Filed 6/22/15 In re A.A. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re A.A. et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES, E062332
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. RIJ105122)
v. OPINION
M.A.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Jacqueline C. Jackson,
Judge. Affirmed.
Roni Keller, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Gregory P. Priamos, County Counsel, and James E. Brown, Guy B. Pittman, and
Anna M. Marchand, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant and appellant, M.A. (Mother), is the mother of two children declared
dependents of the juvenile court in January 2013: A1, a boy, born in May 2007, and A2,
a girl, born in May 2010. Mother appeals the juvenile court’s November 13, 2014, orders
denying her petition for further reunification services (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 388),1
summarily and without a hearing, and the court’s further orders terminating parental
rights and placing the children for adoption (§ 366.26).
Mother claims the court erroneously denied her section 388 petition without
conducting an evidentiary hearing on the petition, and further erred in declining to apply
the parental beneficial exception to the statutory adoption preference at the section
366.26 hearing. (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) We find no error and affirm the
challenged orders.
II. BACKGROUND
A. The Events Leading to the Children’s Dependency
In October 2012, A1, then age five, came to school with a bruised and swollen
eye. A1 initially said his friend had punched him, but then he said that was not true,
began to cry, and would not say anything further. A social worker went to the family
home, a second-story apartment, and found it was “messy,” had no electricity, and had an
open window posing a safety hazard to the children. Mother, then age 26, admitted
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 having a history of methamphetamine use. Plaintiff and respondent, Riverside County
Department of Public Social Services (DPSS), gave Mother substance abuse treatment
referrals, but Mother did not seek treatment.
By the end of November 2012, Mother moved out of the family apartment without
telling DPSS where she and the children were moving. In January 2013, DPSS received
a report that Mother and the children were living with Mother’s boyfriend and Mother
was neglecting the children, including not feeding them. According to the report, Mother
appeared schizophrenic; she thought her boyfriend had hidden people in the wall, she was
yelling for the people to get out, and she also thought the children were “against her.”
She was using “meth” and not “thinking right.”
When DPSS contacted Mother in January 2013, the social worker saw that A1 and
A2 were not being regularly bathed because the home had no hot water or utilities. A1
hardly spoke, was withdrawn, and had not been attending school for several weeks
because Mother was unable to wash his clothes or bathe him. Mother and her boyfriend
had a history of domestic violence: they yelled at each other in the presence of the
children, and the boyfriend had kicked in the front door. The children’s biological father
(Father) had been in state prison since 2010 for a domestic violence offense against
Mother, and he was expected to be released in May 2013. Father was also convicted of
robbery in 2008. Mother had no criminal history.
Mother initially tested negative for controlled substances, but eventually admitted
that she and her boyfriend used methamphetamine and their home was not safe for the
3 children. Mother said she often used methamphetamine when she was 13 to 16 years old,
then she stopped using until after A2 was born in 2010 (when she was 24 years old), but
she had since been regularly using methamphetamine. Mother said her life “fell apart”
after Father was incarcerated in 2010, and she began using methamphetamine again.
When interviewed in prison, Father said he broke up with Mother because of her
methamphetamine use, and that led to the domestic violence incident that resulted in his
imprisonment. Mother spoke fondly of Father and said he had worked hard to support
the family.
Mother admitted she and her boyfriend used methamphetamine while the children
were in the home, but minimized the dangers it presented to the children, saying, “[i]t’s
not like I blew the smoke in their face[s].” Mother thought people were following her,
listening to her, and “bothering” her. When speaking with the social worker, Mother’s
affect would change and was often inappropriate for the topics being discussed. In
January 2013, DPSS took A1 and A2 into protective custody and placed them in foster
care. The court ordered the children detained outside parental custody. When the social
worker took A2 from Mother, Mother “jumped” on the social worker, and the police had
to intervene.
B. Additional Family History
Mother and Father had an older daughter, M., born with neurological problems in
November 2002 when Mother was 16 years old and Father was 15 years old. M. and
Mother were homeless, and M. was taken into protective custody because her parents
4 could not care for her. M. was returned to Mother after the juvenile court declined to
assume jurisdiction over M. in March 2003.
Near the end of her pregnancy with M., Mother suffered from high blood pressure
and seizures, was found unconscious, and was rushed to the hospital. Mother was
initially not expected to survive and remained hospitalized for a long time following the
November 2002 birth of M. At age 27 in 2013, Mother claimed she was still disabled
from her pregnancy with M. and received disability income and food stamps. Mother had
no employment history and stopped attending school during the 9th grade. Mother
reported she still struggled to walk and had braces for her legs, but she did not use them.
In April 2012, it was reported to DPSS that Mother was abusing
methamphetamine, exhibiting paranoia, and abusing M. Mother accused M., then age
nine, of sleeping with Mother’s boyfriend because M. was “dressing differently,” and
Mother had slapped M. in the back of the head after accusing M. of failing to adequately
supervise A2. M. had not attended school for months, and Mother refused to take M. to
the hospital when M. was sick because Mother had recently “beaten” M. and feared
DPSS would be called. The referral was unresolved because Mother left M. in the care of
M.’s maternal grandmother, and DPSS was unable to locate Mother, A1, or A2.
In August 2012, M. was placed in the care of her maternal aunt. The maternal
aunt became M.’s legal guardian on May 16, 2013. In January 2013, the children’s
maternal grandmother was arrested for robbery. Mother reported that the maternal
5 grandmother struggled financially, abused controlled substances, and engaged in acts of
domestic violence with different boyfriends.
C. The Dependency Proceedings (January 2013 to November 2014)
Following their January 2013 detention, A1 and A2 remained placed together in
foster care. Mother was initially allowed twice-weekly, supervised visitation, and began
visiting the children in February 2013. The juvenile court assumed jurisdiction over the
children on February 28, 2013 (§ 300, subds. (b), (g)), and ordered DPSS to provide
reunification services to Mother. Mother’s case plan required her to complete individual
counseling, parenting education, substance abuse treatment, random drug testing, and 12-
step meetings, and to submit to a psychotropic medical evaluation upon the
recommendation of her therapist.2
On July 6, 2013, Mother completed a 45-day inpatient substance abuse program,
which included a parenting program, but completed only 5 out of 12 specialized therapy
sessions designed to help persons with substance abuse problems “attain safety in their
relationships and establish adaptive coping skills.” Following her completion of the
inpatient program, Mother enrolled in a 12-week aftercare program, but was terminated
from it after she abruptly stopped attending. By August 2013, Mother had also failed to
2 Father was also offered services and stayed in telephone contact with the children before his May 2013 release on parole. In June 2013, Father began visiting the children and married another woman. In January 2014, Father and his new wife were arrested for possessing and selling methamphetamine. DPSS then discovered that, in June 2013, Father was arrested for making criminal threats and active gang participation, among other crimes. Father’s services were terminated in April 2014, and he is not a party to this appeal.
6 participate in a 12-step program, random drug testing, or individual counseling, as her
case plan required.
Mother’s supervised visits with the children had gone well, however, and she
began unsupervised visits with the children in August 2013. Mother was no longer in a
relationship with her boyfriend and planned to temporarily live with the children’s
maternal aunt in Moreno Valley. Mother did not have suitable housing for herself or the
children, and was still unemployed.
A1 and A2 adjusted well and were “comfortable” in foster care. A2 was
emotionally and mentally stable, and there were no concerns regarding her well-being.
A1 tested “far below basic class performance” at school, and his school recommended
that he repeat kindergarten. A1 had a slight speech impediment and no behavioral
problems. In February 2013, A1 underwent a psychological evaluation, which found he
exhibited “highly anxious behaviors” along with symptoms of post-traumatic stress
disorder, and he “crave[d] stability and consistency in his life.” The children’s foster
parents were willing to provide permanency for the children through long-term foster
care, but they were unwilling to adopt the children if they did not reunify with their
parents.
At the six-month status review hearing on August 29, 2013, Mother was granted
an additional six months of services. In October 2013, Mother tested positive for
methamphetamine and struggled to regain her sobriety. In March 2014, Mother was
living in Riverside with friends and asked that DPSS use the maternal aunt’s Moreno
7 Valley address as her mailing address. Mother was on a waiting list to re-enroll in the
MFI Recovery Center, the same inpatient program she completed in June 2013, because
the program would provide her with “a transitional living apartment for her and the
children.” Mother was encouraged to participate in an outpatient program and attend
Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous meetings while waiting to re-enroll in the
inpatient program, but she refused, saying she preferred to wait to re-enroll in the
inpatient program. Another relative offered to allow Mother to live with her, but Mother
declined, saying she wanted to “do it on her own.”
Mother did not submit to any drug tests between July 16, 2013, and October 18,
2013. On October 19, 2013, Mother, accompanied by her new boyfriend, arrived at
DPSS offices for a visit with the children, submitted to a saliva test, and tested positive
for methamphetamine. When discussing what caused her relapse, Mother denied she was
“an addict,” and appeared not to have benefited from her services. When told she would
have to submit to drug tests before each visit with the children, Mother often began to
cancel the visits. In December 2013, Mother admitted she would test positive for
methamphetamine.
Mother tested negative for controlled substances in January and February 2014,
then failed to submit to random tests on February 24, March 12, and March 21, 2014.
Mother had not attended any Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous meetings. In
March 2014, Mother was diagnosed with “[d]ependent [p]ersonality [d]isorder” and
8 “[d]ysthymic [d]isorder,” a form of depression. On April 7, 2014, Mother enrolled for
the second time in the inpatient, MFI Recovery Program.
At the contested 12-month review hearing in April 2014, the court terminated
Mother’s services and scheduled a section 366.26 hearing. Mother was allowed to
continue to visit the children at least twice monthly. At that time, the children were in the
same foster home they had been in since January 2013, and their caregivers remained
unwilling to adopt them.
In August 2014, DPSS reported that A1, then age seven, had “matured a great deal
in the past year.” He was “helpful, thoughtful and trustworthy.” He had repeated
kindergarten, mastered all of the subjects, and was “very proud of his accomplishments.”
He reported he liked school and had lots of friends. He no longer exhibited significant
signs of stress or anxiety and had no developmental delays.
A2, then age four, was still in good health and developmentally on target. She had
a good vocabulary, spoke in sentences, and could hold a conversation with an adult. The
children had never shown anxiety from being separated from either of their parents.
A1 had a close bond with his foster parents, but understood that they were not his
adoptive parents. He admired his foster father so much he said he wanted to be a “foster
dad” when he grew up. A1 and A2 understood and accepted that they would not be
returned to either of their parents. When asked whether he wanted to be adopted by a
single woman who had expressed an interest in adopting A1 and A2, A1 expressed “a
9 strong preference” for being adopted by a two-parent family so that he and A2 would
have a mother and a father.
The children’s maternal aunt and legal guardian of their older sister M. was not
willing to adopt the children, in part because her home was too small and she also had a
son with autism. There were no other relatives able or willing to adopt the children.
Initially, the children had unsupervised visits with the maternal aunt, but those ceased
when DPSS suspected the maternal aunt was allowing Mother to see the children when
Mother was using methamphetamine. The children only had a few visits with their older
sister M.
The section 366.26 hearing was continued from August 12, 2014, to November 13,
2014. On August 8, A1 and A2 were matched with adoptive parents, moved into the
adoptive home on August 14, and were happy in the home. By November 2014, there
was “already” evidence of a strong bond between the children and their adoptive parents,
and the parents were ready to adopt the children. The children were calling their adoptive
parents “mommy and daddy,” and looked to them for love, affection, and protection. The
children expressed fear about being removed from the adoptive parents’ home, and told
their therapists they did not want to return to either parent’s home. Mother continued to
have twice-monthly, supervised visits with the children. She did not have a telephone or
a suitable home for herself or the children, and DPSS had difficulty contacting her to
schedule visits.
10 D. Mother’s Section 388 Petition and the Section 366.26 Hearing (November 13, 2014)
Mother filed a section 388 petition on November 13, 2014, before the section
366.26 hearing, seeking further services and asking the court to vacate the hearing.
Mother claimed she had completed her case plan, was maintaining sobriety, consistently
visited the children, and lived with the maternal aunt, whom Mother claimed could
provide a stable home for Mother and the children. She also claimed she and the children
had always shared a parent/child bond.
In support of her petition, Mother submitted evidence that she had completed the
“MFI Recovery Center” program, for the second time, in May 2014, and the program
awarded her certificates in “Trauma, Criminal Addictive Thinking, Triple P Parenting,
Matrix Relapse Prevention, Matrix Early Recovery, Co-dependency, Domestic Violence,
Anger Management, and Self Esteem.” An August 5, 2014, letter confirmed that Mother
tested negative for drugs on two occasions before August 5, 2014, and was “expected to
complete 3 months of aftercare.”
Before the section 366.26 hearing, Mother’s counsel asked the court to grant the
petition, noting Mother had been living with the maternal aunt since August 2014 and
had shown she had “stability” and “a lot of support” from relatives. Counsel argued that,
although the children said they wanted to live in a stable, two-parent home, they had not
been asked whether they preferred that option over living with Mother. Counsel
submitted that the children’s best interests would be served by being returned to Mother
rather than “living with . . . strangers and being brought up by strangers.”
11 County counsel asked the court to deny the petition on the grounds it was not in
the children’s best interests, and the children had clearly expressed that they wanted to
remain with their adoptive parents. County counsel also argued no exceptions to the
adoption preference applied, and the court should terminate parental rights and place the
children for adoption. Minor’s counsel added that A1’s psychological evaluation
indicated he suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder after living with Mother and he
“crave[d]” consistency and stability.
The court summarily denied the petition on the ground it did not promote the best
interests of the children. Proceeding to the section 366.26 hearing, the court terminated
parental rights and selected adoption as the children’s permanent plan, after rejecting
Mother’s claim that the parental benefit exception applied.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Mother’s Section 388 Petition Was Properly Denied Without an Evidentiary Hearing
Mother first claims the juvenile court erroneously denied her section 388 petition
summarily and without conducting an evidentiary hearing on the petition. We disagree.
1. Applicable Law
Section 388 allows a parent of a dependent child to petition the juvenile court to
change or modify any previous order of the court based on a showing of changed
circumstances or new evidence, and requires the court to hold a hearing on the petition,
“[i]f it appears that the best interests of the child . . . may be promoted by the proposed
change of order . . . .” (§ 388, subds. (a), (d).) Thus, the court may deny a section 388
12 petition summarily, without a hearing, if the petition fails to make a prima facie showing
that the relief requested might be in the best interests of the children. (In re Angel B.
(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 454, 461.) The court must liberally construe the petition in favor
of granting a hearing, however. (In re C.J.W. (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1075, 1079
[Fourth Dist., Div. Two]; In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309-310.)
We review the summary denial of a section 388 petition for an abuse of discretion.
(In re Marcos G. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 369, 382.) If the petition fails to make the
required prima facie evidentiary showings, its summary denial without a hearing does not
violate the petitioner’s due process rights, as a matter of law. (See In re Angel B., supra,
97 Cal.App.4th at pp. 460-461.)
2. Analysis
The juvenile court properly declined to hold an evidentiary hearing on Mother’s
section 388 petition. Indeed, the court heard argument on the petition, and Mother’s
counsel did not offer to present any additional evidence that was not presented in the
petition. Thus, there was no additional evidence for the court to consider.
Further, the petition was properly denied without an evidentiary hearing because it
did not make a prima facie evidentiary showing that granting it might be in the best
interests of the children. (In re Angel B., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at p. 461.) Indeed, the
record shows Mother did not have a stable home for herself or the children, and her
sobriety was newly found and fragile. The court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding that granting Mother more services and another chance to reunify with the
13 children was not in the best interests of the children. The children had been out of
Mother’s custody for nearly two years, while Mother continued to use methamphetamine
and live a transient lifestyle, and it was time to find a stable, adoptive home for the
children.
B. The Court Properly Refused to Apply the Parental Benefit Exception
Mother also claims the court erroneously declined to apply the parental benefit
exception to the adoption preference, based on her regular visitation and parental bond
with the children. Again, we find no error.
At a section 366.26 permanency planning hearing, the juvenile court determines a
permanent plan of care for a dependent child. (In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38,
50.) Permanent plans include adoption, guardianship, and long-term foster care. (In re
S.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289, 296.) “Adoption, where possible, is the permanent
plan preferred by the Legislature.” (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 573.)
Adoption requires terminating the parental rights of the child’s parents. (Id. at p. 574.)
To avoid termination of parental rights and adoption, a parent has the burden of
showing that one or more of the statutory exceptions to termination of parental rights set
forth in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(A) or (B) apply. (In re Scott B. (2010) 188
Cal.App.4th 452, 469.) These exceptions permit the court “to choose an option other
than the norm, which remains adoption.” (In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 53.)
14 The parental benefit exception applies when two conditions are shown: the parent
has “maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit
from continuing the relationship.” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) The relationship must
be a parental one, not merely a pleasant relationship with a shared, emotional bond. (In
re Derek W. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 823, 827.) To prove the child would benefit from
continuing the parental relationship, the parent must show “either that (1) continuation of
the parent-child relationship will promote the well-being of the child to such a degree as
to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive
parents [citation] or (2) termination of the parental relationship would be detrimental to
the child.” (In re Angel B., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at p. 466.)
“‘The balancing of competing considerations must be performed on a case-by-case
basis and take into account many variables, including the age of the child, the portion of
the child’s life spent in the parent’s custody, the “positive” or “negative” effect of
interaction between parent and child, and the child’s particular needs. [Citation.]’” (In re
Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1349-1350.) “If severing the existing parental
relationship would deprive the child of ‘a substantial, positive emotional attachment such
that the child would be greatly harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the
natural parent’s rights are not terminated.’ [Citation.]” (In re B.D. (2008) 159
Cal.App.4th 1218, 1235.)
Our state appellate courts have traditionally applied the substantial evidence or the
abuse of discretion test in considering challenges to juvenile court determinations that the
15 parental benefit exception did not apply. (In re Scott B., supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p.
469.) As one court explained: “‘[E]valuating the factual basis for an exercise of
discretion is similar to analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence for the ruling. . . . Broad
deference must be shown to the trial judge. The reviewing court should interfere only
“‘if [it] find[s] that . . . no judge could reasonably have made the order that he did.’ . . .”’
[Citations.]” (In re Jasmine D., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1351.)
More recently, the appellate courts have applied a composite standard of review,
recognizing that the parental benefit exception entails both factual and discretionary
determinations. (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314-1315 [substantial
evidence standard applies to the factual determination of whether beneficial relationship
exists, and abuse of discretion standard applies to the determination of whether there is a
compelling reason to apply the exception]; In re K.P. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 614, 621-
622 [same].)
Mother argues the case law disregards the plain language of section 366.26,
subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) and misstates the law to the extent it requires a parent to show
there is a “compelling reason” to apply the parental benefit exception (e.g., In re Bailey
J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1316) or that severing the parent-child relationship would
“deprive the child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such that the child
would be greatly harmed” if parental rights are terminated (In re Angel B., supra, 97
Cal.App.4th at p. 466; In re B.D., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at p. 1235). Mother points out
16 that section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) requires only that the parent show that he or
she (1) maintained regularly visits and contact with the child, and (2) the child would
benefit from the relationship with the parent. Thus, Mother argues, the statute contains
no “third” requirement that the parent show there is a compelling reason to apply the
exception, or that failing to apply it would greatly harm the child.
Mother’s argument misunderstands the statute and the case law interpreting and
applying it. Requiring a parent to show there is a “compelling reason” to apply the
exception or that the child would be “greatly harmed” if parental rights are terminated, is
simply a means of requiring the parent to show the child would benefit more from
continuing the parental relationship than the child would benefit from adoption. (In re
Angel B., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at p. 466.) If the child would benefit more from
continuing the parental relationship than from adoption, or if the child would be greatly
harmed if parental rights are terminated, there is necessarily a “compelling reason” to
apply the exception and not terminate parental rights. (See, e.g., In re Scott B., supra,
188 Cal.App.4th 452 [11-year-old child’s close relationship with his mother, and
repeatedly stated strong preference to live with his mother, was a “compelling reason” to
apply the parental benefit exception and not terminate parental rights].)
At the section 366.26 hearing, Mother did not demonstrate a compelling reason to
apply the parental benefit exception. She did not show the children would benefit more
from continuing their relationship with her than they would benefit from adoption. Nor
did she show that the children would be greatly harmed by the termination of Mother’s
17 parental rights. Both children said they did not want to be returned to either of their
parents, and they were happy in their adoptive home. A1 was especially adamant that he
wanted to be adopted by a two-parent family so that he and A2 could have a mother and a
father. At the ages of four and seven, the children very much needed the stability and
permanency that an adoptive home could provide and Mother could not provide. The
court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to apply the parental benefit exception.
IV. DISPOSITION
The orders denying Mother’s section 388 petition, terminating parental rights, and
selecting adoption as the permanent plan for the children are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
KING J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
CODRINGTON J.