COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Malveaux, Raphael and Senior Judge Petty Argued at Richmond, Virginia
IEUAN RHYS PHILLIPS MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1546-22-2 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY APRIL 16, 2024 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY Donald C. Blessing, Judge
Kevin E. Calhoun (Charles C. Cosby, Jr., on brief), for appellant.
Matthew J. Beyrau, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
A jury convicted appellant, Ieuan Rhys Phillips, of rape in violation of Code § 18.2-61. The
trial court sentenced him to 50 years in prison, with 40 years suspended. He appeals his conviction,
which we affirm.
BACKGROUND1
The sexual assault
In 2021, S.B. was a student and sorority member at Longwood University. Phillips was a
Longwood student as well, and a fraternity member. S.B. knew Phillips, but she did not consider
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 “Consistent with the standard of review when a criminal appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, we recite the evidence below ‘in the “light most favorable” to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.’” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). This standard “requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’” Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)). him a friend. On the night of March 6, 2021, Phillips’s fraternity hosted a party. S.B. attended the
party, which Phillips also attended, but she did not interact with him during most of the evening.
Phillips had a girlfriend, D.G., whom S.B. knew and considered a friend.
Both S.B. and Phillips consumed alcohol at the party, which continued into the early hours
of March 7, 2021. Around 1:30 a.m. Phillips approached S.B., telling her that she needed to leave
because the last of the designated drivers scheduled for the night was leaving. S.B. then got into a
car being driven by a designated driver. Phillips also entered the car, in which two other people
were also riding. S.B. asked the driver to take her to the home of her best friend, not thinking that
anyone else would be going there with her. Phillips then told the driver that he wanted to go to the
same house to retrieve alcohol that he had left there the night before, asking him to take the other
two passengers home first.2
S.B. did not hear Phillips’s comment concerning the alcohol, so she did not know why
Phillips got out of the car with her when they arrived at her friend’s house. Phillips followed S.B.
inside the residence. Finding no one home, S.B. decided to retrieve a bag she had left in her friend’s
bedroom earlier in the evening and return to her own house for the night. As she walked toward her
friend’s bedroom, Phillips began kissing her on her neck. S.B. reminded Phillips of his girlfriend
D.G., repeating her name multiple times to try to get Phillips to stop kissing her, but to no avail.
Phillips followed S.B. into the bedroom and once there he pushed her onto the bed with both hands.
S.B. did not want to have sex with Phillips and said “no” at least ten times. Phillips was
standing next to the bed, effectively blocking S.B. from leaving the room. He then undressed. S.B.
was afraid because she did not know what was going to happen. She was frightened of Phillips
because of his physical size and because of an earlier incident where he had pinned her up against
the wall at a Halloween party. During that incident she had been unable to move, and Phillips had
2 Phillips admitted that he did not have any alcohol at the residence. -2- continued to pin her up against the wall until another fraternity member extricated her from the
situation.
As S.B. lay on the bed in front of Phillips she was “frozen” and did not push Phillips away
because he was “scary.” Phillips removed S.B.’s underwear3 and engaged in sexual intercourse
with her as she lay on her back unable to move because of the way he had positioned her. Phillips
then flipped her onto her stomach on the bed and resumed sexual intercourse, ejaculating on her
back.
After Phillips assaulted her, S.B. got up and went into the bathroom where she cleaned up,
grabbed her things, and departed. She sought out her best friend at another house; finding her
asleep, she tried to call another friend, J.H., but initially was unable to reach her. At 3:38 a.m. on
March 7, 2021, S.B. texted J.H., “I did something bad.” S.B. testified that she sent that message
because she felt like it was her fault that she did not fight back or scream. The next morning,
Phillips contacted S.B. via the social media application Snapchat, asking her not to tell anyone about
the previous evening’s encounter. By then S.B. had already told two people that Phillips had raped
her, but she agreed not to tell anyone to avoid angering him. Later that morning, she sent Phillips
another message on Snapchat confronting him with the fact that he had told someone that they had
had sex.
S.B. reported the rape to law enforcement at 3:00 p.m. on March 7, 2021. Farmville Police
Sergeant Daniel Bowman met with her, observing that she was upset, “very up and down
emotionally,” and teary-eyed; Detective Albert Bappert also met with S.B. and collected physical
evidence, and later collected Phillips’s DNA. S.B. then drove to Lynchburg General Hospital for a
forensic examination. There she met with Amy Randolph, a forensic nurse examiner, reporting that
3 S.B. was wearing a skirt. -3- she had been sexually assaulted.4 Randolph obtained samples for a physical evidence recovery kit
(a “PERK kit”). During her examination of S.B., Randolph observed that she had abrasions on both
knees and a bruise on her cervix, concluding that the bruise to the cervix was caused by blunt force
trauma.5
The trial
During jury selection, Phillips objected to the Commonwealth’s use of peremptory strikes;
Phillips argued that the Commonwealth had “intentionally us[ed] sex as a basis to discriminate in
picking a jury” in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), and its progeny. The
Commonwealth argued that its strikes were not based on gender, and the Commonwealth
provided a gender-neutral reason for each one. The Commonwealth struck one juror who stated
that the father of her child had been accused of sexual assault. The Commonwealth struck a
second juror because that person held a personal grudge against one of the prosecutors in this case.
The Commonwealth struck a third juror because she was inattentive and “flippant” during jury
selection. Finally, the Commonwealth struck a juror who had testified for the defendant at a bond
hearing in a previous sexual assault case, in which one of Phillips’s attorneys had participated.
Phillips accepted the Commonwealth’s proffered explanations for the first two strikes but persisted
in his objections to the remaining two, arguing that juror inattentiveness was too subjective a basis
to justify a strike and that the mere fact that a potential juror had testified for the defendant in a
previous sexual assault case did not render her unable to maintain her objectivity in this case. The
trial court overruled Phillips’s objection, finding that the Commonwealth’s reasons for striking each
4 S.B. met with Randolph at 6:00 p.m. on March 7, 2021. 5 The abrasions on S.B.’s knees were unrelated to the rape. -4- juror were gender-neutral and that Phillips failed to show that the Commonwealth’s explanations for
striking the jurors were pretextual.6
At trial S.B. recounted the rape, as recited above. Other witnesses included Detective
Bappert and Sergeant Bowman, the officers who responded to S.B.’s complaint; Longwood
University students A.S., J.H., C.W., and B.W.; and forensic nurse Amy Randolph. The
Commonwealth also called Aimee Stockenstroom,7 a licensed clinical social worker, as an expert
witness on how the brain processes trauma and how people experience trauma. She testified
about the role of certain parts of the brain in relation to trauma. Stockenstroom had never met
S.B. and did not opine on S.B.’s individual experience.
Phillips testified in his own defense. He stated that he did not have any alcohol at the
residence. He explained that he “made up the dumb excuse” in the hopes of allaying any
suspicions the other passengers in the car might have had that he “was cheating on [his]
girlfriend at the time.” He admitted to initiating the kissing with S.B. but testified that she
participated willingly. He further admitted that during the encounter S.B. did voice concern
about not wanting to hurt D.G., Phillips’s girlfriend, but that he dismissed the concern by saying
that “what [D.G.] doesn’t know won’t hurt her.” He agreed he had pushed S.B. onto the bed, but
framed it as a “playful push.” He testified that the sexual intercourse was consensual and S.B.
“never said the word no to [him].”
At the end of the case, Phillips moved to strike and argued that the charge should be
dismissed because S.B.’s testimony was inherently incredible as a matter of law. The trial court
denied the motion to strike, and the jury convicted Phillips of rape. Before sentencing, Phillips
6 The record does not reflect the gender composition of the final jury pool.
The trial court had denied Phillips’s motion in limine to exclude Stockenstroom’s 7
testimony. -5- filed a motion to set aside the verdict. He reiterated several of his earlier objections, and at oral
argument asserted that the verdict should be set aside because the evidence failed to prove that
the rape was accomplished against S.B.’s will by force, threat, or intimidation. The trial court
overruled the motion to set aside and sentenced Phillips to 50 years in prison with 40 years
suspended.
Phillips appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in overruling his Batson motion over
the Commonwealth’s peremptory juror strikes, that the trial court erred in accepting the
testimony of Aimee Stockenstroom, that S.B.’s testimony was “inherently incredible,” and that
the Commonwealth failed to prove that Phillips had sex with S.B. by force, threat, or
intimidation. We address each argument in turn.
ANALYSIS
I. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Phillips’s Batson motion.
“On appellate review, the trial court’s conclusion regarding whether reasons given for the
strikes are [gender]-neutral is entitled to great deference, and that determination will not be
reversed on appeal unless it is clearly erroneous.” Avent v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 175, 196
(2010) (quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 423, 437 (2003)). We have explained the
“sound reasons” for our deference to the trial court, observing that “the determinative question is
whether the ‘[gender]-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge should be believed.’”
Bethea v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 487, 500 (2018) (quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500
U.S. 352, 365 (1991)), aff’d, 297 Va. 730 (2019). “This standard of review logically recognizes
the trial court’s unique opportunity to observe and evaluate ‘the prosecutor’s state of mind based
on demeanor and credibility’ in the context of the case then before the court.” Robertson v.
Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 635, 639 (1994) (quoting Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 365).
-6- Phillips argues that the Commonwealth’s striking of four women from the venire panel
violated Batson and its progeny. “[T]he State’s privilege to strike individual jurors through
peremptory challenges[] is subject to the commands of the Equal Protection Clause.” Batson,
476 U.S. at 89. Thus, a criminal defendant has “the right to be tried by a jury whose members
are selected pursuant to nondiscriminatory criteria.” Id. at 85-86. Batson barred “discrimination
on account of race in selection of the petit jury.” Id. at 88. The Court subsequently extended
Batson to “hold that gender, like race, is an unconstitutional proxy for juror competence and
impartiality.” J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127, 129 (1994).
A Batson challenge proceeds in three sequential steps: the party opposing the strike
“‘must make out a prima face case’ of purposeful discrimination; [then] ‘the “burden shifts to the
State to explain adequately the . . . exclusion” by offering permissible . . . justifications for the
strikes’; and [finally] ‘if a [gender]-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then
decide’” whether the party opposing the strike has proved impermissible gender-based
discrimination. Bethea v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 730, 748 (2019) (quoting Johnson v.
California, 545 U.S. 162, 168 (2005)). See also Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 358-59.
Here, the Commonwealth used peremptory challenges to strike four women from the
venire. Phillips objected that the Commonwealth had “intentionally us[ed] sex as a basis to
discriminate in picking a jury,” arguing that “the inference would be that a woman on a jury might
treat the victim [more] harsh[ly] than a man would.” The Commonwealth argued that its strikes
were not based on sex and provided a gender-neutral reason for each. Phillips accepted the
Commonwealth’s gender-neutral reasons for two of the strikes but persisted in his objection to the
others. The trial court overruled his objection.
For one of the strikes the Commonwealth explained that the potential juror did not pay
attention during voir dire, sat in the back corner of the jury box, reclined in her seat, rested her head
-7- on her hand, raised her hand in response to voir dire questions only after everyone else did, and did
so “flippantly.” Peremptory challenges “traditionally have been viewed as one means of assuring
the selection of a qualified and unbiased jury.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 91. “Competence to serve as a
juror ultimately depends on an assessment of individual qualifications and ability impartially to
consider evidence presented at a trial.” Id. at 87. “Manifestly, disinterested jurors should be
identified and removed whenever possible.” Robertson, 18 Va. App. at 640.8
As to the other strike, the Commonwealth stated that the challenged juror had testified at a
bail hearing on behalf of a defendant in a previous sexual assault case and one of Phillips’s counsel
had represented that defendant. Phillips contests the sufficiency of this justification, pointing out
that the prospective juror never indicated that “she would never believe an alleged victim of sexual
assault,” and arguing that “the mere fact that she testified at a bond hearing on behalf of a defendant
[in a different case] does not inherently create an inference that she would be partial to the
Defendant.” But “the prosecutor’s explanation need not rise to the level justifying exercise of a
challenge for cause” to sustain a peremptory challenge. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97. Rather, it is the
Commonwealth’s burden only to “articulate a neutral explanation related to the particular case to be
tried.” Id. at 98. “A reasonable suspicion about a prospective juror’s impartiality that falls short of
justifying an excusal for cause might well justify the exercise of a peremptory strike.” Floyd v.
State, 525 S.E.2d 683, 686 (Ga. 2000) (quoting Hall v. State, 415 S.E.2d 158, 160 (Ga. 1991)).
The Commonwealth’s proffered reasons for striking the two jurors were valid,
gender-neutral reasons. Thus, the issue—properly framed—is one of the trial court’s assessment
8 Other jurisdictions have taken the same position. See United States v. Barnette, 644 F.3d 192, 206 (4th Cir. 2011) (“A prosecutor is justified in striking jurors that he or she perceives to be inattentive or uninterested.” (quoting United States v. Garrison, 849 F.3d 103, 106 (4th Cir. 1988))); State v. Miller, 162 S.W.3d 7, 16 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005) (“Inattentiveness, demeanor and attitude are proper explanations for exercising a peremptory challenge.”); and United States v. Lorenzo, 995 F.2d. 1448, 1454 (9th Cir. 1993) (“Lack of attentiveness is a neutral, reasonable basis for the use of a peremptory challenge.”). -8- of the credibility of the Commonwealth’s proffer. We “presume[] the good faith of prosecutors”
and have “no reason to believe that prosecutors will not fulfill their duty to exercise their
challenges only for legitimate purposes.” Bethea, 297 Va. at 748 (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 99
n.22). “Batson’s treatment of intent to discriminate [i]s a pure issue of fact.” Id. at 756
(alteration in original) (quoting Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 364). As such, we give “great
deference” to the trial court’s factual finding that the Commonwealth’s gender-neutral reasons
were credible. Id. (quoting Davis v. Ayala, 576 U.S. 257, 271 (2015)). “On appeal, the trial
court’s findings” that the prosecutor did not engage in “purposeful discrimination” will only “be
reversed . . . if they are clearly erroneous.” Buck v. Commonwealth, 247 Va. 449, 451 (1994).
On the record before us, they are not.
II. The trial court did not err in accepting Stockenstroom’s expert testimony.
An appellate court “reviews a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony
under an abuse of discretion standard.” Condo. Servs., Inc. v. First Owner’s Ass’n of Forty Six
Hundred Condo., Inc., 281 Va. 561, 575 (2011). “This Court must give deference to a trial court’s
ruling to exclude or admit expert testimony and that ruling will not be disturbed on appeal unless it
is plainly wrong and amounts to an abuse of discretion.” Id.
“The purpose of expert testimony is to assist the trier of fact in understanding the evidence.
For this reason, expert testimony is admissible only when it concerns matters that are not within the
jury’s ordinary knowledge.” Watson v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 197, 205 (2019). “[E]xpert
testimony concerning matters of common knowledge or matters as to which the jury are as
competent to form an opinion as the witness is inadmissible.” Payne v. Commonwealth, 65
Va. App. 194, 221 (2015) (quoting Coppola v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 243, 252 (1979)).
The trial court recognized Stockenstroom as an expert in how the brain processes trauma
and how people experience trauma. Phillips contends that “Stockenstroom’s testimony about how
-9- people react to and remember traumatic events falls within the common knowledge of the ordinary
person.”9 He argues that Stockenstroom’s testimony merely provided a “more scientific and
elaborate explanation” of what ordinary people already understand—“that people may react in
different ways [to trauma] or [may] remember only vague details” about traumatic events. But
Stockenstroom’s testimony covered more than that. She testified about the role various parts of the
brain play in relation to fear and traumatic events. She explained the function of the amygdala in
the activation of the “fight or flight response.” If fighting or fleeing fails to neutralize the perceived
threat, the amygdala protects the brain and body activating the body’s “freeze” response, and these
responses are involuntary. And, because the amygdala is near the hippocampus—the portion of the
brain responsible for memory formation—when a person experiences trauma the hippocampus is
impaired, impacting the individual’s formation and communication of memories about the event.
We have held that testimony about the functioning of the brain does not invade the province
of the jury. “While it is true that many jurors may have experienced misperceiving something, the
public at large may not be aware that misperception is sometimes the result of a psychological
phenomenon over which to some extent the mind has no control,” and “proffered testimony [to that
9 Expert testimony is admissible “if scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue”; the expert is qualified “by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education”; and “the subject matter is beyond the knowledge and experience of ordinary persons, such that the jury needs expert opinion in order to comprehend the subject matter, form an intelligent opinion, and draw its conclusions.” Va. R. Evid. 2:702. Phillips challenges only the last prong—whether Stockenstroom’s testimony was “beyond the knowledge and experience of ordinary persons” or whether it “impermissibly invaded the province of the jury.” Hussen v. Commonwealth, 257 Va. 93, 98 (1999). - 10 - effect] did not invade the province of the jury.” Farley v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 495, 501-02
(1995).10
Stockenstroom’s testimony about the structure and functioning of the human brain could
have “assist[ed] the trier of fact in understanding” evidence concerning “matters that are not within
the jury’s ordinary knowledge.” Watson, 298 Va. at 205. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in receiving her testimony.
III. The trial court did not err in overruling Phillips’s motion to strike.
“The credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters solely for
the fact finder who has the opportunity to see and hear that evidence as it is presented.” Lambert v.
Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 740, 759 (2019) (quoting Elliott v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 457, 462,
(2009)). “When the law says that it is for the jury to judge of the credibility of a witness, it is not
a matter of degree.” Sidya v. World Telecom Exch. Commc’ns, LLC, 301 Va. 31, 37 (2022)
(quoting Simpson v. Commonwealth, 199 Va. 549, 557 (1957)); Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64
Va. App. 512, 526 (2015) (same). “Thus, this Court must accept ‘the trial court’s determination
of the credibility of witness testimony unless, “as a matter of law, the testimony is inherently
incredible.”’” Lambert, 70 Va. App. at 759 (quoting Nobrega v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 508,
518 (2006)).
“To be ‘incredible,’ testimony ‘must be either so manifestly false that reasonable men
ought not to believe it, or it must be shown to be false by objects or things as to the existence and
10 Other jurisdictions have also allowed expert testimony on how people respond to trauma. See Woods v. State, 401 P.3d 962, 970 (Wyo. 2017) (holding that expert testimony is permissible where it may “assist[] the jury in understanding some peculiar aspect of the victim’s behavior” and does not “involve a comment on the credibility or truthfulness of the victim”); State v. Weaverling, 523 S.E.2d 787, 794 (S.C. Ct. App. 1999) (“Expert testimony concerning common behavioral characteristics of sexual assault victims and the range of responses to sexual assault encountered by experts is admissible” because it is “relevant and helpful in explaining to the jury the typical behavior patterns of adolescent victims of sexual assault.”). - 11 - meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.’” Id. (quoting Juniper v. Commonwealth,
271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)). Phillips asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to strike
and asks us to find S.B.’s testimony “incredible and unworthy of belief as a matter of law.” In
support of this characterization, he points to certain inconsistencies in S.B.’s statements after the
attack, including her initial self-reproach about the incident and her failure to object when Phillips
accompanied her into the house where the rape occurred. He also points to gaps in S.B.’s memory
about events leading up to the attack, her initial reticence in reporting the incident, her
communications with Phillips afterward, and various relationships which Phillips contends gave
S.B. a “motive to lie.” Finally, Phillips cites S.B.’s lack of physical resistance to his advances or to
his initiation of sex. But “[t]he Commonwealth need not demonstrate that the complaining witness
cried out or physically resisted the accused in order to convict the accused of [rape]”; rather, “the
absence of such resistance may be considered when relevant to show that the act alleged was not
against the will of the complaining witness.” Code § 18.2-67.6. See Farish v. Commonwealth, 2
Va. App. 627, 632 (1986) (“The Commonwealth still must prove that the assault was against the
victim’s will. The statute merely allows the defendant to use lack of resistance to buttress his
consent defense.”).
Phillips contrasts these purported faults with S.B.s testimony with his own, arguing that
he “testified in detail as to the consensual nature of that night’s encounter, and his testimony was
coherent, logical, and most importantly, was not impeached to any degree.” On appeal of a
criminal conviction, however, “we consider the evidence presented at trial in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth,” “discard[ing] the evidence of the accused in conflict with that
of the Commonwealth, and regard[ing] as true all the credible evidence favorable to the
Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Flannagan v. Commonwealth,
75 Va. App. 349, 351-52 (2022) (quoting Vay v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 236, 242 (2017)).
- 12 - “The mere fact that a witness may have delayed in reporting knowledge of a case . . . during
the investigation of a crime does not necessarily render the testimony unworthy of belief.” Juniper,
271 Va. at 415. Nor does the “mere fact that a witness’ testimony may have been impeached . . .
necessarily render the testimony inherently incredible.” Ray v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 291,
306 (2022). Rather, those matters fall within the general credibility determination, which is a matter
“solely for the fact finder.” Lambert, 70 Va. App. at 759 (quoting Elliott, 277 Va. at 462). See also
Juniper, 271 Va. at 415.
S.B. explained the circumstances Phillips highlights here. The jury, which had the
opportunity to view both S.B. and Phillips while each testified, credited S.B.’s version. Moreover,
other circumstantial evidence corroborated her version. The forensic nurse examiner noted an
injury to S.B.’s cervix, which the nurse opined was caused by blunt force trauma. The record also
demonstrates that S.B. reported the rape to the police on the same day that it happened.
Given the foregoing, we cannot conclude on this record that S.B.’s testimony is “inherently
incredible” as a matter of law or that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling Phillips’s
motion to strike.
IV. The trial court did not err in overruling Phillips’s motion to set aside the verdict.
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is
presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to
support it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original)
(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does
not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204,
228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v.
- 13 - Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193
(2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted
to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by
the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v.
Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).
“The elements of rape . . . consist of engaging in sexual intercourse with the victim, against
her will, by force, threat, or intimidation.” Commonwealth v. Minor, 267 Va. 166, 173 (2004)
(alteration in original) (quoting Clifton v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 178, 184 (1996)). Phillips
asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to set aside the verdict because the
Commonwealth failed to carry its burden to prove each of those elements.
To gain a conviction for rape, the Commonwealth must prove that sexual intercourse was
carried out by “force, threat or intimidation.” Code § 18.2-61(A) (emphasis added). “The fact that
the statute . . . use[s] the disjunctive ‘or’ is significant. Consistent with rules of English usage and
grammar, we have ‘previously explained that phrases separated by a disjunctive are independent
alternative choices.’” Massie v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 309, 325 (2022) (quoting Berry v.
Barnes, 72 Va. App. 281, 292 (2020), aff’d, 300 Va. 188 (2021)).11 The Commonwealth alleged
the presence of two of the three statutory factors: force and intimidation. Phillips asserts that he
“did not intimidate the victim in a way that overbore her will to not have sex with him,” reasoning
that “there is no evidence that he possessed a weapon,” that he “yelled at the victim,” that he “had
an angry demeanor,” or that he “use[d] psychological pressure to persuade her to have sex with
him.” He further argues that “the only evidence suggesting the victim’s will was overborne by force
was that [he] pushed the victim onto the bed and that he removed her underwear,” but that this was
11 See also Antonin Scalia and Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 116 (2012). - 14 - “merely the force necessary to . . . have sex with her and was not an additional amount of force
necessary to overcome her will.”
Our cases have held that “[f]orce generally requires proof of more than ‘merely the force
required to accomplish . . . the statutorily defined criminal acts.’” Bondi v. Commonwealth, 70
Va. App. 79, 88 (2019) (alterations in original) (quoting Sabol v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 9, 16
(2001)). But the force arrayed to overcome the victim’s will need not be overt; the statutory
element is satisfied where the attacker relies on constructive force. See Nelson v. Commonwealth,
73 Va. App. 617, 625 (2021) (“force . . . includes constructive force, [and] applies across all species
of sexual offenses that require proof of force”). Circumstances relevant to a finding of force include
“the victim’s relationship to the defendant . . . and the victim’s fear during and after the crime.”
Bondi, 70 Va. App. at 89. “A factfinder may [also] consider ‘. . . the relative size of the defendant
and victim . . . and the vulnerable position of the victim’ in evaluating whether an act was
accomplished by intimidation.” Id. at 90 (quoting Commonwealth v. Bower, 264 Va. 41, 46
(2002)).
The record evidence permitted the jury to find that Phillips initiated physical contact with
S.B. by kissing her without any invitation, and continued his unwanted advances despite S.B.’s
attempts to dissuade him by repeatedly invoking his girlfriend’s name. Phillips then followed S.B.
into the bedroom where he pushed her onto the bed, positioned himself and her in such a way as to
prevent her from moving, removed her underwear, and initiated intercourse over her repeated
objections. The record also shows that while S.B. and Phillips were acquainted, they were not
friends, and she was intimidated by both by his size and his prior conduct in pinning her against a
wall until another fraternity member extricated her from his control. S.B. described her fear of
Phillips throughout the rape. We agree with the trial court that these facts satisfy the element of
“force, threat or intimidation” necessary to sustain a conviction for rape.
- 15 - Urging the opposite conclusion, Phillips cites Sabol, pointing out that in that case we
reversed a conviction for rape where “no evidence of force was presented,” the victim “walked to
the bedroom by herself and undressed herself,” the defendant “touched [the victim] only enough to
commit the sexual intercourse,” and the Commonwealth failed “to prove appellant used either a
threat or intimidation to overcome the victim’s will.” 37 Va. App. at 17 (emphasis added).
Phillips’s reliance on Sabol is misplaced. Although we reversed one of Sabol’s two convictions, we
affirmed the other on facts similar to those present here. Id. at 13, 21. The victim testified that
Sabol “kind of push[ed] [her] towards the bedroom,” ignoring her comments that “she ‘hated’ him.”
Id. at 14, 17 (second alteration in original). Once in the bedroom, Sabol “got ‘on top of [her]’” and
initiated intercourse, while she “held her arms in a way that minimized her physical contact with
appellant and told him that she ‘hated him and [she] hated [him] doing it.’” Id. at 14 (alterations in
original). On appeal, we held that “[t]his evidence support[ed] a finding that appellant used force to
overcome the victim’s will.” Id. at 17. Those facts are comparable to the instant case. Here, S.B.
made her displeasure at Phillips’s advances known as he kissed her and followed her into the
bedroom. Despite her repeated invocations of his girlfriend’s name, Phillips pushed S.B. onto the
bed, ignored her repeated protestations, removed her underwear, and engaged in unwanted sexual
intercourse.
Given these factors, “[w]e cannot say [on this record] that the ‘jury’s verdict’” finding that
Phillips overcame S.B.’s will by force and intimidation “is plainly wrong or without evidence to
support it.” Id. at 17 (quoting Ashby v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 540, 548 (2000)).
CONCLUSION
The record before us establishes that the trial court’s finding that the Commonwealth did not
use its peremptory strikes in a discriminatory manner was not clearly erroneous and that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the expert’s testimony. The record further establishes
- 16 - that the verdict of the jury is supported by evidence and was not clearly erroneous. For these
reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
- 17 -