In re Adoption of A.L.D.

2023 Ohio 1201

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: April 11, 2023
• Docket: 2022 AP 10 0042
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as In re Adoption of A.L.D., 2023-Ohio-1201.]

COURT OF APPEALS TUSCARAWAS COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

IN THE MATTER OF THE : JUDGES: : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. ADOPTION OF A.L.D. : Hon. John W. Wise, J. : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. : : : Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 : : OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, Case No. 2022 AD 03403

JUDGMENT: Reversed and Remanded

DATE OF JUDGMENT: April 11, 2023

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiffs-Appellants D.R and A.D. For Defendant-Appellee J.S.

DAN GUINN LISA CALDWELL 232 West 3rd Street 203 Fair Ave. NE Suite 312 New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663 Dover, Ohio 44622 Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 2

Baldwin, J.

{¶1} Appellants D.R. and A.D. appeal the October 14, 2022 Judgment Entry of

the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, denying D.R.’s

Petition for Adoption of Minor A.L.D. (DOB 7/01/2011). Appellant A.D. is A.L.D.’s

biological mother, and appellant D.R. is her step-father. Appellee J.S. is A.L.D.’s

biological father.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND THE CASE

{¶2} A.D. and J.S. lived together when A.D. became pregnant with A.L.D. During

their relationship J.S. was physically, mentally, and emotionally abusive to A.D. A.D. left

J.S. approximately two weeks after A.L.D.’s birth.

{¶3} J.S. was sent to jail when A.L.D. was approximately three months old. A.D.

visited J.S. in jail, told him to stay away, and told him that she did not want anything to do

with him. J.S. had had unlawful sexual contact with A.D.’s fifteen-year old sister, for which

he was later imprisoned. He is a tier II registered sex offender, and is required to register

as such for twenty-five years. He has been convicted of other felonies, and has been in

and out of prison.

{¶4} J.S. joined a church in 2019, and he has been sober since April, 2019. He

has not seen or had any contact with A.L.D. since she was an infant.

{¶5} On July 27, 2020, J.S. filed a motion to establish visitation with A.L.D. with

the Tuscarawas County juvenile court. J.S.’s paternity was established, and a Guardian

Ad Litem (“GAL”) was appointed. The GAL recommended against visitation. The juvenile

court conducted a hearing, and thereafter denied the motion. Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 3

{¶6} On August 23, 2021, J.S. filed a second motion to establish visitation. The

GAL was re-appointed. In addition, a partial psychological evaluation was performed of

J.S. A hearing was conducted on the motion at which A.D. testified, as did the GAL. The

juvenile court thereafter issued a judgment entry that, once again, denied J.S.’s motion.

{¶7} On June 8, 2022, appellant D.R. filed a petition for adoption of minor with

the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, seeking a step-parent

adoption of A.L.D. A.D. consented to the adoption. The petition listed J.S. as a person

whose consent to the adoption is not required based upon his failure without justifiable

cause to provide more than de minimis contact with A.L.D. for a period of at least one

year immediately preceding the filing of the June 8, 2022 petition.

{¶8} The trial court set the matter for hearing, and issued a notice of hearing on

the petition that was served upon J.S. by certified mail on June 21, 2022. J.S. requested

representation in the matter, and the trial court ordered that the Public Defender’s Office

be appointed to represent him in the proceedings. The hearing was rescheduled for

October 11, 2022.

{¶9} The hearing proceeded as scheduled. The testimony established that

appellants D.R. and A.D. have lived together with A.L.D. for approximately eight years,

since A.L.D. was three-years old. The appellants were married on May 30, 2021.

{¶10} The testimony established further that, other than his August 23, 2021

motion to establish visitation, J.S. had made no effort whatsoever to have contact with

A.L.D. within the one year preceding appellant D.R.’s petition.1 Nor did he attempt to

1 In fact, other than the 2020 and 2021 motions to establish visitation, J.S. has made no effort to have any sort of contact with A.L.D. since she was three-months old. Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 4

contact A.D. through social media, or send any letters or cards to A.L.D. either at the

home she shares with A.D. and D.R. or to any of A.L.D.’s other relatives.

{¶11} J.S. confirmed during his testimony that, within the one year preceding the

appellants’ June 8, 2022 petition, he had done nothing to provide any contact with A.L.D.

other than file the August 23, 2021 motion. He did not engage with A.L.D. through A.D.

and/or D.R., nor through any other family members or relatives. He did not send A.L.D.

any letters, cards, or gifts. He testified that he “didn’t find it suitable,” “didn’t find it

appropriate,” “that it would cause a lot more friction than to, than to go ahead and do

through the Courts,” and that he “just didn’t have the desire to do it outside of the Court’s

design.”

{¶12} J.S. testified that there was neither a no contact order nor a protection order

in place with regard to A.D. or A.L.D. that would have prevented him from having contact

with A.L.D.

{¶13} The trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that J.S. failed to

have more than de minimis contact with A.L.D. during the one year preceding the filing of

the petition.

{¶14} The court further found that J.S’s August 23, 2021 motion to establish court

ordered visitation, and the juvenile court’s denial of the motion, provided J.S. with

justifiable cause for his failure to have de minimis contact with A.L.D. As such, J.S.’s

consent to the adoption was necessary. Because J.S. did not consent, the appellants’

petition was denied.

{¶15} The appellants filed a timely appeal, and set forth the following sole

assignment of error: Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 5

{¶16} “I. THE COURT ERRED IN DETERMINING THAT THE APPELLEE’S

CONSENT WAS NEEDED TO GRANT THE APPELLANTS’ PETITION FOR

ADOPTION.”

{¶17} The appellants argue that the appellee’s consent for the adoption of A.L.D.

was not required. We agree.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

{¶18} The right of a natural parent to the care and custody of his or her children

is one of the most fundamental in the law and, as a fundamental liberty interest, it cannot

be easily extinguished. In re Adoption of M.T.R., 5th Dist. Licking No. 2022 CA 00010,

2022-Ohio-2473, ¶19 (citing In re Adoption of B.T.R., 5th Dist. Morrow No. 2019 CA 0005,

2020-Ohio-2685, ¶ 18, and Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753–754, 102 S.Ct. 1388,

71 L.Ed.2d 599 (182)). “Adoption permanently terminates the parental rights of the natural

parent” and, as such, “Ohio law requires parental consent to an adoption unless a specific

statutory exception exists.” Id. (citing In re Adoption of C.H.B., 3rd Dist. Crawford No. 3-

19-18, 2020-Ohio-979, ¶ 18.)

{¶19} The M.T.R. court stated further:

One such statutory exception to the requirement of parental consent is

found in R.C. 3107.07(A), which provides:

Consent to adoption is not required of any of the following:

(A) A parent of a minor, when it is alleged in the adoption petition and

the court, after proper service of notice and hearing, finds by clear

and convincing evidence that the parent has failed without justifiable

cause to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or to Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 6

provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as required by

law or judicial decree for a period of at least one year immediately

preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or the placement

of the minor in the home of the petitioner.

“R.C. 3107.07(A) is written in the disjunctive.” In re Adoption of C.H.B.,

2020-Ohio-979, ¶ 19 quoting In re Adoption of H.R., 3rd Dist. Logan No. 8-

14-15, 2014-Ohio-5390, ¶ 23. “Therefore, a failure without justifiable cause

to provide either more than de minimus contact with the minor or

maintenance and support for the one-year time period is sufficient to obviate

the need for a parent's consent.” (Emphasis sic.) Id.

Id. at ¶20-21.

{¶20} In the case sub judice, the trial court did not make any findings regarding

support and maintenance. Thus, our review is limited to the issue of de minimis contact.

{¶21} J.S. does not dispute that he failed to have de minimis contact with A.L.D.

within the one year preceding appellant D.R’s June 8, 2022 petition for adoption of minor.

Accordingly, clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s finding that J.S.

failed to have contact with A.L.D. for one year prior to the filing of the petition.

{¶22} The issue before this Court, therefore, centers on the question of whether

J.S. had justifiable cause for his failure.

{¶23} The trial court found that J.S’s August 23, 2021 motion to establish

visitation, and the juvenile court’s denial thereof, established justifiable cause for his

failure to have de minimis contact. This determination may not be disturbed on appeal Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 7

unless it is found to be against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. at ¶24, citing In re

Adoption of B.T.R., 5th Dist. Morrow No. 2019 CA 0005, 2020-Ohio-2685.

{¶24} The role of the appellate court in making a determination pursuant to a

manifest weight standard of review is to “examine the entire record, weigh the evidence

and all reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be reversed and a new trial

ordered.” Id.

{¶25} Accordingly, we review the entire record and weigh all the evidence in

determining whether the trial court’s decision that J.S. had justifiable cause for his failure

to have de minimis contact with A.L.D. within one year preceding the petition for adoption

was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

ANALYSIS

{¶26} It is not disputed that, other than filing the August 23, 2021 motion to

establish visitation, J.S. made no effort to have any contact A.L.D. within one year prior

to appellant D.R.s’ petition. Indeed, J.S. has made no effort to have contact with A.L.D.,

who turned eleven shortly after the petition for adoption was filed, since she was three

months old. At no time did J.S. engage with A.L.D. through A.D. and/or D.R., nor through

any other family members. At no time did he sent A.L.D. any letters, cards, or gifts. He

testified that he “didn’t find it suitable,” “didn’t find it appropriate,” “that it would cause a

lot more friction than to, than to go ahead and do through the Courts,” and that he “just

didn’t have the desire to do it outside of the Court’s design.” Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 8

{¶27} J.S. further testified that at no time was he subject to a no contact order or

a protection order with regard to A.D. or A.L.D. that would have prevented him from

contacting A.L.D.

{¶28} The court’s analysis in In re P.C., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2021 CA 00087, 2021-

Ohio-4418 is instructive. In P.C., the minor’s biological father argued that the biological

mother’s refusal to allow him to see the minor child unless he obtained a court order

provided justifiable cause for his failure to have de minimis contact with the minor for the

one year preceding the petition for adoption. The trial court disagreed, and permitted the

adoption to proceed without his consent. This court affirmed, stating:

. . . In In re Adoption of T.U., 6th Dist. Williams No. WM-19-012, 2020-Ohio-

841, 152 N.E.3d 943, the Court noted that the distinction between a no-

visitation order and a no-contact order is important.

A “no-visitation” order prevents a parent from having parenting time

with the child, while a “no-contact” order prohibits all contact and

communication with the child. While a “no-contact” order can provide

justifiable cause for a parent's failure to have more than de minimis

contact with the child under R.C. 3107.07(A), a “no-visitation”

order does not provide justifiable cause. In re Adoption of T.R.S.,

7th Dist. Belmont No. 13 BE 43, 2014-Ohio-3808, ¶ 20. This is

because “visitation does not equate with communication * * *.” In re

Adoption of C.A.L., 2015-Ohio-2014, 35 N.E.3d 44, ¶ 30 (12th Dist.).

That is, “a parent can communicate with a child ‘notwithstanding the

inability to physically visit with the child.’ ” Id., quoting In re Adoptions Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 9

of Doyle, 11th Dist. Ashtabula Nos. 2003-A-0071 and 2003-A-0072,

2004-Ohio-4197, 2004 WL 1778821, ¶ 17.

2020-Ohio-841 at ¶ 27. In the case at bar, competent, credible evidence

supports the trial court's finding that Appellant had other means by which

he could have located P.C., contacted P.C., and attempted to establish a

visitation schedule.

(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶24.

{¶29} Just as a “no visitation” order does not provide justifiable cause, neither

does the denial of a motion to establish visitation. Thus, the fact that J.S. did not have a

visitation order, in and of itself, does not provide justifiable cause for his failure to have

de minimis contact with A.L.D. within the one year preceding the petition for adoption, as

he was not prevented from communicating or having contact with A.L.D. Despite the lack

of an order that he be permitted to have visitation, he still could have tried to contact her.

He could have sent her cards, letters, or gifts. His failed request for visitation, alone, is

insufficient to establish justifiable cause for his failure to have de minimis contact with

A.L.D.

{¶30} Based upon our review of the entire record in this matter, we find that the

trial court’s determination that J.S. had justifiable cause for his failure to have de minimis

contact with A.L.D. for the one year prior to the appellants’ petition for adoption was

against the manifest weight of the evidence, and that to disallow the adoption to proceed

to the best interest phase creates a manifest miscarriage of justice such that the judgment

must be reversed.

{¶31} Appellants’ assignment of error is sustained. Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022 AP 10 0042 10

{¶32} The judgment of the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas, Probate

Division, is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

By: Baldwin, J.

Gwin, P.J. and

Wise, John, J. concur.