Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivered the opinion of the Oourt:
The questions presented by these appeals are mainly of mere statutory construction, and the learned justice below only followed the settled construction of the Maryland statute of 1798, Ch. 101, Subch. 11, in force in this District, as that statute has been construed by the Maryland Oourt of Appeals, and applied in the practical administration and distribution of decedent’s estates, both in that State and in this District. The construction adopted has furnished, and, it has been supposed, settled an important rule of property; but if it be apparent, as contended by the appellants, that there is clear error in the construction heretofore adopted, it becomes the duty of this court to correct such erroneous construction, and settle the practice accordingly.
[79]*793. The first question is, whether the distribution among the surviving nephews and nieces of the intestate, under the statute, and as this case is presented, should be made per capita, as contended for by the surviving children of Robert Holt, deceased, or per stirpes, as contended for by the other nephews and niece of the intestate, and as decreed by the court below.
It is contended by the appellants, on the appeal of the surviving children of Robert Holt, deceased, that the principle of per capita distribution should have been applied whereby each of the surviving nephews and nieces of the intestate would be entitled to receive one-nintlx of the fund for distribution, instead of per stirpes distribution, whereby the fund was primarily divided into third parts, and then, where there were more than one of such surviving children of the respective stocks, the third was divided among them per capita. Aixd this contention is founded upon decisioxxs, applying the principles of the Roman civil law, in tlxe coxistructioxx of the English statutes of distributions of 22 aixd 23 Charles II, Ch. 10, explained axid modified by statutes 29 Charles II, Ch. 30, and 1 Jac. 2, Clx. 17. The celebrated statute of 22 and 23 Charles II, Ch. 10, passed ixx 1670, was largely copied from the 118th Novell of Justinian; and accordixxg to a statement made by Lord Chief Justice Holt, in Pett’s Case, 1 P. Wms. 25; Salk. 250, the statute was drawn by Sir Walter Walker, a famous civilian, and the purpose was, as it would seem, to introduce the rules and principles of the Roman civil law into the English law of distribution of personal estate. The statute, however, gave rise to axi immense amount of litigation before settled rules of construction were finally agreed upoxx by the courts, as the numerous cases found in the reports will show; and it was not until late in the last century that many of the doubts and difficulties in regard to questions arising upon the statute were settled in the English courts.
[80]*80The statute of 22 and 23 Charles II, Ch. 10, deals separately with the cases of descendants and the cases of next of .kin not descendants. The case of children or lineal descendants is provided for by the 5th section, and the case of the next of kin, not being descendants, by the 6th and 7th sections.
In the case before us, there being no widow or descendants of the intestate, we are concerned only with the col-laterals of the deceased. By the 6th section of 22 and 23 Charles II, it is provided that, “In case there be no children, nor any legal representatives of them, then one moiety of the said estate to be allotted to the wife of the intestate, and the residue of said estate to be distributed equally to every of the next of kindred of the intestate who are in equal degree, and those who legally represent them.” And by section 7 it is provided, “That there be no representations admitted among collaterals after brothers’ and sisters’ children; and in case there be no wife, then all the said estate to be distributed equally to and amongst the children; and in case there be no child, then to the next of kindred in equal degree of or unto the intestate and their legal representatives as aforesaid, and in no other manner whatsoever.”
These sections have given rise to most of the questions that have perplexed the English courts upon the subject of distributions. But without extending this opinion by referring specifically to the many English decisions, we may state the result of them, by quoting a passage from Williams on Executors and Administrators (4th Ed.), pages 1298-9, in which the author says :
“The seventh section of the Statute of Distribution provides that there shall be no representations admitted among collaterals after brothers’ and sisters’ children. This provision must be construed to mean brothers and sisters of the intestate,- and not as admitting representation, when the distribution happens to fall among brothers and sisters, who are remotely related to the intestate; for the intestate is the [81]*81subject of the act; it is his estate, his wife, his children, and for the same reason, his brothers’ and sisters’ children; for he is equally correlative to all. Therefore, if the intestate should leave an uncle, and the son of another uncle deceased, the latter shall have no distributive share. So if the next of kin of the intestate should be nephews and nieces, a child of a deceased nephew or niece ivill not be admitted to share in the distribution. Again, it has been held, that if the brother of the intestate left a grandson, and a sister left a child, the grandson shall not have distribution with the son or daughter of the sister. Thus, although, as it has already appeared, lineal representatives, ad infinitum, shall share in the distribution of an intestate’s personal estate, yet atnong collaterals, except only in the instance of the intestate’s brothers’ and sisters’ children, proximity of blood shall alone give a title to it. If the intestate’s brothers and sisters were, at the time of his decease, all dead, and having left children, such children shall all take per capita. Therefore, if an intestate leave a deceased brother’s only son, and ten children of a deceased sister, the ten children of the deceased sister shall take ten parts in eleven with the son of the deceased brother. But in the event of some of the intestate’s brothers and sisters being alive and some dead, and such as are dead having left children, such children take per stirpes, by way of representation. Therefore, if an intestate left a brother alive, and ton children of a deceased sister, such ten children will take one moiety of the personal estate, and their uncle the other.” And to the same effect are the principles stated in 2 Kent’s Commentaries, page 425.
The distinction in the application of the principles of the per stirpes and the per capita distributions, as allowed in the English lawr of succession and descents, is now'here better or more clearly stated than in 2 Blackstone’s Commentaries, page 217. The author, in explaining the fourth canon of descents, says: “This taking by representation is called succession in. stirpes, according to the roots; since all the [82]*82branches inherit the same share that their root, whom they represent, would have done. And in this manner also was the Jewish succession directed; but the Roman somewhat differed from it. In the descending line the right of representation continued in infinitum, and the inheritance still descended in stirpes; as if one of three daughters died, leaving ten children, and then the father died; the two surviving daughters had each one-third of his effects, and the ten grandchildren had the remaining third divided between them. And so, among collaterals, if any person of equal degree with the persons represented were still subsisting, (as if the deceased left one brother, and two nephews, the sons of another brother), the succession was still guided by the roots; but, if both of the brethren were dead leaving issue, then (I apprehend) their representatives in equal degree became themselves principals, and shared the inheritance per capita, that is, share and share alike; they being themselves now the next in degree to the ancestor, in their own right, and not by right of representation. So if the next heir of Titius be six nieces, three by one sister, two by another, and one by a third ; his inheritance by the Roman law was divided into six parts, and one given to each of the nieces; whereas the law of England in this case would still divide it «only into three parts, and distribute it per stirpes, thus: One-third to the three children who represent one sister, another third to the two who represent the second, and the remaining third to the one child who is the sole representative of her mother.”
And again, in the same book, in treating of title by testament and administration, at page 517, the author says:
“Before I quit the subject, I must, however, acknowledge that the doctrine and limits of representation laid down in the statute of distributions seem to have been principally borrowed from the civil law; whereby it will sometimes happen that personal estates are divided pm' capita and sometimes per stirpes; whereas the common law knows no othbr [83]*83rule of succession but that of per stirpes only. They are divided per capita to every man an equal share, when all the claimants claim in their own rights, as in equal degree ■of kindred, and not jure representations, in the right of another person. As, if the next of kin be the intestate’s three brothers, A, B, and C; here his effects are divided into three ■equal portions, and distributed per capita one to each; but if one of these brothers, A, had been dead, leaving three children, and another, B, leaving two, then the distribution must have been per stirpes-, viz., one-third to A’s three children, another to B’s two children, and the remaining third to C, the surviving brother; yet, if C had also been dead without issue, then A’s and B’s five children, being all in equal degree to the intestate, would take in their own rights per capita; viz., each of them one-fifth part.”
It thus appears that, by the terms, and the principles applied in the construction of the English statute of distributions, the right or privilege of representation among collaterals is expressly limited, and does not extend to any more remote descendants of brothers and sisters than their children, and does not apply at all to any case where the next of kin are all more remote than their brothers’ and sisters’ children. If, therefore, the case of the surviving nephews and nieces of the intestate, the children 6f the deceased brother Robert Holt, were to be decided according to the English statute of distributions, and as that statute has been expounded in the light of the civil law, there could be no doubt but that the distributions to the surviving nephews and nieces of the intestate, they all being in the same degree of kindred, would have to be made per capita and not per stirpes; and it is equally clear, that under the English statute, and the principles that have been applied in its construction, the grandnephew of the intestate, son of Joseph I. Holt, deceased, would not be entitled to share in the distribution.
But the English statute of distributions of 22 and 23 [84]*84Charles II, was never in force in Maryland, as an English statute; at any rate, it was not in force there after the year 1715, if ever before that time; and that statute is not among those declared to be in force or in use in that State, by the third article of the Declaration of Nights of 1776. ' It is true, by the provincial Assembly of Maryland in the year 1715, a statute was enacted to stand in lieu of and as a substitute for the English statute of Charles II, containing substantially several of the provisions of the English statute, though not literally reenacted. By sections 4 — 6 of that provincial act it was provided that in case there be no children, nor legal representatives of them, the widow should have one moiety; and the rest be divided among the next of kin, in equal degree, and their legal representatives. But no representatives should be admitted among collaterals, after brothers’ and sisters’ children. And if there be no widow, then the estate should be equally divided among the" children; and if no children, then among the next of kin in equal degree, or their legal representatives aforesaid. 1715, Ch.»39. .
It does not appear that there was ever any judicial construction of that act made, apart from .the construction by the English courts of the corresponding provisions contained in the statute «of Charles II. But this act of 1715, and, all subsequent acts, both of the provincial and State legislatures, in force at the time of the passage of the act of 1798, Ch. 101, were superseded or repealed by the latter act. Prior to that time, the statute laws of the State, relating to testamentary and administration affairs of personal property, seem to have been in a state of doubt and confusion, and the legislature, to remove the difficulty, authorized or requested Chancellor Hanson, then the chancellor of the State, to prepare an act for amending, and reducing into system, the laws and regulations concerning last wills and testaments, the duties of executors and administrators, and the rights of orphans and other representatives of deceased per[85]*85sons. It was thus that the act of 1798, Ch. 101, was prepared, and, upon submission to the legislature, was adopted. In the preamble to the act, it is recited that the preexisting laws were complicated and difficult to be understood, and were found to be greatly inadequate to the purpose for which they were intended. In the first section, it is declared; that every provision, rule or regulation, contained in any act of Assembly theretofore passed, or in any English statute introduced, used or practiced under, in the^tate, inconsistent with, or repugnant to, anything contained in the act of 1798, was thereby repealed and rendered utterly void and of no effect.
It is quite clear, therefore, that if either the English act of distribution of 22 and 23 Charles, or the provincial act of Maryland of 1715, contained anything inconsistent with or repugnant to the provisions of the act of 1798, Ch. 101, or the subjects of those prior acts were fully embraced within the provisions of the Act of 1798, the prior acts would be completely repealed and superseded; and that such prior acts, for the reason just stated, have been treated and regarded as repealed or entirely superseded by the act of 1798, is very satisfactorily shown, if it were not otherwise apparent, in 1 Kilty’s Laws of Maryland, in a note to the titling of the act of 1715, Ch. 39, the act itself being omitted from the compilation.
It is clear, therefore, that the questions presented on the present appeals must be determined, according to what is adjudged to be the proper construction of the sections of subchapter 11, of the act of 1798, Ch. 101, prescribing rules for the distribution of intestates’ estates.
The first three sections of this Subch. 11, direct the manner of distribution of the estate of the intestate where the latter leaves a widow; and the next three sections, 4, 5 and 6, direct the manner of distribution where the intestate leaves children surviving; and the seventh section directs distribution to the father of the intestate, if surviving, and [86]*86there be no child or descendant. Then it is declared as follows:
“ 8. If there be a brother or sister, or child or descendant of a brother or sister, and no child, descendant, or father of the intestate, the said brother, sister, or child, or descendant of a brother or sister shall have the whole.
“9. Every brother and sister of the intestate shall be entitled to an equal share, and the child or children of a brother or sister of the intestate shall stand in the place of such brother or sister.
“10. If the intestate leave a mother, and no child, descendant, father, brother, sister, or child or descendant of a brother or sister, the mother shall be entitled to the whole; and in case there be no father, a mother shall have an equal share with the brothers and sisters of the deceased, and their children and descendants.
“11. After children, descendants, father, mother, brothers and sisters, of the deceased, and their descendants, all collateral relations, in equal degree, shall take, and no representation among such collaterals shall be allowed; and there shall be no distinction between the whole and the half-blood.”
As will be observed, it is not declared in the eleventh section just quoted, as in the English statute of distributions, “that there shall be no representations admitted among collaterals after brothers’ and sisters’ children;” but the declaration in the Maryland statute is, that after brothers and sisters of the deceased, and their descendants, all collateral relations in equal degree shall take, and no representations among such collaterals shall be allowed. The words “their descendants,” as here used, and in respect to the right of representation, must be construed to mean children of brothers and sisters; and so construed, the exclusion of the principle of representation and the adoption of the per capita distribution can only be applied after brothers’ and sisters’ children, and not as under the English statute, where all the brothers and sisters are dead, [87]*87some leaving a less and some a greater number of children, such children, because standing in the same relationship to the intestate, take per capita each an equal share. In such case the children of brothers and sisters, if no uncle or aunt be living, take per capita in their own right, as next of kin. But not so with respect to the surviving children of deceased brothers and sisters of the intestate, under the Maryland statute of distribution; such surviving children, without regard to the fact that they may be the only next of kin of the intestate, take, not in their own rights each an equal share, but by way of representation of their deceased parents, each family of children taking the share to which their parent would have been entitled, if living. This construction gives full force and effect to the ninth section of the statute, already quoted, which declares that every brother and sister of the intestate shall be entitled to an equal share, and the child or children of a brother or sister of the intestate shall stand in the place of such brother or sister. But this section does not embrace grandchildren of a brother or sister of the intestate.
There is no difficulty in perceiving the difference in the terms and their collocation, and consequent difference in signification, between the language employed in the act of 1798, and that employed in the English statute of Charles II, and the provincial act of Maryland of 1715, in formulating the rules of distribution. But we are urged, however, not to construe the language of the act of 1798 literally or strictly, but that we should take the terms employed by the legislature as intended to express the rules of distribution that had been deduced from the provisions of the English act of Charles II, construed according to the principles of the Roman civil law. But to do this, we should have to interpolate into the statute several very important restrictive terms, and terms of classification, which the legislature has thought proper to omit. The rules of construction that had been settled by the English courts, as [88]*88applied to the English statute of distribution, were well known aud understood by the authors of the act of 1798; and if it had been intended to formulate those rules into statutory provisions, apt and appropriate language for the purpose would, doubtless, have been employed; or, at least, the terms of the act of Charles II would have been adopted, or such equivalent terms as would have left no doubt as to the intention of the legislature. But the legislature did not so deal with the subject. The terms of the statute are general and unqualified, and declare that the child or children of a brother or sister of the intestate shall stand in the place of such brother or sister; and this declaration constitutes an absolute right in such child or children. It is only after brothers and sisters of the deceased, and their descendants, that all other collateral relations, in equal degree, are to take, and that no representation among such col-laterals shall be allowed. Seeing how careful and particular all conditions and relations of those who might become entitled to distribution are designated, we can not resist the conclusion that if it had been intended that nephews and nieces should only take per stirpes, or stand in the place of their deceased parents, where there was an uncle or an' aunt still living to take with them, that such condition would have been made an exception to or qualification of the general declaration that the child or children of a deceased brother or sister shall stand in the place of their deceased parent. And why should it not be so ? It would seem to'be the most natural distribution to make in such case; that the children should take what their parents would be entitled to, if living; and the children of a deceased parent cannot stand in his or her place, except by representation. If, in the partition or distribution of the real estate of the intestate, the principle of representation would apply in such case as this, why not to the distribution of the personal estate, to the same extent at least. Chancellor Kent (2 Kent Com. 427)-says, what is both true and reason[89]*89able, that in a majority of the States the descent of real and personal property is to the same persons and in the same proportions; and this would seem to have been the state of the law in Maryland after the passage of the act of 1798; at least in applying the common law principle of representation in the distribution of an intestate’s personal estate among collaterals, to the extent of allowing or prescribing the rule of representation without qualification, in all cases of distributions to nephews and nieces of the intestate. By the act of Maryland of 1786, Ch. 45, pa'ssed to direct descents of real estate, and which is in force in this District, the principle of representation was fully and unqualifiedly adopted, both as to the descending and collateral lines. By section 4 of that act it is declared, “thatif in the descending or collateral line, any father or mother may be dead,the child or children of such father or mother shall, by representation, be considered in the same degree as the father or mother would have been if living, and shall have the same share of the estate as the father or mother, if living, would have been entitled to, and no more; and in such case, where there are more children than one, the share aforesaid shall bo equally divided among such children.”
Having thus adopted the common law principle of representation for making division of the real estate of an intestate among collaterals, it is not at all remarkable that the doctrine of representation in regard to the distribution of personal estate of an intestate, was given a more extended and unqualified application than by the English statute of distributions, in respect of distributions to brothers’ and sisters’ children.
The question presented on the appeal of the children of Robert Holt, deceased, is not a new question. It was fully and elaborately argued by able counsel, and carefully considered by the Court of Appeals of Maryland, in the case of McComas et al. v. Amos et al., 29 Md. 120. In that case, an intestate died leaving no widow and leaving no child or de[90]*90scendants, father or mother, brother or sister, surviving him; but left several nephews and nieces, the children of deceased brothers and sisters, and also several grandnephews and grandnieces, whose parents had died in the lifetime of the intestate. And upon that state of case it was held that the nephews and nieces took per stirpes and not per capita. And it was also held, as a necessary consequence of the application of the per stirpes doctrine of distribution among the nephews and nieces, that the grandnephews and grandnieces of the intestate were not entitled to participate in the distribution of the personal estate of the intestate.
Without further amplification, it is sufficient to say, that upon the fullest consideration of this question, and all the arguments and authorities presented for our consideration, on this appeal, we have not been able to reach any other conclusion than that arrived at in the case of McComas v. Amos, and upon which the learned justice below mainly rested his decision. We must, therefore, affirm the decree appealed from by the children of Robert Holt, deceased* awarding distribution per stirpes among the nephews and nieces of the intestate, to the exclusion of the grandnephew, Joseph H. Holt, the minor child of Joseph I. Holt, deceased, a nephew of the intestate.
2. With respect to the appeal taken on behalf of Joseph H. Holt, the minor grandnephew of the intestate, little need be said. It follow's from what we have already said in considering the appeal taken by the children of Robert Holt, deceased, that the grandnephew in this appeal is not entitled to share in the distribution of the personal estate of the intestate with the nephews and nieces who take per stirpes. That the father of Joseph H. Holt, the appellant, having died in the lifetime of the intestate, he could not be included among the surviving nephews and nieces and made to participate in a per stirpes distribution, as that would have lessened the distribution to them, and they are preferred to those more remotely related to the intestate, such as the [91]*91grandnephew. He is neither entitled under the principle of distribution per stirpes nor per capita-, neither according to the established construction of the English statute of distribution, nor according to the established construction of the Maryland act of 1798, Ch. 101, Subch. 11. This was judicially settled in Maryland in 1809, a few years only after the passage of the act of 1798, Ch. 101. The decision was made in the case of Robins et al. v. State, use of Polk, and though there was no written opinion delivered, yet the case is very clearly reported in a note to the subsequent case of Duvall v. Harwood, 1 H. & G. 474, 477; in which latter case a very able and learned court would not hear counsel argue against the previous case of Robins v. Polk; and in very plain and unqualified terms decreed in favor of the nephews and nieces of the intestate, and to the exclusion of the grandnephews and grandnieces of the intestate, they being children of a son or daughter of a brother or sister of the intestate, and which son or daughter had died before the intestate. These decisions have been regarded in Maryland as settling the question; and though the question was mooted in McComas v. Amos, it was not much pressed, the two cases in 1 H. & G. 477, being regarded by the court as conclusive. And while it may be a seeming hardship upon this grandnephew, yet there is no principle upon which he can be let in to share the distribution of the personal estate of his greatuncle. We must, therefore, affirm that part of the decree from which this appeal is taken.
Decree on both appeals affirmed.