NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press.
2021 VT 85
No. 2021-040
In re 15-17 Weston Street NOV Supreme Court (Keith S. Aaron, Weston Street Trust, Appellant) On Appeal from Superior Court, Environmental Division
September Term, 2021
Thomas S. Durkin, J.
John L. Franco, Jr., Burlington, for Appellant.
Kimberlee J. Sturtevant, Office of City Attorney & Corporation Counsel, Burlington, for Appellee City of Burlington.
Michael and Caryn Long, Burlington, Pro Ses, Interested Parties.
PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Robinson, Eaton, Carroll and Cohen, JJ.
¶ 1. ROBINSON, J. Appellants Keith Aaron and Weston Street Trust1 appeal the trial
court’s summary judgment upholding a Notice of Violation (NOV) concerning the Trust’s
property on the basis that it was occupied by more than four unrelated adults in violation of
applicable zoning restrictions. We conclude that the City is not precluded from enforcing the
zoning violation on account of 24 V.S.A. § 4454 because a valid municipal ordinance establishes
that if an unlawful use is discontinued for more than sixty days, resumption of the unlawful use
1 Keith Aaron is the sole trustee of the Trust, and we refer to appellants collectively as “the Trust” in this opinion. constitutes a new violation, and we reject the Trust’s alternate argument that its use was a lawful
preexisting nonconforming use based on the preclusive effect of permitting proceedings in 1972
and 1994. We thus affirm.
¶ 2. The property at issue is an individual unit (unit #1) within a three-unit building (the
property) located in the City of Burlington’s Residential Low Density Zoning District (RL
District). In October 2018, the City issued a NOV to the Trust, alleging that unit #1 was in
violation of § 5.3.2 of the Burlington Comprehensive Development Ordinance (CDO), because
more than four unrelated adults were occupying the unit. The Burlington Development Review
Board upheld the NOV, and the Trust appealed to the Environmental Division of the Superior
Court. Two neighbors intervened in support of the NOV. In the context of cross motions for
summary judgment, the Trust did not deny that more than four unrelated adults lived in unit #1,
and did not contest that the applicable zoning ordinance prohibited such a use in the RL District.
The Trust argued that the violation is unenforceable because it first occurred more than fifteen
years ago or, in the alternative, that this enforcement action is barred by claim preclusion. The
Environmental Division granted summary judgment to the City, upholding the NOV. The Trust
appealed.
I. Undisputed Facts
¶ 3. The undisputed facts bearing on these arguments are as follows.2 In 1972, the
owner of the property applied for and received an exemption for an “apartment house” so the
2 Although the relevant facts are not in dispute, the state of the record is somewhat confused. The City and the Trust entered into a Stipulated Statement of Uncontroverted Material Facts, which are essentially undisputed by intervenor-neighbors. The Trust’s principal appeal brief indicates that, in connection with the Trust’s summary judgment motion, the Trust filed a statement of undisputed facts in addition to the stipulated facts, but there is no evidence of any such statement in the record. In addition, the trial court noted that its understanding of permitting proceedings in 1972 and 1994 relating to the property was informed by the parties’ uncontested but undocumented representations to the trial court; the court was not provided with the applications, supporting materials, or Zoning Board of Adjustment or Development Review Board determinations in those
2 property could continue operating as a three-unit apartment house in a residential district.
“Apartment house” was defined as “a building or portion thereof used or designed to be used as a
residence for three or more families living as units independently of one another.” At the time,
“family” was defined as “one or more persons occupying a dwelling unit and living as a single
nonprofit housekeeping unit, but not including group quarters such as dormitories, sororities,
fraternities, convents, and communes.” The exemption granted to allow the owners to operate the
property as an apartment house did not recite who could lawfully occupy the individual dwelling
units at the property. In 1994, the owner of the property applied for conditional use approval for
a fourth dwelling unit. The zoning board denied the application.
¶ 4. Keith S. Aaron acquired the property in December 1995 and transferred it to the
Trust in October 2000.
¶ 5. The Trust began leasing unit #1 in October 2000. Since that time, unit #1 has been
leased to and occupied by five unrelated adults, mostly college students. There have been two
interruptions of unit #1’s occupancy by five individuals during that period. First, during the
summer of 2013, only two tenants occupied unit #1 until mid-August. Second, after all the unit
#1 tenants abandoned the lease and left the property in January 2014, unit #1 remained unoccupied
until June 2014. All parties agree that each of these interruptions in occupancy exceeded sixty
days.
¶ 6. Effective November 2000, the applicable zoning ordinance was amended to add
language defining family as “no more than four unrelated adults and their minor children” unless
a property owner secured from the City “functional family unit” designation as defined by the
prior proceedings. Because no party has disputed the trial court’s recitation of the facts that are outside of the record, we include some of those facts in our own description.
3 ordinance. At no time during the Trust’s ownership did the Trust request or obtain a “functional
family unit” designation from the City with respect to the occupants of unit #1.
II. Analysis
¶ 7. On appeal, the Trust argues that because the first violation of the use restriction
occurred more than fifteen years before the NOV, the fifteen-year statute of limitations provided
by 24 V.S.A. § 4454(a) has run. The Trust contends that the City’s ordinance limiting the safe
harbor provided by the statute when a violation is discontinued for more than sixty days is
unenforceable because the City has no authority to pass such an ordinance. Alternatively, the Trust
argues that the City is precluded from pursuing this NOV because the lawfulness of the current
use of unit #1 was established by operation of claim preclusion as a result of the 1972 and 1994
permitting proceedings. The Trust contends that because of this preclusion, the present use of unit
#1 is a lawful, preexisting nonconforming use.
¶ 8. We review summary judgment rulings without deference to the trial court. Tanzer
v. MyWebGrocer, Inc., 2018 VT 124, ¶ 17, 209 Vt. 244, 203 A.3d 1186. Summary judgment is
warranted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” V.R.C.P. 56(a).
A. Discontinuance of the Zoning Violations
¶ 9. The Trust argues that the City cannot enforce the ordinance prohibiting more than
four unrelated adults from occupying a unit in the RL District because the use violation first arose
more than fifteen years before the City issued the NOV. It points to 24 V.S.A. § 4454(a), which
provides that enforcement proceedings “relating to the failure to obtain or comply with the terms
and conditions of any required municipal land use permit” must be instituted within fifteen years
from the date the alleged violation first occurred, and our decision in In re 204 North Avenue
NOV, which held that this statutory limitation on enforcement actions applies to use violations.
2019 VT 52, ¶ 7, 210 Vt. 572, 218 A.3d 24. The Trust does not contest that § 5.3.2 of Burlington’s
4 CDO purports to remove from this statutory safe harbor violations that have resumed after a
discontinuance of more than sixty days, and that if valid, the ordinance would defeat the Trust’s
reliance on § 4454(a). Rather, the Trust contends that the ordinance is invalid because the City
had no authority to enact such an ordinance absent express legislative authorization; the
Legislature has not adopted any standards to guide municipalities with respect to discontinuances
of zoning violations; and the ordinance conflicts with § 4454(a) as we interpreted that provision in
our 204 North Avenue NOV decision. Therefore, the Trust contends that it is entitled to the benefit
of § 4454(a) and the City cannot enforce the zoning violation.
¶ 10. There is no real dispute that absent a valid municipal ordinance impacting its
application in this case, the fifteen-year limitation in 24 V.S.A. § 4454(a) would preclude the
City’s enforcement action, and that if CDO § 5.3.2 is valid, then the Trust cannot take advantage
of the fifteen-year statute of limitations because the challenged use was discontinued for more than
sixty days within the fifteen years prior to the NOV. We conclude that the City is authorized to
adopt § 5.3.2 pursuant to its general authority to regulate zoning; that the Legislature’s enactment
of a specific statute relating to discontinuances of preexisting nonconforming uses does not suggest
that the Legislature intended to restrict municipalities from adopting provisions relating to
discontinuances of zoning violations; that the Legislature’s delegation of authority to
municipalities to adopt ordinances like § 5.3.2 does not fail for lack of guiding standards; that
§ 5.3.2 does not conflict with our application of § 4454(a) in the 204 North Avenue NOV case;
and that § 5.3.2 is consistent with and promotes the goals of zoning. For these reasons, we
conclude that § 5.3.2 is valid and thus § 4454(a) does not bar the City from pursuing the NOV at
issue.
¶ 11. Section 4454(a) of Title 24 provides that “[a]n action, injunction, or other
enforcement proceeding relating to the failure to obtain or comply with the terms and conditions
of any required municipal land use permit may be instituted . . . within 15 years from the date the
5 alleged violation first occurred and not thereafter.” In 204 North Avenue NOV we rejected the
contention that this statutory restriction applies only to structural violations as opposed to “use”
violations. 2019 VT 52, ¶ 6. We based our conclusion on the plain language of the statute, which
does not distinguish between structural and use violations; the statute’s reference to the date an
alleged violation “first occurred,” which was consistent with the statute’s application to ongoing
use violations; and the purpose of the statute, which was to “streamline title searches and increase
confidence in property ownership by limiting the time to enforce all zoning violations.” Id. ¶¶ 6-
8. Accordingly, because the parties in this case stipulated that since October 2000 unit #1 has been
leased to and occupied by five unrelated adults, at the time of the 2018 NOV, § 4454(a) precluded
the City from prosecuting the ongoing zoning violation unless one or both of the periods of
discontinuance of the violation in 2013 and 2014 restarted the limitations clock.
¶ 12. The Trust concedes, and we agree, that if CDO § 5.3.2 is valid, it did effectively
restart the clock, and § 4454(a) does not pose an obstacle to the City’s enforcement action. That
ordinance provides:
Although not subject to enforcement action . . . uses, structures, and lots which are deemed to be controlled by . . . 24 VSA Sec. 4454, shall be considered violations that are not considered legal to any extent and shall in no event be granted the consideration or allowances of nonconforming structures, uses, and lots. Thus, no change, alteration, enlargement, and reestablishment after discontinuance for more than sixty (60) days or reconstruction after an occurrence or event which destroys at least 50% of the structure in the judgment of the city’s building inspector shall be permitted, except to conforming use, structure, or lot.
CDO § 5.3.2. Unit #1’s occupancy violation has been discontinued twice for more than sixty days
within six years of the NOV in this case. Thus, this ordinance, if valid, would defeat the Trust’s
reliance on the limitation in § 4454(a).
¶ 13. The City’s authority to enact § 5.3.2 derives from the authority the Legislature has
conferred on municipalities to regulate land development. The Legislature has given
6 municipalities that have adopted a plan through their bylaws the authority to “define and regulate
land development in any manner that the municipality establishes in its bylaws, provided those
bylaws are in conformance with the plan and are adopted for the purposes set forth in [24 V.S.A.
§ 4302]. 24 V.S.A. § 4410; see also 24 V.S.A. § 4411 (providing that municipalities “may regulate
land development in conformance with [their] adopted municipal plan” and specifically stating
that zoning bylaws may “permit, prohibit, restrict, regulate, and determine land development,
including . . . specific uses of land”). This broad municipal power may be exercised only within
the scope of the delegation by the State, and not in a manner that conflicts with state law governing
zoning. State v. Sanguinetti, 141 Vt. 349, 353, 449 A.2d 922, 925 (1982). The Trust has not
identified any express limitation on municipal authority to adopt such a provision regulating
discontinuances of zoning violations.
¶ 14. Nor are we persuaded that the statutory scheme reflects an implicit restriction on
municipal authority to adopt such an ordinance. The Trust notes that the Legislature has expressly
authorized municipalities to regulate and prohibit expansion and undue perpetuation of lawful
preexisting nonconformities by specifying “a time period that shall constitute abandonment or
discontinuance of [a] nonconforming use, provided the time period is not less than six months.”
See 24 V.S.A. § 4412(7)(A)(i). The Trust suggests that because the statutes include no comparable
express authorization for municipalities to specify a time period that constitutes discontinuance of
a zoning violation that is otherwise shielded from enforcement action by § 4454(a), we should
infer that the Legislature did not intend to authorize ordinances like § 5.3.2.
¶ 15. We reject this argument for two reasons. First, the provision relating to municipal
ordinances regulating discontinuances of nonconforming uses is found within a statutory
subsection that requires municipal bylaws to define how nonconformities will be addressed. See
24 V.S.A. § 4412(7) (“All bylaws shall define how nonconformities will be addressed, including
standards for nonconforming uses . . . .”). In this context, we do not infer that the Legislature
7 viewed the provision relating to discontinuances of preexisting nonconformities as a necessary
grant of authority rather than a means to comply with the mandate of the subsection. Second, the
provision relating to nonconformities authorizes municipalities to specify a time period that will
constitute a discontinuance of a nonconforming use, “provided the time period is not less than six
months.” Id. § 4412(7)(A)(i) (emphasis added). Given the six-month minimum, this provision
may readily be viewed as a limitation on municipal authority to adopt an ordinance determining a
time period that constitutes a discontinuance of a nonconforming use rather than a grant of such
authority. Cf. Badger v. Town of Ferrisburgh, 168 Vt. 37, 41 n.1, 712 A.2d 911, 914 n.1 (1998)
(describing six-month minimum in predecessor statute to § 4412(7)(A)(i) as “a floor that restricts
the municipality from adopting a policy less favorable to the landowner, but allows a more
favorable policy”).
¶ 16. We also disagree with the Trust’s suggestion that because there is no comparable
statutory minimum period to qualify as a discontinuance of a zoning violation, any purported
delegation of authority to municipalities to define discontinuances in the zoning-violation context
is unacceptably standardless and therefore unenforceable. Even in the context of preexisting
nonconforming uses, municipalities have broad authority, subject to the six-month minimum, to
establish the period of time that gives rise to a discontinuance. See 24 V.S.A. § 4412(7)(A)(i)
(providing that minimum time period to constitute discontinuance of preexisting nonconforming
use is six months, but establishing no other constraints on municipal authority to choose their own
period). See also Badger, 168 Vt. at 41 n.1, 712 A.2d at 914 n.1 (recognizing that predecessor
statute allowed municipalities to adopt policies defining discontinuance of preexisting
nonconforming uses in way that is more favorable to landowners than six-month minimum).
Nothing in the statutory provision relating to discontinuances of preexisting nonconforming uses
compels a uniform temporal definition of discontinuance, and the only guidance in that statute as
8 to the policies that should shape a municipality’s exercise of its discretion is a reference to the
broad purposes of zoning regulation set forth in 24 V.S.A. § 4302.
¶ 17. There is nothing incongruous about a statutory structure that provides even greater
flexibility to municipalities to set a shorter minimum period that constitutes discontinuance in the
context of zoning violations. In contrast to lawful preexisting nonconforming uses, which were
by definition legal at some time before a statutory or zoning law change, zoning violations were
never permitted. See 24 V.S.A. § 4303(15) (defining “nonconforming use” as “use of land that
does not conform to the present bylaws but did conform to all applicable laws, ordinances, and
regulations prior to the enactment of the present bylaws”). For this reason, it is not surprising that
the Legislature has not restricted municipal authority by establishing a statutory minimum period
to constitute a discontinuance of a zoning violation. We need not determine in this case whether
a reasonable application of § 4454(a) requires municipalities to wait some minimum period of time
before treating the cessation of a violation as a discontinuance; in this case the sixty-day minimum
reflects a reasonable exercise of the City’s authority.
¶ 18. Moreover, we reject the suggestion that § 5.3.2 conflicts with § 4454(a) as we
construed that statute in 204 North Avenue NOV. The Trust points to our reliance in that decision
on the statute’s reference to the date an alleged violation “first occurred,” and argues that the
implication of our decision in 204 North Avenue NOV is that once a use violation “first” occurs,
a municipality cannot enforce subsequent violations after a period of fifteen years elapses,
regardless of whether the violation persisted continuously throughout that period, or even whether
it continued or recurred at all following an initial violation. Nothing in our 204 North Avenue
NOV decision reads out of the law a requirement that a violation be continuous to qualify for the
safe harbor established by § 4454(a). To the contrary, our analysis in that case assumed that a use
violation subject to § 4454(a) would be an ongoing use violation. In considering the significance
of the statutory reference to the date a violation “first occurred,” we said, “ ‘[f]irst occurred’ only
9 makes sense for ongoing violations—such as use violations.” In re 204 N. Ave. NOV, 2019 VT
52, ¶ 7 (emphasis added). And we noted that treating use violations as exempt from the limitation
in § 4454(a) would “result in a statute of limitations that authorizes the City to pursue use violations
for so long as they continue.” Id. ¶ 8 (emphasis added). We need not decide in this case whether
a discontinuance in unlawful use of some period of time may sever the applicability of § 4454(a)
even in the absence of a municipal ordinance such as § 5.3.2; in this case, § 5.3.2 establishes the
time period that constitutes a discontinuance.
¶ 19. Finally, we note that our understanding of the statutory scheme is consistent with
the general policy in zoning law that favors gradual elimination of nonconforming uses that are
inconsistent with the orderly development that zoning laws are designed to promote. See Badger,
168 Vt. at 39-40, 712 A.2d at 913 (“The prime purpose behind zoning is to bring about the orderly
physical development of a community by confining particular uses to defined areas. A goal of
zoning is to gradually eliminate nonconforming uses because they are inconsistent with this
purpose.” (citing Vt. Brick & Block, Inc. v. Vill. of Essex Junction, 135 Vt. 481, 483, 380 A.2d
67, 69 (1977))). By contrast, the Trust’s interpretation would lead to extremely incongruous
outcomes. If a landlord rented a unit to five unrelated individuals for two months and subsequently
returned to a lawful use of the unit thereafter, then, in the absence of an enforcement action, after
fifteen years, any subsequent owner of the property would be free to resume the unlawful use of
the unit with no exposure to an enforcement action. Zoning violations would be treated far more
favorably than lawful preexisting nonconforming uses, and on the basis of long ago unidentified
or unenforced violations, the City would be powerless to bring a property that was once in violation
of use restrictions into conformity with the applicable zoning laws. We do not believe the
Legislature intended such a result. See Schlansky v. City of Burlington, 2010 VT 90, ¶ 8, 188 Vt.
470, 13 A.3d 1075 (“In looking to the statutory language as an expression of legislative intent, we
10 presume the Legislature intended an interpretation that furthers fair and rational consequences, and
not one that would lead to absurd or irrational consequences.”) (citations omitted).
¶ 20. For all of these reasons, we conclude that CDO § 5.3.2 is valid, and that § 4454(a)
therefore poses no obstacle to the City’s enforcement action.
B. Claim Preclusion and the 1972 and 1994 Permitting Proceedings
¶ 21. The Trust argues that the lawfulness of occupancy of unit #1 by more than four
unrelated individuals was established on the basis of claim preclusion by virtue of the 1972 and
1994 permitting proceedings.3 In particular, the Trust contends that the City was party to
permitting proceedings involving the property that includes unit #1 in 1972 and 1994, and that the
City’s failure in the context of those cases to impose conditions expressly limiting the occupancy
of unit #1, or to seek to enforce any limit on the number of unrelated individuals occupying unit
#1, precludes the City from now seeking to enforce a zoning violation based on such occupancy.
The Trust contends that the City’s inaction in 1972 and 1994 essentially renders occupancy by
more than four adults a legal, preexisting nonconforming use.
¶ 22. Claim preclusion applies generally in zoning cases as in other areas of the law. In
re Carrier, 155 Vt. 152, 157-58, 582 A.2d 110, 113 (1990) (citation omitted). Thus, for example,
“a zoning board or planning commission may not entertain a second application concerning the
same property after a previous application has been denied, unless a substantial change of
conditions had occurred or other considerations materially affecting the merits of the request have
intervened.” Id. (quotation omitted). Even assuming, without deciding, that this principle extends
3 The Trust does not contest on appeal that absent claim preclusion based on one or both of these proceedings, occupancy of unit #1 by five unrelated adults, mostly students, was not a permitted use even prior to the November 2000 amendment. See In re John Mentes, No. 132-6- 00 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Oct. 22, 2001), https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/ documents/ecrt132600docmsj.pdf [https://perma.cc/XKA2-Q65N](holding that housing unit occupied by seven college students fell outside of definition of “family” because it constituted “group quarters” under pre-2000 ordinance). 11 to enforcement actions and could preclude a zoning administrator from enforcing a zoning
violation that the administrator could have but failed to raise in a prior enforcement proceeding,
the Trust has not met its burden of establishing that either the 1972 or the 1994 proceeding
precluded this enforcement action or rendered the use of unit #1 lawful.
¶ 23. For a party to successfully preclude a claim based on previous litigation, the
“parties, subject matter, and causes(s) of action in both matters [must be] the same or substantially
identical,” and the claim must be one that was or “should have been litigated in the prior
proceeding.” Faulkner v. Caledonia Cnty. Fair Ass'n, 2004 VT 123, ¶ 8, 178 Vt. 51, 869 A.2d 103
(citation omitted). The Trust’s argument that the City is precluded from pursuing this enforcement
action based on claim preclusion from one or both of the pre-2000 proceedings fails for at least
two reasons.
¶ 24. First, there is no record evidence or clear agreement among the parties that
occupancy of unit #1 was at issue, or “substantially identical” to a claim that was at issue, in either
of the prior permitting proceedings. The parties have represented that the issue in the 1972
permitting proceeding was whether the owner should receive an exemption to allow them to
operate the property with an already existing third dwelling unit. Likewise, the parties have
represented that the 1994 proceeding involved an application for a conditional use application to
use a fourth dwelling unit on the property. There is no record evidence, or even representation by
the parties, that any substantive matter relating to unit #1’s occupancy was raised or addressed in
either proceeding.
¶ 25. Second, we have no basis for concluding that the City should have raised issues
relating to the occupancy of unit #1 in either proceeding. Both proceedings involved the number
of dwelling units that could exist on the property; neither purported to deal with the occupancy of
any units. Both were permitting proceedings, not enforcement proceedings. Neither related to
unit #1 in any way. Because the claim at issue in this case was not one that was, or should have
12 been litigated in a prior proceeding, claim preclusion does not apply here, and use of the property
to house more than four unrelated adults is not a preexisting nonconforming use.
Affirmed.
FOR THE COURT:
Associate Justice