ImprimisRx, LLC v. OSRX, Inc.

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: August 15, 2022
• Docket: 3:21-cv-01305
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 Case No.: 21cv1305-BAS(BLM) 11 ImprimisRx, LLC,

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO DE-DESIGNATE AS 13 v. CONFIDENTIAL; GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO FILE UNDER 14 OSRX, Inc.; and OCULAR SCIENCE, Inc., SEAL; GRANTING’S PLAINTIFF’S 15 Defendants. REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE; AND GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ REQUEST 16 FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE

17 [ECF NOS. 41, 43, 44, 47, 48] 18 19 Before the Court are Plaintiff’s Motion to File Under Seal [ECF No. 41], Motion to De- 20 Designate as Confidential [ECF No. 43], and Request for Judicial Notice [ECF No. 44], and 21 Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to De-Designate as Confidential [ECF No. 47], 22 Request for Judicial Notice in Support of its Opposition [ECF No. 47-2], and Response in Support 23 of Plaintiff’s Motion to File Under Seal [ECF No. 48]. For the reasons discussed below, the Court 24 DENIES Plaintiff’s motion to de-designate as confidential. Further, the Court GRANTS 25 Plaintiff’s Motion to File Under Seal. The Court also GRANTS both Plaintiff’s and Defendants’ 26 Requests for Judicial Notice. 27 1 BACKGROUND 2 On July 20, 2021, Plaintiff filed its initial complaint commencing this action. ECF No. 1. 3 Defendants filed their answer and counterclaim against Plaintiff on October 22, 2021. ECF No. 4 5. Plaintiff filed its first amended complaint (“amended complaint”) on April 29, 2022. ECF No. 5 28. On May 13, 2022, Defendants filed their answer to the amended complaint. ECF No. 30. 6 Prior to the filing of the amended complaint, on February 14, 2022, Plaintiff served its 7 first set of requests for production of documents on Defendant OSRX, Inc. (“Defendant”). 8 Declaration of Matthew L. Venezia (“Venezia Decl.”), ECF No. 43-1 at 2. In response, Defendant 9 began producing documents and designated many either “CONFIDENTIAL” or “CONFIDENTIAL 10 – FOR COUNSEL ONLY.” Id. Defendant made the designations in accordance with the parties’ 11 stipulated protective order that was granted and entered by this Court (with modifications) on 12 March 10, 2022. See ECF Nos. 22, 23. Plaintiff disagreed with many of the designations, and 13 on May 20, 2022, Plaintiff drafted a letter to Defendant explaining the designations are improper. 14 Venezia Decl. at 2; Exhibit A to Venezia Decl. (“Exhibit A”), ECF No. 43-2. On May 31, 2022, 15 Defendant sent a responsive letter indicating that Defendant did not agree to remove the 16 challenged designations. Venezia Decl. at 3; Exhibit C to Venezia Decl. (“Exhibit C”), ECF No. 17 43-4. 18 On June 10, 2022, counsel for the parties met and conferred telephonically but did not 19 resolve the dispute. Venezia Decl. at 3. On June 13, 2022, Plaintiff informed Defendant that it 20 intended to file a motion to de-designate unless Defendant removed the challenged 21 designations. Id. Defendant declined to do so on June 15, 2022. Id.; Exhibit D to Venezia Decl. 22 (“Exhibit D”), ECF No. 43-5. 23 On June 28, 2022, counsel for Defendants, Messrs. Bolton and Liddiard, and counsel for 24 Plaintiff, Mr. Venezia, jointly contacted the Court regarding the discovery dispute. That same 25 day, the Court set a briefing schedule requiring Plaintiff to file its discovery motion no later than 26 July 1, 2022. ECF No. 38. On July 1, 2022, Plaintiff filed its Motion to File Documents Under 27 Seal, its redacted Motion to De-Designate as Confidential, and Request for Judicial Notice. ECF 1 Exhibit B to Venezia Decl. (“Exhibit B”), ECF No. 42-3. On July 15, 2022, Defendant filed its 2 Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to De-Designate as Confidential, which included a Request for 3 Judicial Notice. ECF Nos. 47, 47-2. At issue here are the email correspondence between 4 Defendant and customers provided in Exhibit B (“Challenged Materials”).1 5 LEGAL STANDARD 6 Generally, “the public is permitted ‘access to litigation documents and information 7 produced during discovery.’” In re Roman Catholic Archbishop of Portland in Oregon, 661 F.3d 8 417, 424 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Phillips v. Gen. Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1210 (9th Cir. 9 2002). However, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26, “[t]he court may, for good cause, 10 issue an order to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, or undue burden 11 or expense.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1). When, however, the parties stipulate to a protective 12 order, and no party makes a good cause showing, the party seeking protection bears the burden 13 of proof to show “specific prejudice or harm” will result if the documents are disclosed. In re 14 Roman Catholic Archbishop of Portland, 661 F.3d at 424 (“If a party takes steps to release 15 documents subject to a stipulated order, the party opposing disclosure has the burden of 16 establishing that there is good cause to continue the protection of the discovery material.”). 17 In considering whether good cause exists to continue the protection of a stipulated court 18 order, a court must first “determine whether ‘particularized harm will result from disclosure of 19 information to the public.’” Id. The party opposing disclosure must “allege specific prejudice or 20 harm,” and cannot meet their burden with “[b]road allegations of harm, unsubstantiated by 21 specific examples or articulated reasoning.” Id. (quoting Beckman Indus., Inc. v. Int’l Ins. Co., 22 966 F.2d 470, 476 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal quotations omitted). If the court decides that 23 disclosing the documents will cause particularized harm, it must then balance “the public and 24 private interests to decide whether maintaining the confidentiality designation is necessary.” Id. 25 (quoting Phillips, 307 F.3d at 1211). 26

27 1 Exhibit B includes both emails and attachments. Both parties agree that only the emails are 1 The Ninth Circuit has directed district courts to consider the factors identified in Glenmede 2 Trust Co, v. Thompson, 56 F.3d 476 (3d Cir. 1995) when balancing the private and public 3 interests. In re Roman Catholic Archbishop of Portland, 661 F.3d at 424 (citing Phillips, 307 F.3d 4 at 1211). The seven Glenmede factors are: (1) whether disclosure will violate any privacy 5 interests; (2) whether the information is being sought for a legitimate purpose or for an improper 6 purpose; (3) whether disclosure of the information will cause a party embarrassment; (4) 7 whether confidentiality is being sought over information important to public health and safety; 8 (5) whether the sharing of information among litigants will promote fairness and efficiency; (6) 9 whether a party benefitting from the order of confidentiality is a public entity or official; and (7) 10 whether the case involves issues important to the public.2 Id. at 424 n.5 (citing Glenmede, 56 11 F.3d at 483). 12 DISCUSSION 13 I. Motion for De-Designation 14 Plaintiff seeks an order from the Court that strikes Defendants’ designation of the 15 Challenged Materials as “confidential”3 under the stipulated Protective Order, and files the 16 Challenged Materials under seal. ECF Nos. 41,43. Plaintiff relies on the Glenmede factors to 17 argue that Defendant cannot make a showing of good cause for their continued protection as 18 “confidential,” and that public health and safety concerns require the de-designation so Plaintiff 19 can report the alleged violations to the FDA. ECF No. 43 at 1, 5-10. Conversely, Defendants 20 contend that the documents are entitled to continued protection as “confidential” under the 21 stipulated Protective Order because the Challenged Materials are protected business 22 communications. ECF No. 47 at 7. Defendants also argue there is no right to public access that 23

24 2 In Glenmede, the Third Circuit determined these factors were “neither mandatory nor 25 exhaustive,” and the Third Circuit recognized that “the district court is best situated to determine what factors are relevant to the dispute.” Glenmede, 56 F.3d at 483. 26 3 Although the Challenged Materials contain both “confidential” and “confidential – for counsel 27 only,” the Court will refer and analyze the designations generally as “confidential.” Plaintiff is not challenging the degree of confidentiality; it only is challenging whether the materials 1 is applicable here. Id. at 11-13. 2 A. Protective Order 3 On March 10, 2022, the Court granted the parties’ joint motion for Protective Order and 4 entered the parties’ stipulated protective order with modifications (“Protective Order”) to 5 incorporate the undersigned’s required language, as set forth in her Civil Chambers Rules. See 6 J. Major Civ. Chmbrs. R. § VII; ECF No. 23. 7 The Protective Order was entered for the purpose of protecting the confidentiality of 8 documents and information that are generally, for competitive reasons, kept confidential by the 9 parties. ECF No. 22 at 1. Such materials “may contain trade secrets or other confidential 10 research, technical, cost, price, marketing or other commercial information, as is contemplated 11 by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c)(1)(G).” Id. To further this purpose, the Protective 12 Order permits each party to the litigation to designate information as “CONFIDENTIAL” or 13 “CONFIDENTIAL-FOR COUNSEL ONLY.” Id. at 5. The Protective Order permits the designations 14 as follows: 15 a. Designation as “CONFIDENTIAL”: Any party may designate information as “CONFIDENTIAL” only if, in the good faith belief of such party and its counsel, the 16 unrestricted disclosure of such information could be potentially prejudicial to the business or operations of such party. 17 b. Designation as “CONFIDENTIAL – FOR COUNSEL ONLY”: Any party may designate 18 information as “CONFIDENTIAL – FOR COUNSEL ONLY” only if, in the good faith belief of such party and its counsel, the information is among that considered to be most 19 sensitive by the party, including but not limited to trade secret or other confidential research, development, financial or other commercial information. 20 21 Id. at 5-6. 22 The Protective Order further provides that “[a]t any stage of these proceedings, any party 23 may object to a designation of the materials as confidential information[.]” Id. at 9. 24 B. Documents are Business Communications 25 The Protective Order filed in this case permits a party to designate documents or 26 information produced during the discovery process as “confidential” based on “a good faith 27 belief.” Id. at 5-6. Defendants contend that the Challenged Materials are business communications because they “reveal how [Defendants] go about seeking to secure, retain, and 1 serve its customers and include information on pricing, product ordering, product delivery,” as 2 well as the names and contact information for customers. ECF No. 47 at 7-8. Defendant asserts 3 the information is competitively valuable and could lead to Plaintiff using the material for sales 4 leads. Id. at 8; Declaration of Eric Garner (“Garner Decl.”), ECF No. 47-1 at 3. Plaintiff asserts 5 Defendants made the designations in bad faith and are using the designation “to shield 6 compelling evidence that [Defendants] violate[] safety-related laws when manufacturing 7 compounded drugs from the FDA’s view.” ECF No. 43 at 1, 5. 8 Defendants have properly designated the Challenged Materials because they made the 9 designation on a good faith belief that “unrestricted disclosure” of the commercial information 10 “could be potentially prejudicial to [their] business or operations [].” ECF No. 22 at 5. Courts 11 have held that there are compelling reasons against disclosure where a party’s competitive 12 standing may be impacted. See, e.g., Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Chrysler Group, LLC, 809 F.3d 13 1092, 1097 (9th Cir. 2016) (identifying a compelling reason to seal records where the records 14 are “sources of business information that might harm a litigant’s competitive standing”). Here, 15 the parties are competitors, and Defendants cited to significant authority to demonstrate the 16 Challenged Materials are the type of business-related information subject to protection. See 17 ECF No. 47 at 8-9; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1)(G) (recognizing confidential commercial 18 information as subject to protection). Thus, the Court finds that Defendants have established a 19 particularized harm that will result from the de-designation of the Challenged Materials and good 20 cause to continue the “confidential” designations under the Protective Order. As a result, the 21 Court will consider the Glenmede factors and conduct the required balancing analysis. 22 C. Glenmede Factors and Balancing Test 23 Initially, as Defendants point out, Plaintiff “has access to and may use [the Challenged 24 Materials] how it sees fit for purposes of this litigation.” ECF No. 47 at 8. Plaintiff agrees and 25 states that it is seeking the de-designation only to enable it to provide the documents to other 26 entities for reasons unrelated to the pending litigation. ECF No. 43 at 1, 7 (“[Plaintiff] seeks 27 only to disclose the material to regulatory agencies like the FDA and state board of pharmacy.”). 1 use them in this litigation, factor five weighs in favor of maintaining the confidentiality. 2 Second, Plaintiff argues that the de-designation is necessary for public health and safety 3 reasons because it believes that Defendants are violating FDA regulations governing drug 4 compounding and it wants to provide the documents to the FDA and state board of pharmacy. 5 Id. at 1, 8-9 (“[Plaintiff] believes that the public health and safety requires it to report these 6 violations to the FDA.”). However, the specific danger identified by Plaintiff is provided by way 7 of analogy. Plaintiff references another pharmacy, NECC, where patients allegedly became ill 8 from a contaminated drug and voices a concern that a similar harm could occur here. Id. at 1, 9 2. Plaintiff provides no evidence that Defendants’ products pose a health risk. Indeed, as 10 Defendants point out, Plaintiff’s “[c]omplaint is devoid of any allegations that [Defendant’s] 11 products pose a health risk to patients using its eye care products.” ECF No. 47 at 10. 12 In addition, Plaintiff does not explain why it needs to provide the Challenged Materials, 13 as opposed to other documents, to the FDA. Plaintiff’s amended complaint and substantive 14 portions of Plaintiff’s motion are in the public record and contain the relevant allegations. See 15 generally, ECF Nos. 28, 43. Plaintiff could provide those documents to the FDA and if the FDA 16 is concerned about the alleged violations, the FDA has the ability to investigate and obtain the 17 documents it believes are necessary. There is no need, nor does Plaintiff provide any authority 18 that compels Plaintiff, to give the FDA the email correspondence at issue in this motion. As a 19 result, Plaintiff has not established a legitimate purpose4 for de-designating the confidentiality 20 or that the de-designation is necessary for health and safety reasons and, therefore, factors 2 21 and 4 favor maintaining the confidentiality designation. 22 Third, Plaintiff argues that “this matter involves issues important to the public because 23 the public is the end-consumer of [Defendants’] compounded drugs.” ECF No. 43 at 9. 24 Defendant responds that there is no public right to access to the Challenged Materials. ECF No. 25 47 at 13. Defendant emphasizes that the parties are not at a “stage of the case meriting

26 27 4 At noted above, Defendants voice a concern that de-designation of the Challenged Materials would enable Plaintiff to use the confidential business information to its advantage in the 1 consideration of de-designation or unsealing[,]” as the documents are not set to be used as 2 evidence at trial or as part of a dispositive motion. Id. at 14. 3 “Private material unearthed during discovery” are not part of the judicial record. Pintos 4 v. Pacific Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 678 (9th Cir. 2010). The Ninth Circuit has held that 5 there is no strong or compelling interest in access to “documents produced between private 6 litigants” or in documents submitted with a nondispositive motion. Id. Such motions “are often 7 unrelated, or only tangentially related, to the underlying cause of action.” Kamakana v. City & 8 Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 9 467 U.S. 20, 33 (1984) (internal citation and quotations omitted). 10 Here, the parties are private litigants. The Challenged Materials contain confidential 11 commercial information related to Defendants’ business. Neither party has submitted the 12 Challenged Materials as part of a dispositive motion and neither party has indicated that the FDA 13 or any member of the public is seeking access to the Challenged Materials. Further, as noted 14 above, Plaintiff does not identify any public health or safety issue aside from FDA regulation, 15 which can be addressed in other ways. As a result, the Court finds that no public right to access 16 has attached to the Challenged Materials and that factors six and seven weigh in favor of 17 maintaining confidentiality. 18 Finally, the Court notes that Plaintiff’s request has the potential to disrupt the discovery 19 process and postpone a resolution of this case on the merits. Discovery in this matter 20 commenced in March of 2022, and the current deadline for completing discovery does not expire 21 until October 3, 2022. Allowing the de-designation of documents for the sole purpose of 22 reporting to a regulatory agency (when public records are available) would be inefficient at best 23 and, as noted by Defendants, could result in additional litigation regarding other confidential 24 documents that should be de-designated for submission to the FDA. ECF No. 47 at 18-19. This 25 outcome could “increase[] the potential for this case to digress into an incivility which would 26 defeat the purpose of our adversarial system, which is intended to ‘secure the just, speedy, and 27 inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.’” CrossFit, Inc. v. Nat’l Strength & 1 Thus, the Court finds that the balance of interests does not favor de-designation of the 2 Challenged Materials under the terms of the Protective Order and the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s 3 motion to de-designate the Challenged Materials. 4 II. Request for Judicial Notice 5 Plaintiff and Defendants both request this Court take judicial notice of certain documents. 6 Plaintiff requests that the Court take judicial notice of Congressional Record, 113th Congress, 7 1st Session, Vol. 159, No. 131 – Daily Edition. ECF No. 44 at 2. Defendants request that the 8 Court take judicial notice of multiple documents: a verified complaint for a case pending in the 9 United Stated District Court in Greenville, South Carolina, and FDA website materials. ECF No. 10 472-2 at 1. 11 Federal Rule Evidence 201 permits a court to take judicial notice of an adjudicative fact 12 if it is “not subject to reasonable dispute.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). A fact is “not subject to 13 reasonable dispute” if it is “generally known,” or “can be accurately and readily determined from 14 sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(1)-(2). 15 Additionally, “a court may take judicial notice of ‘matters of public record.’” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). 16 Courts regularly take judicial notice of congressional records. See, e.g., Morning Star 17 Packing Co. v. S.K. Foods, L.P., 2015 WL 3797774, at *2 (E.D. Cal. June 18, 2015) (taking 18 judicial notice of congressional records); see also Hadley v. Kellogg Sales Company, 243 F. Supp. 19 3d 1074, 1087 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 21, 2017) (same). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s 20 request for judicial notice of the congressional record. 21 “Courts have consistently held that courts may take judicial notice of documents filed in 22 other court proceedings.” NuCal Food, Inc. v. Quality Egg LLC, 887 F. Supp. 2d 977, 984 (E.D. 23 Cal. 2012). However, “[w]hile the authenticity and existence of a particular order, motion, 24 pleading or judicial proceeding, which is a matter of public record, is judicially noticeable, 25 veracity and validity of its contents ... are not.” United States v. S. Cal. Edison Co., 300 F. Supp. 26 2d 964, 974 (E.D. Cal. 2004). Based on the foregoing authority, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ 27 request to take judicial notice of the verified amended complaint to the extent that they seek 1 The FDA website materials consist of both website information and PDF downloads. They 2 include: (1) FDA’s Compounding Oversight and Compliance Actions (“Exhibit 2”); (2) FDA’s 3 Compounding: Inspections, Recalls, and other Others (“Exhibit 3”); (3) an FDA Inspectional 4 Observation Form issued on September 23, 2021, after the observation of Defendant’s Missoula, 5 Montana facility from September 15, 2021 to September 23, 2021 (“Exhibit 4”; (4) an FDA 6 Inspectional Observation Form issued on January 29, 2021, after the observation of Plaintiff’s 7 Ledgewood, New Jersey facility from September 28, 2020 to January 29, 2021 (“Exhibit 5”); (5) 8 an FDA Warning Letter Issued to Imprimis NJOF, LLC dated June 7, 2019 (“Exhibit 6”); and (6) 9 an FDA’s Warning Letter issued to Imprimis Pharmaceutical dated December 21, 2017 (“Exhibit 10 7”). See Declaration of Thomas J. Martin (“Martin Decl.”), ECF No. 47-3. 11 “[J]udicial notice is appropriate for information obtained from government websites, as 12 well as copies of ‘records and reports of administrative bodies.’” Allergen USA, Inc v. Prescribers 13 Choice, Inc., 364 F. Supp. 3d 1089, 1095 (C.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting United States v. Ritchie, 342 14 F.3d 903, 909 (9th Cir. 2003). FDA warning letters that are available on the FDA’s website are 15 appropriate subjects of judicial notice. See In re ConAgra Foods Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 16 1104 n.39 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (“The court can take judicial notice of the letter as a report of an 17 administrative body.”); see also, Von Koenig v. Snapple Beverage Corp., 713 F.Supp.2d 1066, 18 1073 (E.D.Cal.2010) (“The warning letters are matters of public record, available on the FDA 19 website.”). The Court, however, does not take judicial notice of reasonably disputed facts 20 contained within judicially noticed documents. Allergen, 364 F. Supp. 3d at 1095 (citing Lee v. 21 City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir. 2001). Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s request 22 for judicial notice as to the existence of the two FDA warning letters, two inspectional 23 observation forms, and two FDA webpages that reference compounding, as identified in 24 Defendant’s Request for Judicial Notice [Exhibits 2-7]. However, the Court does not take judicial 25 notice of the facts within the exhibits that are subject to reasonable dispute. See id. (citing Lee, 26 250 F.3d at 690). 27 III. Motion to File Under Seal 1 Confidential and Exhibit B. ECF No. 41 at 2. In accordance with the undersigned’s Chambers 2 Rules, Plaintiff filed a redacted version of the Motion to De-Designate and Exhibit B. ECF No. 3 43, 43-3. Additionally, Defendants filed their response in support of Plaintiff’s motion on July 4 15, 2022. ECF No. 48. 5 “For discovery motions attached to non-dispositive motions and filed under seal pursuant 6 to a valid protective order, ‘the usual presumption of the public’s right of access [to court filings 7 is rebutted].’” Orthopaedic Hospital v. Encore Medical, L.P., 2021 WL 5449041, at *2 (S.D. Cal. 8 Nov. 19, 2021) (quoting Phillips, 307 F.3d at 1213). Thus, a showing of good cause is sufficient 9 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 26(c). Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1180 (9th Cir. 2006). 10 “For good cause to exist, the party seeking protection bears the burden of showing specific 11 prejudice or harm will result if no protective order is granted.” Phillips, 308 F.3d at 1210-11 12 (citing Beckman Indus., Inc. v. Int’l Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 476 (9th Cir. 1992). Here, the 13 underlying motions relate to a non-dispositive dispute regarding discovery documents; thus, the 14 good cause standard as noted applies. Further, the undersigned’s Chambers Rules, which are 15 incorporated in the parties’ protective order outlines, “A sealing order may issue only upon a 16 showing that the information is privileged or protectable under the law.” J. Major Civ. Chmbrs. 17 R. at 9; ECF No. 26 at 2. 18 Based on the motion to file documents under seal [ECF No. 41], good cause shown 19 therein, and this Court’s ruling that Defendant’s designations are proper, the motion to seal is 20 GRANTED and it is hereby ORDERED that the following documents be filed under seal: (1) 21 Plaintiff’s Motion to De-Designate Documents [ECF No. 42] and (2) Exhibit B [ECF No. 42-1]. 22 CONCLUSION 23 Based on the foregoing, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s request in its motion to de- 24 designate for an order striking the “confidential” designations of the Challenged Materials that 25 Defendants produced during discovery. Plaintiff may seek to reveal the Challenged Materials in 26 the public record if they are submitted to the District Judge in connection with a dispositive 27 motion or as evidence at trial. 1 || Court is directed to file the unredacted version of Plaintiff's motion [ECF No. 42] and Exhibit B 2 No. 42-1] under seal. The redacted version of Plaintiff's motion [ECF No. 43] and Exhibit 3 ||B [ECF No. 43-3] shall continue to be filed in the public record. 4 The Court further GRANTS Plaintiff's request for judicial notice and GRANTS 5, || Defendant's request for judicial notice as described above. 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 Dated: 8/15/2022 lobe Mager 8 Hon. Barbara L. Major 9 United States Maaistrate Judae

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