'Whitbiebd, O. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was brought by the appellee against the appellant company to recover the statutory penalty of $250 for failure to construct and maintain a necessary farm crossing, and also for $500 alleged actual damages. In the case as actually tried, practically the only contention was that the appellant was liable for the penalty for failure to maintain the farm crossing under Code 1906, § 4058. The facts necessary to be stated in order to understand our opinion are briefly these: A farm crossing had been constructed by the railroad company for this plantation, some years ago, during the ownership of a prior owner-of [608]*608the plantation. The grade of the railroad had been recently ' raised. The appellant had constructed the crossing after the-grading, and there seems to have been no complaint of this crossing so long as it was used solely by the appellee for the-purposes of his plantation; but latterly appellee had given to-one Davis permission to use this crossing in delivering lumber from his sawmill on one side of this railroad track to a station-of the appellant oh the other side of the track, and in addition, to this appellee had himself assisted Davis in said hauling. It appears very clearly from the testimony that this hauling was-not only of sawed lumber, but of heavy logs, and other material, of weighty character, and that the result of several months’ constant hauling of this character of material cut the road up fearfully, as well as the crossing, and produced the defect in tke> crossing which occasioned this suit. It also appears from the-testimony, with perhaps sufficient clearness, that this crossing was not in good repair for the whole width of the railroad right of way; that is to say, for the entire one hundred feet from the-center of the track either way to the edge of the right of way. To be exact, there was a mud-hole or sink, not on the railroad track where the rails were, not on the dump or embankment constituting the approach to the part of the railroad between the-cross-ties, but just below the dump, yet within the right of way of the railroad company; and this mud hole, we think it is sufficiently shown, was caused by the constant hauling of excessively heavy lumber, etc. This is the case as made by the facts. On this case the appellant presents two contentions:
First. It is earnestly insisted by the appellant that it was not the contemplation of Code 1906, § 4058, that the plantation-crossing should be constructed and maintained by the appellant over the entire one hundred feet of width of the right of way. It is enough to say that this is a manifestly unsound contention. ¡We have heretofore held that cattle guards must extend the entire width of the right of way, and it would be a singular holding now to declare that a railroad crossing should not extend [609]*609across tbe entire width of the right of way. A plantation crossing means a plantation road that crosses; that is to say, that crosses over the whole width of the right of way. Let that be definitely understood henceforth.
The second contention presented by the railroad company is that the phrase in said statute, “necessary plantation road,”' means a road necessary to the plantation to which it is annexed, and for the uses of which it is constructed, and that necessarily involved in this idea is the conception that such a plantation road as the appellant is bound to construct and maintain is one that is necessary to the plantation, and only necessary to that plantation, and not to be used, either by the public at large as a public road would be, or by any considerable part of said public, and that, to put it a little more definitely and a little more precisely, whenever such plantation road is allowed to be used for purposes and uses other than those by that plantation needed, and such use results in putting the crossing into bad repair, there is no liability on the part of the appellant railroad company to remedy that condition; and this contention, we think, is sound. What is it that imposed the liability to construct and maintain such a crossing at all? It is what, in the absence of any statute, might reasonably enough be called the equitable duty which the appellant incurs to so> construct and maintain such a road for a plantation which it divides. There would be, ex aequo ei bono, an equitable duty on the part of such railroad company, since it had obstructed and destroyed the right to cross from one side to the other of a plantation, by such railroad so divided, to construct and maintain another crossing as a substitute for the one or ones destroyed. The liability thus arising is only to the owner of that farm for the uses of that f'arm. The statute simply makes this duty a statutory one, and provides the penalty for the failure to observe the duty. Since the duty, from which the liability results, is only to the owner of the farm to construct and maintain a road necessary for the uses of that farm, the penalty for the failure to [610]*610observe that duty is limited and measured by the extent of the duty. The one, the penalty, is the legal corollary of the other, the duty or the liability. Such must be, in reason and in right, the true view.
It would not do> of course, in the application of this principle, any more than in the application of any other legal prin ciple, to fritter away the substance of the principle by nonsensical niceties of construction either way. Common sense must preside in the proper application of every principle of law, varying the application according to the varying circumstances of each particular case,- that is to say, speaking with specific reference to the application of this principle, that on the one hand it would be idle to hold that the railroad company was not liable merely because the owner of the farm had, in occasional isolated instances, permitted some neighbor to use the crossing in a proper way and for a proper use, just as, on the other hand, it would be equally silly to contend that the railroad'eompany wag bound to maintain a crossing constructed for the farm uses alone originally, when as a matter of fact the bad condition calling for repair was one which had been created by the constant hauling, over said private crossing, of the heaviest character of materials by "others, one or more, permitted so to do by the owner. Certainly this is a principle justly operative within these common-sense views, so as, on the one hand, to give to the ■owner of a farm his just protection in having a proper crossing ■constructed and maintained, and also so as to give to- the appellant company its just measure of protection against the abuse of the right to have a proper crossing. We are thoroughly satisfied, on the case made by the facts in this record, that there has been here a gross abuse of the right to demand that this crossing should be maintained by the appellant company, and that the railroad company was under no obligation on the facts of this record to repair or to maintain this crossing, as against damage directly occasioned to the crossing by others than the owner of the farm in a use of the crossing wholly foreign to that which it was properly intended to serve.
[611]*611If we turn from the case as made by the facts to the instructions given by the court to the jury, it will be seen that the instructions are manifestly erroneous and in hopeless conflict. In instruction No.
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'Whitbiebd, O. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was brought by the appellee against the appellant company to recover the statutory penalty of $250 for failure to construct and maintain a necessary farm crossing, and also for $500 alleged actual damages. In the case as actually tried, practically the only contention was that the appellant was liable for the penalty for failure to maintain the farm crossing under Code 1906, § 4058. The facts necessary to be stated in order to understand our opinion are briefly these: A farm crossing had been constructed by the railroad company for this plantation, some years ago, during the ownership of a prior owner-of [608]*608the plantation. The grade of the railroad had been recently ' raised. The appellant had constructed the crossing after the-grading, and there seems to have been no complaint of this crossing so long as it was used solely by the appellee for the-purposes of his plantation; but latterly appellee had given to-one Davis permission to use this crossing in delivering lumber from his sawmill on one side of this railroad track to a station-of the appellant oh the other side of the track, and in addition, to this appellee had himself assisted Davis in said hauling. It appears very clearly from the testimony that this hauling was-not only of sawed lumber, but of heavy logs, and other material, of weighty character, and that the result of several months’ constant hauling of this character of material cut the road up fearfully, as well as the crossing, and produced the defect in tke> crossing which occasioned this suit. It also appears from the-testimony, with perhaps sufficient clearness, that this crossing was not in good repair for the whole width of the railroad right of way; that is to say, for the entire one hundred feet from the-center of the track either way to the edge of the right of way. To be exact, there was a mud-hole or sink, not on the railroad track where the rails were, not on the dump or embankment constituting the approach to the part of the railroad between the-cross-ties, but just below the dump, yet within the right of way of the railroad company; and this mud hole, we think it is sufficiently shown, was caused by the constant hauling of excessively heavy lumber, etc. This is the case as made by the facts. On this case the appellant presents two contentions:
First. It is earnestly insisted by the appellant that it was not the contemplation of Code 1906, § 4058, that the plantation-crossing should be constructed and maintained by the appellant over the entire one hundred feet of width of the right of way. It is enough to say that this is a manifestly unsound contention. ¡We have heretofore held that cattle guards must extend the entire width of the right of way, and it would be a singular holding now to declare that a railroad crossing should not extend [609]*609across tbe entire width of the right of way. A plantation crossing means a plantation road that crosses; that is to say, that crosses over the whole width of the right of way. Let that be definitely understood henceforth.
The second contention presented by the railroad company is that the phrase in said statute, “necessary plantation road,”' means a road necessary to the plantation to which it is annexed, and for the uses of which it is constructed, and that necessarily involved in this idea is the conception that such a plantation road as the appellant is bound to construct and maintain is one that is necessary to the plantation, and only necessary to that plantation, and not to be used, either by the public at large as a public road would be, or by any considerable part of said public, and that, to put it a little more definitely and a little more precisely, whenever such plantation road is allowed to be used for purposes and uses other than those by that plantation needed, and such use results in putting the crossing into bad repair, there is no liability on the part of the appellant railroad company to remedy that condition; and this contention, we think, is sound. What is it that imposed the liability to construct and maintain such a crossing at all? It is what, in the absence of any statute, might reasonably enough be called the equitable duty which the appellant incurs to so> construct and maintain such a road for a plantation which it divides. There would be, ex aequo ei bono, an equitable duty on the part of such railroad company, since it had obstructed and destroyed the right to cross from one side to the other of a plantation, by such railroad so divided, to construct and maintain another crossing as a substitute for the one or ones destroyed. The liability thus arising is only to the owner of that farm for the uses of that f'arm. The statute simply makes this duty a statutory one, and provides the penalty for the failure to observe the duty. Since the duty, from which the liability results, is only to the owner of the farm to construct and maintain a road necessary for the uses of that farm, the penalty for the failure to [610]*610observe that duty is limited and measured by the extent of the duty. The one, the penalty, is the legal corollary of the other, the duty or the liability. Such must be, in reason and in right, the true view.
It would not do> of course, in the application of this principle, any more than in the application of any other legal prin ciple, to fritter away the substance of the principle by nonsensical niceties of construction either way. Common sense must preside in the proper application of every principle of law, varying the application according to the varying circumstances of each particular case,- that is to say, speaking with specific reference to the application of this principle, that on the one hand it would be idle to hold that the railroad company was not liable merely because the owner of the farm had, in occasional isolated instances, permitted some neighbor to use the crossing in a proper way and for a proper use, just as, on the other hand, it would be equally silly to contend that the railroad'eompany wag bound to maintain a crossing constructed for the farm uses alone originally, when as a matter of fact the bad condition calling for repair was one which had been created by the constant hauling, over said private crossing, of the heaviest character of materials by "others, one or more, permitted so to do by the owner. Certainly this is a principle justly operative within these common-sense views, so as, on the one hand, to give to the ■owner of a farm his just protection in having a proper crossing ■constructed and maintained, and also so as to give to- the appellant company its just measure of protection against the abuse of the right to have a proper crossing. We are thoroughly satisfied, on the case made by the facts in this record, that there has been here a gross abuse of the right to demand that this crossing should be maintained by the appellant company, and that the railroad company was under no obligation on the facts of this record to repair or to maintain this crossing, as against damage directly occasioned to the crossing by others than the owner of the farm in a use of the crossing wholly foreign to that which it was properly intended to serve.
[611]*611If we turn from the case as made by the facts to the instructions given by the court to the jury, it will be seen that the instructions are manifestly erroneous and in hopeless conflict. In instruction No. 3, given for the plaintiff, it is said: “And it makes no difference in such case that there were other crossings at other points north and south of the one in controversy, or that other parties by much hauling rendered the road impassable.” In instruction No. 4, given for the plaintiff, it is said: “And if the said crossing was not properly constructed or suitably maintained, being reasonably necessary, notwithstanding the fact that others besides McGowan used it, the jury will find for the plaintiff in the statutory penalty of $250,” etc. Instruction No. 6, given for the plaintiff, is in these words: “The court instructs the jury, for the plaintiff, that the amount of hauling over the crossing in controversy does not at all relieve the defendant company of its duty to maintain a suitable and convenient crossing over its track for necessary plantation roads; and the fact that others used McGowan’s road does not affect the duty of the defendant, if the jury believe from the evidence that the road was in 'the first instance a necessary or reasonably convenient road to McGowan to get from one portion of his plantation to the other.” Throughout these instructions, it is manifest, ran the thoroughly erroneous idea that, no matter how many people used the road besides McGowan, and no matter how much or what character of hauling was had over it, nevertheless the appellant company was bound to maintain the crossing in good repair.
Now, turning to the instructions for the defendant, in the very first instruction the jury were told that “the defendant is not required by the law to make and maintain crossings for the "benefit of the public generally, or for the use and benefit of any other person than the plaintiff in this suit.” In instruction No. 2, the court told the jury that the defendant was not required by the law to make and maintain a crossing suitable for the public, but only required to make and maintain a conven[612]*612ient and' suitable crossing for a plantation road, suited and adapted to tbe uses and purposes of tbe tract of land owned by tbe plaintiff; and again tbe jury were specifically told in tbe same instruction (No. 2) as follows: “Tbe railroad company is under no legal obligation to make and maintain a crossing suitable and convenient for tbe use of tbe public at large for any other uses and purposes than tbe use and purposes of a plantation road for tbe use and benefit of tbe plaintiff’s plantation.” Here, in these instructions for tbe defendant, is just as distinctly announced tbe perfectly correct legal proposition that tbe duty tbe statute devolves upon tbe appellant company is to construct and maintain a road necessary for tbe particular plantation divided by tbe railroad company, its particular uses and needs. Plainly, here are two principles direetly opposite to and directly contradictory of each other, given to tbe jury for tbeir guidance. Those given for tbe defendant were correct. Those for tbe plaintiff should have been refused.
Por tbe errors indicated, tbe judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
jReversed.