevant here, Civ.R. 73(E)(6) provides for service by publication “when the name,

usual place of residence, or existence of the person to be served is unknown and

cannot with reasonable diligence be ascertained * * *.” Thus, we find no merit to

Joshua’s assertion that service by publication is not permissible in adoption cases.

{¶26} With regard to Joshua’s claim concerning the diligence used to attempt

to locate him, the Supreme Court of Ohio set forth the following in Sizemore v.

Smith, 6 Ohio St.3d 330, 453 N.E.2d 632 (1983), regarding the reasonable diligence

requirement of Civ.R. 4.4(A), which this Court finds would be applicable to the

similar reasonable diligence requirement of Civ.R. 73(E):

From the plain and unambiguous language of Civ.R. 4.4(A) it is axiomatic that a plaintiff must exercise reasonable diligence in his attempt to locate a defendant before he is entitled to service by publication. If the defendant cannot be located, plaintiff or his counsel may file an affidavit with the court. The required contents of the affidavit are amply set forth in Civ.R. 4.4(A): that defendant's residence is unknown and that it cannot be discovered with reasonable diligence. Such an averment in the affidavit gives rise to a rebuttable presumption that reasonable diligence was exercised. This court notes that, although there exists some measure of confusion on the point (cf. Wilson v. Sinsabaugh [1978], 61 Ohio App.2d 224, 401 N.E.2d 454 [15 O.O.3d 365], with Brown v. Gonzales [1975], 50 Ohio App.2d 254, 362 N.E.2d 658 [4 O.O.3d 220] ), facts demonstrating the diligence used to ascertain the address of the defendant are not required to be set forth in the affidavit itself. However, a bare allegation in an affidavit is not conclusive on the subject. Plaintiff, when challenged, must support the fact that he or she used reasonable diligence.

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Id., at 332-332.

{¶27} Additionally, as this Court stated in In re C.H., 3d Dist. Mercer Nos.

10-19-10, 10-19-11, 10-19-12, 2020-Ohio-716, “‘[t]he court does not delve into an

examination of whether reasonable diligence was in fact exercised unless the

defendant attempts to challenge the presumption in the trial court.’” Id., at ¶ 47,

quoting In re D.S., 9th Dist. Summit No. 24619, 2009-Ohio-3167, ¶ 17.

“Reasonable diligence depends on the particular facts and circumstances of each

case.” Id., citing In re Thompkins, 115 Ohio St.3d 409, 2007-Ohio 5238, ¶ 25.

{¶28} In the instant case, Joshua did not challenge the service by publication

in the trial court and, more specifically, did not raise the issue of whether reasonable

diligence was used in attempting to locate him before service by publication was

requested. For that reason, no inquiry was made by the trial court into the diligence

exercised by Richard to attempt to locate Joshua for service of notice.

{¶29} Nonetheless, we note that the affidavit filed in support of the request

for service by publication stated that Joshua “currently has an outstanding warrant

in Defiance County Common Pleas Court, under Case No. 23-CR-14995, that was

issued on January 26, 2023”, that “due to [Joshua]’s outstanding warrant, his

addresses are unknown”, and that “due to [Joshua]’s addresses being unknown, the

only way to give him notice of the petition of adoption is by publication in the

newspaper.” (Affidavit, Docket No. 12). Additionally, testimony adduced at the

adoption hearings established that Joshua’s contact with Janelle and Rick through

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the years had been sporadic at best, that Joshua had not seen G.O.D., nor had any

contact with him, since 2017, and that prior to that Joshua had no permanent home

and Janelle and Rick were always uncertain as to where Joshua was spending time

on the few occasions that he did exercise parenting time with G.O.D.

{¶30} On those facts, and in the absence of an objection in the trial court as

to the diligence utilized to locate Joshua or to the allegations set forth in the affidavit

requesting service by publication, we find the argument that Richard failed to

exercise reasonable diligence to be not well taken, particularly as Joshua has

presented no assertions in support of his challenge as to how Richard could have

possibly obtained information on Joshua’s whereabouts.

{¶31} Having found no merit to the various arguments advanced by Joshua

in support of his assignment of error, the assignment of error is overruled.

Conclusion

{¶32} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant, Joshua V., in the

particulars assigned and argued, the judgment of the Defiance County Court of

Common Pleas, Probate Division, is affirmed.

WILLAMOWSKI, P.J. AND ZIMMERMAN, J., concur.

/tmm

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