Dowling, J.:
The question involved in this appeal is the ownership of certain property lying between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, on the westerly side of Avenue D and between Avenue D and the East river, in the city of New York, now occupied by the Consolidated Gras Company of New York, title to which, as well as wharfage rights along the easterly side of East street opposite said lands, are claimed both by said company and by the city of New York.
The lands in question were originally lands under water lying within the boundaries of a small bay of the East river (apparently unnamed) extending from the line of about the present Thirteenth street to about Twenty-fifth street. The upland at the head of the bay formed part of the estate of Petrus Stuyvesant and descended to his great-grandson Petrus Stuyvesant, who died in 1805. He owned two farms called “the Bowery” and “Petersfield,” adjoining each other, the dividing line between them being Stuyvesant street, originally extending to high-water line and running transversely to the front of the present Eighteenth street. Title to the lands below high-water line around the island of Manhattan originally was in the English crown, and the lands under water between high and low-water line were granted by it to the mayor, aldermen and commonalty of the city of New York, under the Dongan and Montgomerie charters. (See 1 Colonial Laws of New York [Comp. Stat. Rev. Comm.], 184, 193, 194; 2 id. 578, 588, 596 et seq.) The State of New York having succeeded to the title and rights of the crown, the State (Laws of 1798, chap. 80) gave the right to the city to lay out streets or wharves along the river front and to extend the same, and [108]*108provided that the streets or wharves should be made and completed according to the plan “ by and at the expence of the proprietors of land adjoining, or nearest and opposite to the said streets or wharfs, in proportion to the breadth of their several lots, by certain days, to be for that purpose appointed by the said mayor, aldermen and commonalty, and that the respective proprietors of such of the said lots, as may not be adjoining to the said streets or wharfs, shall also fill up and level at their own expence, according to such plan, and by the said days respectively, the spaces lying between their said several lots, and the said streets and wharfs, and shall, upon so filling up and levelling the same, be respectively entitled to, and become the owners of the said intermediate spaces of ground, in fee simple.” By chapter 115 of the Laws of 1801 the Commissioners of the Land Office were authorized and directed to issue letters patent granting to the mayor, aldermen and commonalty of the city of New York, and their successors forever, all the right and title of the People of the State of New York, to-the land under water along the westerly shore of the East river for the distance of 400 feet into the river from low-water mark, extending from the north side of Corlear’s Hook for a distance of two miles to the north, “ Provided always, That the proprietor or proprietors of the lands adjacent, shall have the preemptive right in all grants made by the corporation of the said city, of any lands under water granted to the said corporation by this act.” Letters patent in accordance with this act were issued December 26, 1801. By chapter 166 of the Laws of 1826 it was, among other things, enacted that Tompkins street, as laid out and approved by the city, should be the permanent exterior street on the East river, between Rivington street and Twenty-third street, and that all grants made or to be made by the city should be construed as rightfully made to extend thereto. Tompkins street was never filled in either as a street or wharf, and never had any actual physical existence. Hezekiah Bradford, by various mesne conveyances, had become the owner of the upland and land under water forming a triangle bounded by the center line of Fourteenth street- to the center line of Stuyvesant street and the easterly fine of Tompkins street as proposed, exclusive of the land embraced in the streets and [109]*109avenues therein contained. On June 22, 1848, the city made a grant to him of all lands under water lying east of high-water line from Fourteenth to Stuyvesant streets and out to the westerly line of Tompkins street, the grantee covenanting within three months after he was required so to do by the city, to construct specified bulkheads or wharves or streets, including “ one other good and sufficient firm bulkhead, wharf, avenue or street seventy feet in width extending from the middle line of Fourteenth Strvet to the southerly side of land formerly belonging to Flack and Gouverneur as aforesaid, being a portion of the intended new street called Tompkins Street.” The Flack and Gouverneur tract lay north of Stuyvesant street. The grantee was given wharfage rights as well. The Manhattan Gas Light Company by various conveyances executed by Moses Taylor and wife, in 1852 and 1853 became the owner of all the land (exclusive of Avenues C and D) between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, from a line parallel to and 413 feet west of Avenue Oto “ the easterly side of the bulkhead on the East River as now laid out and built,” together with the wharfage rights; and from the phraseology of the deeds it appears that the bulkheads had been actually built along the East river between the date of two of these deeds (January 22, 1852, and June 15, 1853) beyond the line of Tompkins street as originally proposed. The Manhattan Gas Light Company also acquired title to the block between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, Avenue C and Avenue D, by deed dated December 26, 1855, and to the land between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, Avenue D and the East river by deed bearing the same date, which contains the clause: “Together with the bulkhead built along said East River from said center line of Fifteenth Street to the center line of Sixteenth Street, and also all the right, title, interest, property and claims of the said parties of the. first part in and to the water rights, water front, water privileges, wharfage, cranage, rights of wharfage and cranage, land covered with water, pre-emptive or other rights to land which may hereafter be gained out of the East River by reason of any Grant or Extension of the City of New York, or otherwise, between the center lines of said Fifteenth Street and the center line of said Sixteenth Street [110]*110as continued into said East Eiver in front of the premises hereby conveyed, as laid down in the diagram herein, particular reference being thereunto had.”
The diagram attached to said deed shows the exterior street, adjacent to the East river, as “Tompkins Street,”but it is far to the east of the original proposed (but never opened) Tompkins street. Following its purchase of the block between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets in 1852, the Manhattan Gas Light Company filled in and commenced the erection of a gas manufacturing plant upon that property, and upon the further purchase of the property between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets it commenced to fill in the same as well and to erect part of its. plant thereon. The bulkhead along the East river then existed from the center line of Fourteenth to the north line of Seventeenth street, exactly on the line of the bulkhead which exists to-day, and it extended westerly along Seventeenth street to a point west of Avenue C, and in 1855 the Manhattan Gas Light Company was in actual possession of all the property in question, including the bulkhead rights, now actually occupied and claimed to be owned by the Consolidated Gas Company.
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Dowling, J.:
The question involved in this appeal is the ownership of certain property lying between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, on the westerly side of Avenue D and between Avenue D and the East river, in the city of New York, now occupied by the Consolidated Gras Company of New York, title to which, as well as wharfage rights along the easterly side of East street opposite said lands, are claimed both by said company and by the city of New York.
The lands in question were originally lands under water lying within the boundaries of a small bay of the East river (apparently unnamed) extending from the line of about the present Thirteenth street to about Twenty-fifth street. The upland at the head of the bay formed part of the estate of Petrus Stuyvesant and descended to his great-grandson Petrus Stuyvesant, who died in 1805. He owned two farms called “the Bowery” and “Petersfield,” adjoining each other, the dividing line between them being Stuyvesant street, originally extending to high-water line and running transversely to the front of the present Eighteenth street. Title to the lands below high-water line around the island of Manhattan originally was in the English crown, and the lands under water between high and low-water line were granted by it to the mayor, aldermen and commonalty of the city of New York, under the Dongan and Montgomerie charters. (See 1 Colonial Laws of New York [Comp. Stat. Rev. Comm.], 184, 193, 194; 2 id. 578, 588, 596 et seq.) The State of New York having succeeded to the title and rights of the crown, the State (Laws of 1798, chap. 80) gave the right to the city to lay out streets or wharves along the river front and to extend the same, and [108]*108provided that the streets or wharves should be made and completed according to the plan “ by and at the expence of the proprietors of land adjoining, or nearest and opposite to the said streets or wharfs, in proportion to the breadth of their several lots, by certain days, to be for that purpose appointed by the said mayor, aldermen and commonalty, and that the respective proprietors of such of the said lots, as may not be adjoining to the said streets or wharfs, shall also fill up and level at their own expence, according to such plan, and by the said days respectively, the spaces lying between their said several lots, and the said streets and wharfs, and shall, upon so filling up and levelling the same, be respectively entitled to, and become the owners of the said intermediate spaces of ground, in fee simple.” By chapter 115 of the Laws of 1801 the Commissioners of the Land Office were authorized and directed to issue letters patent granting to the mayor, aldermen and commonalty of the city of New York, and their successors forever, all the right and title of the People of the State of New York, to-the land under water along the westerly shore of the East river for the distance of 400 feet into the river from low-water mark, extending from the north side of Corlear’s Hook for a distance of two miles to the north, “ Provided always, That the proprietor or proprietors of the lands adjacent, shall have the preemptive right in all grants made by the corporation of the said city, of any lands under water granted to the said corporation by this act.” Letters patent in accordance with this act were issued December 26, 1801. By chapter 166 of the Laws of 1826 it was, among other things, enacted that Tompkins street, as laid out and approved by the city, should be the permanent exterior street on the East river, between Rivington street and Twenty-third street, and that all grants made or to be made by the city should be construed as rightfully made to extend thereto. Tompkins street was never filled in either as a street or wharf, and never had any actual physical existence. Hezekiah Bradford, by various mesne conveyances, had become the owner of the upland and land under water forming a triangle bounded by the center line of Fourteenth street- to the center line of Stuyvesant street and the easterly fine of Tompkins street as proposed, exclusive of the land embraced in the streets and [109]*109avenues therein contained. On June 22, 1848, the city made a grant to him of all lands under water lying east of high-water line from Fourteenth to Stuyvesant streets and out to the westerly line of Tompkins street, the grantee covenanting within three months after he was required so to do by the city, to construct specified bulkheads or wharves or streets, including “ one other good and sufficient firm bulkhead, wharf, avenue or street seventy feet in width extending from the middle line of Fourteenth Strvet to the southerly side of land formerly belonging to Flack and Gouverneur as aforesaid, being a portion of the intended new street called Tompkins Street.” The Flack and Gouverneur tract lay north of Stuyvesant street. The grantee was given wharfage rights as well. The Manhattan Gas Light Company by various conveyances executed by Moses Taylor and wife, in 1852 and 1853 became the owner of all the land (exclusive of Avenues C and D) between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, from a line parallel to and 413 feet west of Avenue Oto “ the easterly side of the bulkhead on the East River as now laid out and built,” together with the wharfage rights; and from the phraseology of the deeds it appears that the bulkheads had been actually built along the East river between the date of two of these deeds (January 22, 1852, and June 15, 1853) beyond the line of Tompkins street as originally proposed. The Manhattan Gas Light Company also acquired title to the block between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, Avenue C and Avenue D, by deed dated December 26, 1855, and to the land between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, Avenue D and the East river by deed bearing the same date, which contains the clause: “Together with the bulkhead built along said East River from said center line of Fifteenth Street to the center line of Sixteenth Street, and also all the right, title, interest, property and claims of the said parties of the. first part in and to the water rights, water front, water privileges, wharfage, cranage, rights of wharfage and cranage, land covered with water, pre-emptive or other rights to land which may hereafter be gained out of the East River by reason of any Grant or Extension of the City of New York, or otherwise, between the center lines of said Fifteenth Street and the center line of said Sixteenth Street [110]*110as continued into said East Eiver in front of the premises hereby conveyed, as laid down in the diagram herein, particular reference being thereunto had.”
The diagram attached to said deed shows the exterior street, adjacent to the East river, as “Tompkins Street,”but it is far to the east of the original proposed (but never opened) Tompkins street. Following its purchase of the block between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets in 1852, the Manhattan Gas Light Company filled in and commenced the erection of a gas manufacturing plant upon that property, and upon the further purchase of the property between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets it commenced to fill in the same as well and to erect part of its. plant thereon. The bulkhead along the East river then existed from the center line of Fourteenth to the north line of Seventeenth street, exactly on the line of the bulkhead which exists to-day, and it extended westerly along Seventeenth street to a point west of Avenue C, and in 1855 the Manhattan Gas Light Company was in actual possession of all the property in question, including the bulkhead rights, now actually occupied and claimed to be owned by the Consolidated Gas Company. This is confirmed by the testimony of an eye-witness of its then and present condition, and the then unpaved street along the bulkhead (the only one ever actually opened) was the present Tompkins or East street, quite dissimilar in its position from the proposed Tompkins street. Furthermore, the city tax map prepared in 1853 showed the street along the East river and the bulkhead thereon to which Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets extended, all of which were indicated as at the present sites, while dotted lines were used to locate the lines of the originally proposed Tompkins street. Since 1851 the property in question has been assessed by the city; the bulkhead at the end of the streets being assessed to the city; that between Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets to the successive owners of the property, Lowber, the Manhattan Gas Light Company or the Consolidated Gas Company. Wharfage has been collected by the city from the bulkheads at the ends of these streets since 1853. On December 22, 1856, the board of aldermen passed an ordinance (adopted by the board of councilmen December [111]*111twenty-sixth and approved by the mayor December thirty-first) among other things continuing East street to Thirty-eighth street, extending the street lines to East street, discontinuing so much of Tompkins street as was then laid out and designated on the map or plan of the city north of Houston street, directing the city surveyor to prepare a map of the streets therein designated, and providing that “the proprietors of land adjoining or nearest and opposite to East Street as hereby established be and they are hereby authorized and directed to make and complete said East Street on or before the first day of January, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty; and on or before the said day to fill and level the spaces between their property and the said East River.” The map referred to cannot now be found, but it is evident that this ordinance, passed pursuant to authority of chapter 268 of the Laws of 1835, discontinued and abolished the old proposed location of Tompkins street and substituted in its place the new exterior street, East street, to whose lines the adjacent property owners were required to fill in. The common council then memorialized the Legislature (March 11, 1857) to confirm the exterior line as established by this ordinance, which was done by chapter 763 of the Laws of 1857. It is claimed that this act did not operate to save the existing structures along the water front, even though such a desire was indicated by the report of the Senate committee thereon, and the Legislature believed it was so doing when it passed the act, hut we are unable to agree with that claim. Everything points to the conclusion that by adopting the north end of the bulkhead at Seventeenth street as a starting point for erecting the seawall and by the other provisions therein contained it was the intention of the Legislature, conformable to the wish of the city and the views of the Senate committee, to preserve the existing structures from Fourteenth to Seventeenth streets, whereon the city was already collecting wharf-age at the foot of each street and levying taxes on the adjacent .filled-in lands to the new exterior street lines. Then by chapter 522 of the Laws of 1860, forbidding the filling of land or the maintenance of piers or bulkheads beyond the exterior line defined by the harbor commissioners, an express exception was made that it should not apply “to piers or bulkheads built [112]*112before the establishment of said exterior line.” (See, also, Laws of 1875, chap. 378, amdg. Laws of 1860, chap. 522, § 2.) The exterior line, as has been said, was established in 1857; the bulkhead in question was built as early as 1852.
The Consolidated Gas Company acquired title to the property in question by deed dated November 10, 1881. The testimony shows conclusively that the property in question has been in the actual, exclusive, open and uninterrupted adverse possession of the Consolidated Gas Company and of its predecessor, the Manhattan Gas Light Company, for more than fifty years, under claim of title by virtue of written instruments, and said companies have enjoyed the undisputed and sole use thereof in the conduct of their business. It has been established that at least, by 1854, there was a bulkhead on the East river from Fourteenth to Seventeenth street, adjoining this property, which has ever since remained unchanged as to position and fine ; that a street on the present line of Tompkins or East street ran along the same; that the blocks between Fifteenth and Sixteenth street from Avenue 0 to the bulkhead were gradually filled in and by 1861 fences entirely surrounded the property save where the company’s buildings extended to the street line. When Avenue D was opened the company’s property on both sides of it between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets was also fenced in. In 1853 the city tax map showed the property assessed to the present line of the bulkhead. The land map of the city prepared in 1889 shows the new exterior street, the present bulkhead, and the city’s ownership of the bulkheads at the ends of the streets. The property in question has been continuously assessed against the Consolidated Gas Company. The city has collected revenue from the bulkheads at the ends of the streets since 1855; it has leased the same bulkheads since 1875; it has sued for rent thereunder; it has exercised hundreds of acts of control and management over the bulkheads from Fourteenth to Seventeenth streets; it has constructed buildings of the Willard Parker Hospital and the street cleaning department on and across the line of the original proposed Tompkins street. All these things with many others not necessary to enumerate but. appearing from the record, demonstrate that the city’s claim to ownership of the [113]*113property on the ground of its title to the bed of the proposed Tompkins street (which it is claimed was the permanent exterior bulkhead line) and of all land thereafter filled in to the east thereof which it is claimed was in law to be regarded to be land under water, is untenable, as is the further claim that there was a grant made by the State to the city on September 28, 1871 (under authority of subdivision 10 of section 99 of chapter 137 of the Laws of 1870, as amended by section 6 of chapter 571 of the Laws of 1871), of the land covered by water lying within and westerly of a certain exterior fine, when in part the premises in question had been filled in, hulkheaded, improved and occupied, with full recognition of private ownership thereof for nearly twenty years prior thereto, and with no action thereafter by the city in derogation of the title then claimed by the owners in possession. But they do demonstrate that the Consolidated Gas Company is the owner of the property in controversy by adverse possession.
The order appealed from is, therefore, affirmed, with costs.
Ingraham, P. J. McLaughlin, Scott and Hotchkiss, JJ., concurred.
Order affirmed, with costs.