[Cite as In re Adoption of E.G.C., 2022-Ohio-2381.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLINTON COUNTY
IN RE: :
THE ADOPTION OF E.G.C. : CASE NO. CA2022-03-008
: OPINION 7/11/2022 :
:
APPEAL FROM CLINTON COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS PROBATE DIVISION Case No. 20195020
Smith, Meier & Webb, LPA, and Andrew P. Meier and Chase T. Kirby, for appellant.
Peterson Law Office, and Shaun D. Peterson, for appellee.
PIPER, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, the biological father of E.G.C. ("Father"), appeals the decision of
the Clinton County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, finding that his consent was
not required in the adoption of E.G.C. by her stepfather ("Stepfather").
{¶2} This case has previously been before this court. In re E.G.C., 12th Dist.
Clinton No. CA2020-09-014, 2021-Ohio-276 ("E.G.C. I"); In re E.G.C., 12th Dist. Clinton Clinton CA2022-03-008
No. CA2021-07-022, 2021-Ohio-4178 ("E.G.C. II"). The factual background of the case
remains the same as in the first two appeals.
{¶3} The child was born in 2012 and lived with her mother ("Mother") and Father,
who as a couple did not marry. When the child was approximately 18 months old, Mother
moved out of the residence she and Father shared. Thereafter, Father maintained visitation
with the child, including alternating weekends and some weekdays. Father married S.T.
("Wife") in April 2016, which marriage lasted six months.
{¶4} Father saw the child for the last time in 2017. From that point on, Father did
not send any letters, cards, or presents to the child, and Father did not visit her. At some
point Father moved to Pennsylvania where he remained for at least a year before moving
back to Clinton County.
{¶5} The record reveals that in 2017, Mother became uncomfortable with allowing
Father to see the child unless supervised because Wife told Mother that Father had
engaged in inappropriate conduct with the child such as taking showers naked with her and
Father watching "daddy/daughter porn."
{¶6} Mother married Stepfather in June 2018. Approximately one year later,
Stepfather filed a stepparent adoption petition in the probate court. Stepfather alleged that
Father's consent was not required because Father had not seen the child in more than one
year. The probate court held a hearing to determine whether Father's consent was
necessary for the adoption. The probate court subsequently issued an entry deciding that
Father's consent to Stepfather's adoption of the child was not necessary because Father
had only de minimis contact with the child in the year prior to the filing of the petition.
However, the probate court did not determine whether the lack of contact was justifiable as
required by statute. As such, this court remanded the matter for the probate court to
address whether there was justifiable cause for Father's de minimis contact with E.G.C. in
-2- Clinton CA2022-03-008
the relevant time period. E.G.C. I, 2021-Ohio-276 at ¶ 30.
{¶7} During the pendency of the proceedings on remand, Clinton County Children
Services filed an amended report regarding Stepfather's adoption petition. Originally, the
agency recommended approval of Stepfather as an adoptive parent. However, the agency
filed an amendment to the report noting that it could no longer recommend approval of
Stepfather because he had previously been convicted of a drug-related felony. Upon
receiving the amended report, the probate court summarily dismissed Stepfather's petition
without a hearing and without first complying with this court's remand instructions to
determine whether Father's de minimis contact with E.G.C. was justifiable. E.G.C. II, 2021-
Ohio-4178 at ¶ 7.
{¶8} This court reversed the probate court's decision, concluding the probate court
did not follow the proper statutory steps. Accordingly, we again remanded the case for the
probate court to determine whether Father's de minimis contact with the child was
justifiable. Id. at ¶ 19.
{¶9} Upon remand, the probate court found that Father's consent was not
necessary, as Father's contact with the child in the year preceding the complaint was de
minimis and without justifiable cause. In so doing, the probate court found:
In this case, while Mother blocked Father from her social media account, there were a number of other alternatives available for Father to attempt to contact the child. Father admitted that he drove by Mother's residence, but did not stop and attempt to contact the child because it "looked like" no one was home. Father could have texted Mother and requested to see the child. Father could have filed a complaint with the Court seeking parenting time, etc. (Father did file a complaint for parenting time after the petition was filed and that matter is currently on hold pending the outcome of the adoption proceedings). Father stated he purchased gifts and attempted to contact the child, but the evidence presented reflected attempts after the petition was filed.
Father now appeals, raising a single assignment of error for review:
-3- Clinton CA2022-03-008
{¶10} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING [FATHER'S] CONSENT IS NOT
NECESSARY FOR THE ADOPTION OF E.G.C.
{¶11} In his sole assignment of error, Father argues the probate court erred by
finding Father's consent to adoption was unnecessary as provided in R.C. 3107.07(A).
{¶12} The right of natural parents to the care and custody of their child is one of the
most precious and fundamental in law. In re C.M.F., 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2013-06-090
and CA2013-06-091, 2013-Ohio-4719, ¶ 8. An adoption permanently terminates those
parental rights of a natural parent. In re L.C.W., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-08-169, 2015-
Ohio-61, ¶ 10. Thus, Ohio law requires parental consent to an adoption unless a specific
statutory exception exists. In re C.E.S., 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2020-07-069 thru CA2020-
07-071, 2020-Ohio-6902, ¶ 19. "[A]ny exception to the requirement of parental consent to
adoption must be strictly construed so as to protect the right of natural parents to raise and
nurture their children." In re B.N.S., 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2020-03-034 thru CA2020-
03-036, 2020-Ohio-4413, ¶ 27.
{¶13} As determined in the first appeal, the relevant exception is based upon R.C.
3107.07(A), wherein consent to an adoption is not required upon a finding by clear and
convincing evidence that the biological "parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide
more than de minimis contact with the minor * * * for a period of at least one year
immediately preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or the placement of the minor
in the home of the petitioner." E.G.C. I, 2021-Ohio-276 at ¶ 22.
{¶14} Ohio law is clear that in order to find R.C. 3107.07(A) applicable and that
consent is not required, the probate court must engage in a two-step analysis. In re J.F.M.,
12th Dist. Butler No. CA2016-03-044, 2016-Ohio-4823, ¶ 11. As relevant to the case sub
judice, the probate court must first determine whether the parent failed to engage in more
than de minimis contact with the minor. Id. Second, the probate court must determine
-4- Clinton CA2022-03-008
whether the parent had "justifiable cause" for the failure to contact the minor. Id.
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[Cite as In re Adoption of E.G.C., 2022-Ohio-2381.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLINTON COUNTY
IN RE: :
THE ADOPTION OF E.G.C. : CASE NO. CA2022-03-008
: OPINION 7/11/2022 :
:
APPEAL FROM CLINTON COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS PROBATE DIVISION Case No. 20195020
Smith, Meier & Webb, LPA, and Andrew P. Meier and Chase T. Kirby, for appellant.
Peterson Law Office, and Shaun D. Peterson, for appellee.
PIPER, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, the biological father of E.G.C. ("Father"), appeals the decision of
the Clinton County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, finding that his consent was
not required in the adoption of E.G.C. by her stepfather ("Stepfather").
{¶2} This case has previously been before this court. In re E.G.C., 12th Dist.
Clinton No. CA2020-09-014, 2021-Ohio-276 ("E.G.C. I"); In re E.G.C., 12th Dist. Clinton Clinton CA2022-03-008
No. CA2021-07-022, 2021-Ohio-4178 ("E.G.C. II"). The factual background of the case
remains the same as in the first two appeals.
{¶3} The child was born in 2012 and lived with her mother ("Mother") and Father,
who as a couple did not marry. When the child was approximately 18 months old, Mother
moved out of the residence she and Father shared. Thereafter, Father maintained visitation
with the child, including alternating weekends and some weekdays. Father married S.T.
("Wife") in April 2016, which marriage lasted six months.
{¶4} Father saw the child for the last time in 2017. From that point on, Father did
not send any letters, cards, or presents to the child, and Father did not visit her. At some
point Father moved to Pennsylvania where he remained for at least a year before moving
back to Clinton County.
{¶5} The record reveals that in 2017, Mother became uncomfortable with allowing
Father to see the child unless supervised because Wife told Mother that Father had
engaged in inappropriate conduct with the child such as taking showers naked with her and
Father watching "daddy/daughter porn."
{¶6} Mother married Stepfather in June 2018. Approximately one year later,
Stepfather filed a stepparent adoption petition in the probate court. Stepfather alleged that
Father's consent was not required because Father had not seen the child in more than one
year. The probate court held a hearing to determine whether Father's consent was
necessary for the adoption. The probate court subsequently issued an entry deciding that
Father's consent to Stepfather's adoption of the child was not necessary because Father
had only de minimis contact with the child in the year prior to the filing of the petition.
However, the probate court did not determine whether the lack of contact was justifiable as
required by statute. As such, this court remanded the matter for the probate court to
address whether there was justifiable cause for Father's de minimis contact with E.G.C. in
-2- Clinton CA2022-03-008
the relevant time period. E.G.C. I, 2021-Ohio-276 at ¶ 30.
{¶7} During the pendency of the proceedings on remand, Clinton County Children
Services filed an amended report regarding Stepfather's adoption petition. Originally, the
agency recommended approval of Stepfather as an adoptive parent. However, the agency
filed an amendment to the report noting that it could no longer recommend approval of
Stepfather because he had previously been convicted of a drug-related felony. Upon
receiving the amended report, the probate court summarily dismissed Stepfather's petition
without a hearing and without first complying with this court's remand instructions to
determine whether Father's de minimis contact with E.G.C. was justifiable. E.G.C. II, 2021-
Ohio-4178 at ¶ 7.
{¶8} This court reversed the probate court's decision, concluding the probate court
did not follow the proper statutory steps. Accordingly, we again remanded the case for the
probate court to determine whether Father's de minimis contact with the child was
justifiable. Id. at ¶ 19.
{¶9} Upon remand, the probate court found that Father's consent was not
necessary, as Father's contact with the child in the year preceding the complaint was de
minimis and without justifiable cause. In so doing, the probate court found:
In this case, while Mother blocked Father from her social media account, there were a number of other alternatives available for Father to attempt to contact the child. Father admitted that he drove by Mother's residence, but did not stop and attempt to contact the child because it "looked like" no one was home. Father could have texted Mother and requested to see the child. Father could have filed a complaint with the Court seeking parenting time, etc. (Father did file a complaint for parenting time after the petition was filed and that matter is currently on hold pending the outcome of the adoption proceedings). Father stated he purchased gifts and attempted to contact the child, but the evidence presented reflected attempts after the petition was filed.
Father now appeals, raising a single assignment of error for review:
-3- Clinton CA2022-03-008
{¶10} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING [FATHER'S] CONSENT IS NOT
NECESSARY FOR THE ADOPTION OF E.G.C.
{¶11} In his sole assignment of error, Father argues the probate court erred by
finding Father's consent to adoption was unnecessary as provided in R.C. 3107.07(A).
{¶12} The right of natural parents to the care and custody of their child is one of the
most precious and fundamental in law. In re C.M.F., 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2013-06-090
and CA2013-06-091, 2013-Ohio-4719, ¶ 8. An adoption permanently terminates those
parental rights of a natural parent. In re L.C.W., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-08-169, 2015-
Ohio-61, ¶ 10. Thus, Ohio law requires parental consent to an adoption unless a specific
statutory exception exists. In re C.E.S., 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2020-07-069 thru CA2020-
07-071, 2020-Ohio-6902, ¶ 19. "[A]ny exception to the requirement of parental consent to
adoption must be strictly construed so as to protect the right of natural parents to raise and
nurture their children." In re B.N.S., 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2020-03-034 thru CA2020-
03-036, 2020-Ohio-4413, ¶ 27.
{¶13} As determined in the first appeal, the relevant exception is based upon R.C.
3107.07(A), wherein consent to an adoption is not required upon a finding by clear and
convincing evidence that the biological "parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide
more than de minimis contact with the minor * * * for a period of at least one year
immediately preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or the placement of the minor
in the home of the petitioner." E.G.C. I, 2021-Ohio-276 at ¶ 22.
{¶14} Ohio law is clear that in order to find R.C. 3107.07(A) applicable and that
consent is not required, the probate court must engage in a two-step analysis. In re J.F.M.,
12th Dist. Butler No. CA2016-03-044, 2016-Ohio-4823, ¶ 11. As relevant to the case sub
judice, the probate court must first determine whether the parent failed to engage in more
than de minimis contact with the minor. Id. Second, the probate court must determine
-4- Clinton CA2022-03-008
whether the parent had "justifiable cause" for the failure to contact the minor. Id.
{¶15} This court has already determined Father has not provided more than de
minimis contact with E.G.C. for at least one year immediately preceding the filing of the
adoption petition. E.G.C. I at ¶ 24. Therefore, the issue determined below is whether
Father's de minimis contacts were without "justifiable cause."
{¶16} A probate court's determination concerning justifiable cause "will not be
disturbed on appeal unless such determination is against the manifest weight of the
evidence." In re A.L.S., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2017-09-146, 2018-Ohio-507, ¶ 17. "In
determining whether a judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence, we must
review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider
witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of
fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that there must
be a reversal of the judgment and an order for a new trial." In re L.C.W., 2015-Ohio-61 at
¶ 14. In so doing, we must be mindful the probate court "is in the best position to observe
the demeanor of the parties and assess the credibility and accuracy of the testimony."
A.L.S. at ¶ 17.
{¶17} On appeal, Father claims that he had justifiable cause because Mother
significantly interfered with his contact with E.G.C. In so doing, he argues that Mother
withheld E.G.C. from him and refused communication. He alleges Mother blocked him and
his family on Facebook, and refused to answer her phone or provide an updated phone
number. He also alleges that Mother rejected presents for the child and changed her
address without telling him or his family.
{¶18} Based on our review of the evidence, we agree with the decision of the
probate court that Father's de minimis contacts were without justifiable cause. In this case,
the record reflects Father left Ohio and stopped visiting with E.G.C. in 2017. Father testified
-5- Clinton CA2022-03-008
that he left the state because "had a lot of things going on" with his family. He also stopped
communicating with E.G.C. Father places great significance on the fact that Mother
"blocked" him and his family on Facebook. Father testified that over the years, he had tried
to contact Mother about E.G.C. through Facebook, but was unsuccessful. However,
evidence that Mother blocked Father and other family members on Facebook does not
mean that Mother blocked all means of communication or substantially interfered with his
right to contact E.G.C. There is no requirement that Mother maintain a Facebook account,
much less grant Father access to her personal profile. As the trial court correctly found,
Father had a number of alternatives at his disposal if he wanted to communicate with E.G.C.
Mother testified that she has had the same phone number for over five years. There is no
evidence that Mother attempted to conceal her whereabouts and Father did not provide any
meaningful explanation for why he could not locate Mother and E.G.C.'s more recent
address. Furthermore, Father could have filed a complaint with the juvenile court requesting
parenting time. However, Father did none of those things. As the evidence reflects, Father
showed a complete lack of interest in E.G.C. until Stepfather filed his petition for adoption.
Accordingly, there was no justifiable cause to warrant Father's actions. The probate court
did not err in finding that Father's consent for the adoption was not necessary. Father's
sole assignment of error is overruled.
{¶19} Judgment affirmed.
S. POWELL and BYRNE, JJ., concur.
-6-