[Cite as In re Adoption of A.H., 2013-Ohio-1600.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
IN RE: ADOPTION OF A.H. AND M.H. C.A. No. 12CA010312
APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO CASE Nos. 2011AD00057 2011AD00058
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: April 22, 2013
MOORE, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, April S. (“Mother”), appeals from a decision of the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, holding that her consent is not necessary to the
adoption of two of her minor children by their paternal grandparents. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Mother is the natural mother of A.H., born January 18, 2003, and M.H., born
January 4, 2005, and a younger child who is not at issue in this case. The father of A.H. and
M.H. participated in the proceedings below but is not a party to this appeal.
{¶3} On December 28, 2005, because their parents were not able to care for A.H. and
M.H., the Lorain County Juvenile Court placed them in the legal custody of Jeanette H., their 2
paternal grandmother (“Grandmother”).1 The children have lived with Grandmother ever since
that time, in the home that she shares with her husband, James H.
{¶4} On September 12, 2011, Grandmother and her husband filed petitions to adopt the
two minor children. They alleged in the petitions that the parents’ consent to adoption was not
required because they had “failed without justifiable cause” to maintain de minimus contact with
the children and/or to pay court-ordered support for at least one year preceding the filing of the
petition. See R.C. 3107.07(A).
{¶5} Mother filed written objections to the adoption petitions, asserting that her failure
to maintain contact with her children had been justified because Grandmother had prevented her
from contacting the children. She further asserted that she had been unable to pay support
because a medical condition prevented her from working.
{¶6} The matter proceeded to a hearing before a magistrate on the issue of whether the
parents had, without justifiable cause, failed to maintain contact with or support their children for
at least the one-year look-back period set forth in R.C. 3107.07(A). After a hearing at which
Grandmother and Mother testified, the magistrate found that the parents’ consent to the adoption
was not necessary. Specifically pertaining to Mother, he found that she had failed, without
justification, to maintain more than de minimus contact with the children or to provide them with
financial support for the entire year preceding the filing of the petition.
{¶7} Mother filed timely objections to the magistrate’s decision, arguing that her
failures to have contact and provide support had been justified and that the grandparents failed to
1 The judgment entry in this case mistakenly refers to the 2005 legal custody disposition as “permanent custody.” 3
prove otherwise. The trial court overruled her objections and ordered that Mother’s consent to
the adoption was not necessary. Mother appeals and raises one assignment of error.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR BECAUSE THE RECORD SHOWS CLEARLY THAT THE PETITIONER DID NOT PROVE BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT [MOTHER] WAS WITHOUT JUSTIFIABLE CAUSE IN FAILING TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT AND DE MINIMUS CONTACT WITH HER CHILDREN.
{¶8} Mother’s assignment of error is that the trial court erred in concluding that the
grandparents had met their evidentiary burden to prove that her failure to maintain contact with
her children and/or provide them with financial support had been without justifiable cause. R.C.
3107.07(A) provides that a parent’s consent to adoption is not required if it is alleged in the
adoption petition and the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that:
the parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as required by law or judicial decree for a period of at least one year immediately preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or the placement of the minor in the home of the petitioner.
{¶9} Because R.C. 3107.07(A) is written in the disjunctive, either a failure to
communicate or a failure to provide support for the one-year time period is sufficient to obviate
the need for a parent’s consent. In re Adoption of McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d 301, 304 (1980).
Although the trial court found that the grandparents had proven both that Mother had failed to
support the children and that she had failed to have more than de minimus contact with them, this
Court must affirm the trial court’s decision if either one of those findings was supported by clear
and convincing evidence. We will begin by reviewing the trial court’s finding that Mother 4
failed, without justifiable cause, to provide the children with maintenance and support during the
relevant one-year period.
{¶10} Mother does not dispute that, despite an ongoing court order that she pay monthly
child support for her children, she had not provided them with any financial support for several
years, including the entire year prior to the filing of the petition. She argues, however, that her
failure to pay child support was justified because she suffers from a chronic mental illness, which
has prevented her from being able to work. After hearing the evidence, however, the magistrate
and the trial court agreed that Mother’s failure to provide financial support for her children had
been without justification.
{¶11} Although Mother asks this Court to review the trial court’s findings de novo, that
is not the appropriate standard of review. This Court will not reverse the probate court’s findings
that Mother lacked justifiable cause for her failure to support her children unless that finding was
against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-
Ohio-236, paragraph two of the syllabus; In re Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163, 166
(1983), citing McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d at 306.
{¶12} The petitioner has the initial burden of establishing, by clear and convincing
evidence, that the parent has failed to support and/or have contact with the children for at least
the requisite one-year period. See In re Adoption of Bovett, 33 Ohio St.3d 102 (1987), paragraph
one of the syllabus. Mother does not dispute that the grandparents met their initial burden to
establish her failure to pay support throughout the relevant one-year period. Given that the
grandparents established Mother’s failure to pay support, although the ultimate burden of proof
remained with them, “the burden of going forward with the evidence” shifted to Mother to “show
some facially justifiable cause for such failure.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. 5
{¶13} Despite Mother’s argument to the contrary, the grandparents were not required to
prove the absence of a justifiable cause for her failure to support her children, however, unless
she first met her burden of going forward with evidence of a facially justifiable cause. Id. As
the Court emphasized in Bovett, the adopting parent has no burden of proving a negative. “‘If
the natural parent does not appear to go forward with any evidence of justification, obviously the
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[Cite as In re Adoption of A.H., 2013-Ohio-1600.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
IN RE: ADOPTION OF A.H. AND M.H. C.A. No. 12CA010312
APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO CASE Nos. 2011AD00057 2011AD00058
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: April 22, 2013
MOORE, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, April S. (“Mother”), appeals from a decision of the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, holding that her consent is not necessary to the
adoption of two of her minor children by their paternal grandparents. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Mother is the natural mother of A.H., born January 18, 2003, and M.H., born
January 4, 2005, and a younger child who is not at issue in this case. The father of A.H. and
M.H. participated in the proceedings below but is not a party to this appeal.
{¶3} On December 28, 2005, because their parents were not able to care for A.H. and
M.H., the Lorain County Juvenile Court placed them in the legal custody of Jeanette H., their 2
paternal grandmother (“Grandmother”).1 The children have lived with Grandmother ever since
that time, in the home that she shares with her husband, James H.
{¶4} On September 12, 2011, Grandmother and her husband filed petitions to adopt the
two minor children. They alleged in the petitions that the parents’ consent to adoption was not
required because they had “failed without justifiable cause” to maintain de minimus contact with
the children and/or to pay court-ordered support for at least one year preceding the filing of the
petition. See R.C. 3107.07(A).
{¶5} Mother filed written objections to the adoption petitions, asserting that her failure
to maintain contact with her children had been justified because Grandmother had prevented her
from contacting the children. She further asserted that she had been unable to pay support
because a medical condition prevented her from working.
{¶6} The matter proceeded to a hearing before a magistrate on the issue of whether the
parents had, without justifiable cause, failed to maintain contact with or support their children for
at least the one-year look-back period set forth in R.C. 3107.07(A). After a hearing at which
Grandmother and Mother testified, the magistrate found that the parents’ consent to the adoption
was not necessary. Specifically pertaining to Mother, he found that she had failed, without
justification, to maintain more than de minimus contact with the children or to provide them with
financial support for the entire year preceding the filing of the petition.
{¶7} Mother filed timely objections to the magistrate’s decision, arguing that her
failures to have contact and provide support had been justified and that the grandparents failed to
1 The judgment entry in this case mistakenly refers to the 2005 legal custody disposition as “permanent custody.” 3
prove otherwise. The trial court overruled her objections and ordered that Mother’s consent to
the adoption was not necessary. Mother appeals and raises one assignment of error.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR BECAUSE THE RECORD SHOWS CLEARLY THAT THE PETITIONER DID NOT PROVE BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT [MOTHER] WAS WITHOUT JUSTIFIABLE CAUSE IN FAILING TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT AND DE MINIMUS CONTACT WITH HER CHILDREN.
{¶8} Mother’s assignment of error is that the trial court erred in concluding that the
grandparents had met their evidentiary burden to prove that her failure to maintain contact with
her children and/or provide them with financial support had been without justifiable cause. R.C.
3107.07(A) provides that a parent’s consent to adoption is not required if it is alleged in the
adoption petition and the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that:
the parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as required by law or judicial decree for a period of at least one year immediately preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or the placement of the minor in the home of the petitioner.
{¶9} Because R.C. 3107.07(A) is written in the disjunctive, either a failure to
communicate or a failure to provide support for the one-year time period is sufficient to obviate
the need for a parent’s consent. In re Adoption of McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d 301, 304 (1980).
Although the trial court found that the grandparents had proven both that Mother had failed to
support the children and that she had failed to have more than de minimus contact with them, this
Court must affirm the trial court’s decision if either one of those findings was supported by clear
and convincing evidence. We will begin by reviewing the trial court’s finding that Mother 4
failed, without justifiable cause, to provide the children with maintenance and support during the
relevant one-year period.
{¶10} Mother does not dispute that, despite an ongoing court order that she pay monthly
child support for her children, she had not provided them with any financial support for several
years, including the entire year prior to the filing of the petition. She argues, however, that her
failure to pay child support was justified because she suffers from a chronic mental illness, which
has prevented her from being able to work. After hearing the evidence, however, the magistrate
and the trial court agreed that Mother’s failure to provide financial support for her children had
been without justification.
{¶11} Although Mother asks this Court to review the trial court’s findings de novo, that
is not the appropriate standard of review. This Court will not reverse the probate court’s findings
that Mother lacked justifiable cause for her failure to support her children unless that finding was
against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-
Ohio-236, paragraph two of the syllabus; In re Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163, 166
(1983), citing McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d at 306.
{¶12} The petitioner has the initial burden of establishing, by clear and convincing
evidence, that the parent has failed to support and/or have contact with the children for at least
the requisite one-year period. See In re Adoption of Bovett, 33 Ohio St.3d 102 (1987), paragraph
one of the syllabus. Mother does not dispute that the grandparents met their initial burden to
establish her failure to pay support throughout the relevant one-year period. Given that the
grandparents established Mother’s failure to pay support, although the ultimate burden of proof
remained with them, “the burden of going forward with the evidence” shifted to Mother to “show
some facially justifiable cause for such failure.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. 5
{¶13} Despite Mother’s argument to the contrary, the grandparents were not required to
prove the absence of a justifiable cause for her failure to support her children, however, unless
she first met her burden of going forward with evidence of a facially justifiable cause. Id. As
the Court emphasized in Bovett, the adopting parent has no burden of proving a negative. “‘If
the natural parent does not appear to go forward with any evidence of justification, obviously the
adopting parent has only the obligation of proving failure of support by the requisite standard.’”
Id. at 104, quoting Masa, at 167.
{¶14} Therefore, we must first review the evidence to determine whether Mother carried
her burden of going forward with evidence “to show some facially justifiable cause for such
failure.” Mother testified simply that she could not work because of her ongoing mental illness.
Her only documentary evidence pertaining to the relevant one-year period was a brief letter from
a psychiatrist, dated October 2010, which indicated that Mother suffered from ongoing mental
illness and “is unable to work[.]” The letter did not reference the relevant statutory timeframe of
the one year prior to the filing. Even if we assume that this evidence established that Mother was
unable to work throughout the relevant one-year period, her lack of employment income did not,
in and of itself, establish a facially justifiable cause for her failure to pay child support.
{¶15} It is the parent’s overall “ability to pay [that] is a key factor in determining
whether there is justifiable cause for failure to support a child.” See Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d at 167.
To determine whether the parent is financially capable of paying support requires an examination
of the amount of her income from all sources, the amount of the support order, and her entire
financial situation including the types and amounts of her other financial obligations. See, e.g.,
In re Adoption of A.M.W., 9th Dist. Nos. 07CA0062-M and 07CA0063-M, 2008-Ohio-1456, ¶
12-15; In re Adoption of Way, 4th Dist. No. 01 CA23, 2002-Ohio-117, *5. 6
{¶16} In this case, Mother testified that she had no ability to pay child support, but she
offered no evidence about her financial situation during the relevant time period. Although she
testified that she received no income from employment, the letter she presented from her
psychiatrist stated that Mother received public assistance and food stamps, but it did not state a
dollar amount. Moreover, Mother further testified that, two months before Grandmother filed
the adoption petition, her child support order for A.H. and M.H. was modified to reduce her
monthly obligation from over $600 to $355 per month. The court’s order to reduce the monthly
support award to $355, rather than to eliminate Mother’s support obligation altogether, was
evidence from which the probate court could infer that Mother had the ability to pay that amount
of child support at that time. In re Adoption of Dervenis, 10th Dist. No. 95APF07-869, 1995 WL
765213, *5 (Dec. 28, 1995); compare In re Adoption of S.L.N., 4th Dist. No. 07CA3189, 2008-
Ohio-2996, ¶ 29 (concluding that a court order relieving the mother of her child support
obligation provided evidence of her inability to pay).
{¶17} The limited evidence presented by Mother about her ability to pay child support
did not demonstrate a facial justification for her failure to pay. Because Mother did not meet her
burden of going forward, the burden did not shift back to the grandparents to prove that her
failure to pay was not justified. Therefore, the trial court’s finding on this issue was not against
the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶18} Mother’s failure to provide any financial support for her children from September
2011 through September 2012, without justification, supported the trial court’s finding under
R.C. 3107.07(A) that her consent to the adoption of A.H. and M.H. was not necessary.
Consequently, we need not address whether the evidence supported the trial court’s alternate 7
finding that Mother’s lack of contact with the children also had been without justification.
Mother’s assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶19} Mother’s assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
CARLA MOORE FOR THE COURT
CARR, J. WHITMORE, J. CONCUR. 8
APPEARANCES:
DAVID M. LYNCH, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
JAMES A. DEERY, Attorneys at Law, for Appellees.