COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Causey, White and Frucci UNPUBLISHED
IGAL VONDALE DAVIS MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 1412-24-1 PER CURIAM MARCH 10, 2026 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS Bryant L. Sugg, Judge
(Charles E. Haden, on brief), for appellant.
(Jason S. Miyares,1 Attorney General; John A. Fisher, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a bench trial, the Circuit Court of the City of Newport News convicted Igal
Vondale Davis of aggravated malicious wounding. The circuit court sentenced Davis to 20 years
in prison, with 12 years suspended.2 On appeal, Davis argues that he was guilty only of unlawful
wounding because the evidence failed to prove he acted with malice. Finding no error, we affirm
the circuit court’s judgment.3
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 Jay C. Jones succeeded Jason S. Miyares as Attorney General on January 17, 2026. 2 Davis previously appealed his conviction to this Court, which affirmed on the ground that the trial transcript was indispensable to an adjudication of Davis’s appeal but was not part of the record. Davis v. Commonwealth, No. 1057-23-1 (Va. Ct. App. June 28, 2024) (order). On August 22, 2024, we granted Davis’s motion for a delayed appeal under Code § 19.2-321.1(a). 3 Having examined the briefs and record in this case, the panel unanimously agrees that oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” See Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a); Rule 5A:27(a). BACKGROUND4
Davis is the father of two of B.H.’s5 children; they shared custody of the children. On
January 15, 2022, B.H. and her friend, Ms. Eaddy, were visiting at Davis’s home. B.H. and
Davis were arguing about “an incident that occurred the night before.” When B.H. told Davis to
“[a]sk [his] friend what happened last night,” Davis got upset, “ran towards [her] with a bottle,
and hit [her] in [her] head.” B.H. described it as a “full” Heineken bottle, from which Davis had
only taken “a couple of drinks.” Prior to Davis striking her, B.H. had not struck or attempted to
strike Davis at any point that day.
Davis and Eaddy drove B.H. to the hospital. Due to the extensive injuries to B.H.’s face,
she was taken to a second hospital and underwent a six-hour surgery. Newport News Police
Officer Calhoun spoke with B.H. at that hospital to investigate a reported assault. Officer
Calhoun described her appearance thusly: “[B.H.] was laying on the gurney, and she had a
malicious wounding from the top left of her skull down, like . . . 11:00 o’clock to 4 o’clock down
to her lip, and it was split. Her head was split open, and blood was rushing and gushing into her
eye.” Officer Calhoun took several photos of B.H., which the Commonwealth introduced at
trial. After being “upset at the moment” and “hesitant to talk,” B.H. eventually gave Officer
Calhoun information about what had happened to her.
B.H. testified that she would always have a scar from her injury and that her “left eye
doesn’t really close all the way, and so at night I have to apply—it’s a certain ointment I have to
4 We recite the facts “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). In doing so, we discard any evidence that conflicts with the Commonwealth’s evidence, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that can be fairly drawn from that evidence. Cady, 300 Va. at 329. 5 We use initials, rather than names, to protect the privacy of the victim. -2- use every night because I’ll get an infection in the left side of my eye.” B.H.’s left vision was
impaired, and she was scheduled for additional surgery. The attack also injured B.H.’s arm.
After the Commonwealth rested, the circuit court denied Davis’s motion to strike, which
challenged the sufficiency of the evidence, “specifically the injuries.” Testifying on his own
behalf, Davis stated that he and B.H. had two children together but were no longer in a
relationship.6 But B.H. could come to his home to see their children. Davis testified that he and
B.H. were arguing about an incident that occurred the prior night while he was “sitting down . . .
playing a video game” with his son. Then, B.H. “walked past” Davis and threw an empty bottle
that she had been drinking at him, but he “dodged it.” According to Davis: “I reacted instantly,
and I threw the bottle at her.” Davis elaborated that “it was pretty much instant” that he threw
his bottle; B.H. was “pretty close” when he “retaliated” by throwing his bottle at her. Davis
testified that he was not intoxicated. Davis apologized to B.H. and testified he was going to
some programs and was “about to enroll” in an anger management program.
The defense renewed its motion to strike, arguing that “it was an instantaneous reaction
and that would preclude malice.” Defense counsel averred that Davis was instead guilty of
unlawful wounding. The circuit court denied the motion, noting that “the evidence is somewhat
in conflict between the alleged victim’s recitation of it, the events, not a lot,” but based on the
testimony, the Commonwealth had presented sufficient evidence.
In closing argument, defense counsel again asserted that the evidence did not prove
malice and that Davis should be convicted of unlawful wounding. The circuit court found that
the evidence on the aggravated malicious wounding charge was sufficient but said it would
“withhold the actual finding today, pending the presentence investigation and report.”
6 Davis said that B.H. was pregnant but expressed uncertainty as to whether the child “is mine or not because of the situation.” -3- Defense counsel then stated that, “just to have the record,” he would call Davis’s 17-year-
old son to testify about the incident on the prior night.7 Davis’s son (who was not B.H.’s child)
had been living with Davis since January 2022 and was helping look after the younger children.
He testified that B.H. visited regularly but her visits caused “commotion” and that “[w]hen
[B.H.] drinks and stuff, she starts stuff, arguments. She tears up the house. She tries to fight my
dad.” Before B.H.’s injury, he stated he had never seen Davis hit B.H. or throw anything at her.
Davis’s son testified that on the night before the incident, B.H.’s two “family friends”
were drinking. Davis’s son heard a commotion and when he went upstairs saw the two friends
fighting, one of whom was naked. When he entered his room, he found B.H. on the floor naked.
He told Davis what he had seen, and Davis was unhappy about it.
He further testified that, on the night of the incident, he tried to break up the argument
between Davis and B.H. He did “not [know] how she got hit. I just know something hit her.”
He acknowledged that Davis threw a bottle at B.H., but only after “she threw something at him.”
At sentencing, the parties presented evidence relevant both to the court’s formal
adjudication of guilt and Davis’s sentence. During the testimony of one of two defense character
witnesses, defense counsel queried: “You know what happened? The young lady threw a bottle,
missed him, and he took the bottle and threw it back.” The witness responded that she could not
“visualize that” because Davis would not “hurt . . . a fly” and was “too passive.”
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Causey, White and Frucci UNPUBLISHED
IGAL VONDALE DAVIS MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 1412-24-1 PER CURIAM MARCH 10, 2026 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS Bryant L. Sugg, Judge
(Charles E. Haden, on brief), for appellant.
(Jason S. Miyares,1 Attorney General; John A. Fisher, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a bench trial, the Circuit Court of the City of Newport News convicted Igal
Vondale Davis of aggravated malicious wounding. The circuit court sentenced Davis to 20 years
in prison, with 12 years suspended.2 On appeal, Davis argues that he was guilty only of unlawful
wounding because the evidence failed to prove he acted with malice. Finding no error, we affirm
the circuit court’s judgment.3
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 Jay C. Jones succeeded Jason S. Miyares as Attorney General on January 17, 2026. 2 Davis previously appealed his conviction to this Court, which affirmed on the ground that the trial transcript was indispensable to an adjudication of Davis’s appeal but was not part of the record. Davis v. Commonwealth, No. 1057-23-1 (Va. Ct. App. June 28, 2024) (order). On August 22, 2024, we granted Davis’s motion for a delayed appeal under Code § 19.2-321.1(a). 3 Having examined the briefs and record in this case, the panel unanimously agrees that oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” See Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a); Rule 5A:27(a). BACKGROUND4
Davis is the father of two of B.H.’s5 children; they shared custody of the children. On
January 15, 2022, B.H. and her friend, Ms. Eaddy, were visiting at Davis’s home. B.H. and
Davis were arguing about “an incident that occurred the night before.” When B.H. told Davis to
“[a]sk [his] friend what happened last night,” Davis got upset, “ran towards [her] with a bottle,
and hit [her] in [her] head.” B.H. described it as a “full” Heineken bottle, from which Davis had
only taken “a couple of drinks.” Prior to Davis striking her, B.H. had not struck or attempted to
strike Davis at any point that day.
Davis and Eaddy drove B.H. to the hospital. Due to the extensive injuries to B.H.’s face,
she was taken to a second hospital and underwent a six-hour surgery. Newport News Police
Officer Calhoun spoke with B.H. at that hospital to investigate a reported assault. Officer
Calhoun described her appearance thusly: “[B.H.] was laying on the gurney, and she had a
malicious wounding from the top left of her skull down, like . . . 11:00 o’clock to 4 o’clock down
to her lip, and it was split. Her head was split open, and blood was rushing and gushing into her
eye.” Officer Calhoun took several photos of B.H., which the Commonwealth introduced at
trial. After being “upset at the moment” and “hesitant to talk,” B.H. eventually gave Officer
Calhoun information about what had happened to her.
B.H. testified that she would always have a scar from her injury and that her “left eye
doesn’t really close all the way, and so at night I have to apply—it’s a certain ointment I have to
4 We recite the facts “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). In doing so, we discard any evidence that conflicts with the Commonwealth’s evidence, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that can be fairly drawn from that evidence. Cady, 300 Va. at 329. 5 We use initials, rather than names, to protect the privacy of the victim. -2- use every night because I’ll get an infection in the left side of my eye.” B.H.’s left vision was
impaired, and she was scheduled for additional surgery. The attack also injured B.H.’s arm.
After the Commonwealth rested, the circuit court denied Davis’s motion to strike, which
challenged the sufficiency of the evidence, “specifically the injuries.” Testifying on his own
behalf, Davis stated that he and B.H. had two children together but were no longer in a
relationship.6 But B.H. could come to his home to see their children. Davis testified that he and
B.H. were arguing about an incident that occurred the prior night while he was “sitting down . . .
playing a video game” with his son. Then, B.H. “walked past” Davis and threw an empty bottle
that she had been drinking at him, but he “dodged it.” According to Davis: “I reacted instantly,
and I threw the bottle at her.” Davis elaborated that “it was pretty much instant” that he threw
his bottle; B.H. was “pretty close” when he “retaliated” by throwing his bottle at her. Davis
testified that he was not intoxicated. Davis apologized to B.H. and testified he was going to
some programs and was “about to enroll” in an anger management program.
The defense renewed its motion to strike, arguing that “it was an instantaneous reaction
and that would preclude malice.” Defense counsel averred that Davis was instead guilty of
unlawful wounding. The circuit court denied the motion, noting that “the evidence is somewhat
in conflict between the alleged victim’s recitation of it, the events, not a lot,” but based on the
testimony, the Commonwealth had presented sufficient evidence.
In closing argument, defense counsel again asserted that the evidence did not prove
malice and that Davis should be convicted of unlawful wounding. The circuit court found that
the evidence on the aggravated malicious wounding charge was sufficient but said it would
“withhold the actual finding today, pending the presentence investigation and report.”
6 Davis said that B.H. was pregnant but expressed uncertainty as to whether the child “is mine or not because of the situation.” -3- Defense counsel then stated that, “just to have the record,” he would call Davis’s 17-year-
old son to testify about the incident on the prior night.7 Davis’s son (who was not B.H.’s child)
had been living with Davis since January 2022 and was helping look after the younger children.
He testified that B.H. visited regularly but her visits caused “commotion” and that “[w]hen
[B.H.] drinks and stuff, she starts stuff, arguments. She tears up the house. She tries to fight my
dad.” Before B.H.’s injury, he stated he had never seen Davis hit B.H. or throw anything at her.
Davis’s son testified that on the night before the incident, B.H.’s two “family friends”
were drinking. Davis’s son heard a commotion and when he went upstairs saw the two friends
fighting, one of whom was naked. When he entered his room, he found B.H. on the floor naked.
He told Davis what he had seen, and Davis was unhappy about it.
He further testified that, on the night of the incident, he tried to break up the argument
between Davis and B.H. He did “not [know] how she got hit. I just know something hit her.”
He acknowledged that Davis threw a bottle at B.H., but only after “she threw something at him.”
At sentencing, the parties presented evidence relevant both to the court’s formal
adjudication of guilt and Davis’s sentence. During the testimony of one of two defense character
witnesses, defense counsel queried: “You know what happened? The young lady threw a bottle,
missed him, and he took the bottle and threw it back.” The witness responded that she could not
“visualize that” because Davis would not “hurt . . . a fly” and was “too passive.”
In argument, defense counsel challenged the proof of malice, suggesting that in a murder
case Davis would have been guilty only of manslaughter “because it happened in such a
split-second that it was just a reaction.” Regarding Davis’s sentence, defense counsel asserted
that Davis “told exactly what happened. She threw the bottle. It missed. I picked the bottle up.
7 It is not entirely clear what the purpose of his testimony was, but the Commonwealth had no objection to it and the circuit court allowed it. -4- I threw it at her.” And, contrary to Davis’s own testimony, defense counsel argued that Davis
was in fact drunk at the time of the incident. In response, the Commonwealth pointed out that
defense counsel “completely forgot about or failed to mention what [B.H.] said happened.” B.H.
and Davis gave conflicting accounts about what occurred before he struck her with the beer
bottle, “which obviously the Court has to resolve in terms of what you believe.” The
Commonwealth argued that the photos of B.H.’s injuries were “much more consistent” with her
testimony. And if the circuit court credited B.H.’s testimony, “malice is clearly present in this
case, and this is an aggravated malicious wounding.”
In sentencing Davis, the circuit court acknowledged the competing versions of events but
concluded that it “was convinced that there was enough [evidence] received sufficient for . . .
aggravated malicious wounding.” The circuit court elaborated that based on the picture of
B.H.’s injuries, it “doesn’t look like, logically, it would happen if you threw it because you
would think it would be more of a localized wound instead of the glass going down.”
ANALYSIS
“When an appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal
conviction, its role is a limited one.” Commonwealth v. Garrick, 303 Va. 176, 182 (2024). “The
judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is ‘plainly
wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)
(quoting Code § 8.01-680). “Thus, ‘it is not for this [C]ourt to say that the evidence does or does
not establish [the defendant’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt because as an original proposition
it might have reached a different conclusion.’” Commonwealth v. Barney, 302 Va. 84, 97 (2023)
(alterations in original) (quoting Cobb v. Commonwealth, 152 Va. 941, 953 (1929)).
The only relevant question for this Court on review “is, after reviewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether any rational trier of fact could have found
-5- the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Sullivan v.
Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676 (2010)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction,
‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might
differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan v.
Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App.
149, 161 (2018)).
“Determining the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the exclusive province of the jury,
which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they testify.” Dalton
v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Lea v.
Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). “The fact finder, who has the opportunity to see
and hear the witnesses, has the sole responsibility to determine their credibility, the weight to be
given their testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from proven facts.” Commonwealth v.
McNeal, 282 Va. 16, 22 (2011) (quoting Taylor v. Commonwealth, 256 Va. 514, 518 (1998)). An
appellate court “will not seek to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses where their evidence is
not inherently incredible.” Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 486 (2018) (quoting Rogers v.
Commonwealth, 183 Va. 190, 201-02 (1944)). “Evidence is not ‘incredible’ unless it is ‘so
manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it’ or ‘shown to be false by objects or
things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.’” Id. at 487
(quoting Juniper v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)).
A person is guilty of aggravated malicious wounding when he “maliciously shoots, stabs,
cuts or wounds any other person or by any means causes bodily injury with the intent to maim,
disfigure, disable or kill . . . if the victim is thereby severely injured and is caused to suffer
permanent and significant physical impairment.” Code § 18.2-51.2. “Malice inheres in the doing of
a wrongful act intentionally, or without just cause or excuse, or as a result of ill will. It may be
-6- directly evidenced by words, or inferred from acts and conduct which necessarily result in injury.”
Doss v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 679, 685 (1996) (quoting Hernandez v. Commonwealth, 15
Va. App. 626, 631 (1993)). The presence or absence of malice is a question of fact to be determined
by the trier of fact. See Meade v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 796, 814 (2022).
Davis’s argument, based on a factual scenario that is misplaced on appeal, does not show
that he was guilty only of unlawful wounding. “The element of malicious wounding that
distinguishes it from unlawful wounding is malice, express or implied . . . .” Witherow v.
Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 557, 566 (2015) (quoting Hernandez, 15 Va. App. at 631). Davis
argues, as he did at trial, that B.H. threw a beer bottle at him and that in a “sudden spontaneous
reaction” he threw a bottle at B.H., injuring her. Davis maintains that he “was plainly provoked to a
sudden fear or rage and thus acted in the heat of passion.”
The fatal flaw in this argument is that it cannot be squared with B.H.’s testimony that she
never struck or attempted to strike Davis. To the contrary, after B.H. told Davis to “[a]sk [his]
friend what happened last night,” he charged at her and hit her with a beer bottle.8 True, Davis
testified that he acted only after B.H. threw a bottle at him. But as the Commonwealth noted at trial,
the two accounts differed, and it was up to the circuit court to determine what happened. Nothing in
the circuit court’s verdict in the guilt phase reflects that it found Davis’s testimony credible.
Moreover, at sentencing the circuit court sustained the Commonwealth’s contention that the photos
depicting the injuries to B.H.’s face were consistent with her account, not Davis’s. Viewing the
evidence and the record in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we have no basis for
8 Although Davis does not argue that he acted in the heat of passion, and thus without malice, based on his argument with B.H. about the incident on the prior night, any such contention would be groundless. “[W]ords alone, no matter how insulting, are never sufficient to constitute heat of passion.’” Palmer v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 225, 237 (2019) (quoting Rhodes v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 195, 201 (2003)). Moreover, a reasonable trier of fact could find that Davis acted out of anger based on his unhappiness about the incident on the prior night. -7- crediting Davis’s account. And the fact that Davis gave exculpatory testimony that the circuit court
did not believe could be deemed as “lying to conceal his guilt.” Washington v. Commonwealth, 75
Va. App. 606, 616 (2022) (quoting Flanagan v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 681, 702 (2011)).
In sum, the evidence fairly supported the circuit court’s finding of fact that Davis acted with
malice and was guilty of aggravated malicious wounding. A reasonable trier of fact could find that
Davis, angry about B.H.’s actions the prior night, charged at her and violently struck her face with a
beer bottle. The attack was so violent that B.H. required extensive surgery that night and
anticipated further surgery a year later. And the blow caused permanent eye injury and scarring.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-8-