Mr. Justice McComas
delivered the opinion of the Court':
Of the assignments of error it is necessary for us to consider seven, and these really involve but three questions which will be considered in order, for these embrace the material objections urged by defendant’s counsel to this indictment, presented by the counsel for John A. Benson and by the counsel for Frederick A. Hyde.
1. This indictment is said to be fatally defective in that it improperly joins and unites 42 different and independent charges of conspiracy to the great prejudice of defendants.
Each count of the indictment, it is true, alleges the formation of a conspiracy to defraud the United States out of public land by a fraudulent practice. The second and each subsequent count refers to the first count for the precise description of this alleged fraudulent practice, and each count lays a separate date, and separate counts lay a different date of the formation of the conspiracy. Each of the forty-two counts purports to charge an independent and separate conspiracy. It is true that the indictment shows that of the tracts of the public land alleged to have been selected in the first 34 counts 31 were selected in the names of one of two persons, Frederick A. Hyde and O. W. Clark, and this circumstance suggests that the pleader has only varied the form and substantially relies upon one conspiracy, while the means and methods of the alleged fraudulent conspiracy fully set out in the first count indicates that it may be found at the trial the defendants are called [372]*372upon to defend themselves against one and the same conspiracy. The indictment itself on these demurrers should be here considered as if each count alleged a distinct conspiracy entered into by the same persons in the same manner and by the same means with the same object, namely, to defraud the United States out of public land. We think the argument urged before us that it would be a great hardship upon the defendants to be called upon to answer to 42 conspiracies is an argument which the trial court below should and would weigh carefully. It is within the power of that court, if advised that the government prosecutes as for one conspiracy, to compel the government to elect upon which counts it will go to trial. “The application for a prosecutor to elect is an application to the discretion of the judge, founded on the supposition that the case extends to more than one charge, and may therefore be likely to embarrass the prisoner in his defense.” Reg. v. Trueman, 8 Car. & P. 727; Pointer v. United States, 151 U. S. 396, 402, 38 L. ed. 208, 211, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410.
We are here reviewing the judgment of the learned court below overruling the demurrers to all counts of this indictment. Section 1024, Rev. Stat. (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 720), sanctions an indictment in this form, and provides that where there are several charges against any person for the same act or transaction, or for two or more acts or transactions connected together, or for two or more acts of the same class of crimes or offenses which may be properly joined, instead of having several indictments the whole may be joined in one indictment in separate counts. That section does not limit the discretion of the pleader or grand jury to any number of counts. It is not for us here to require the government to elect; it may or may not be the duty of the trial court to so require. This objection, in this instance, is not ground whereon we should sustain these demurrers. In Benson v. United States, ante, 331, this court said: “The Supreme Court has repeatedly sanctioned the joinder of offenses where the different acts or transactions were not so clearly of the same class of offenses as are those joined in the different counts of this indictment.”
[373]*373“In Pointer v. United States, 151 U. S. 396, 403, 38 L. ed. 208, 212, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410, the court sustained an indictment containing two counts charging the defendant with committing two murders. The court quotes Archbold, who says that in cases of felony the judge may require the prosecutor to select one, and this is technically termed putting the prosecutor to his election. Archbold (Crim. Pr. & Pl. 8th ed. chap. 3, p. 95) adds: “But this practice has never been extended to misdemeanors.” The court proceeds to say: “While recognizing as fundamental the principle that the court must not permit the defendant to be embarrassed in his defense by a multiplicity of charges embraced in one indictment and to be tried by one jury, and while conceding that regularly or usually an indictment' should not include more than one felony, the authorities concur in holding that a joinder in one indictment, in separate counts, of different felonies, at least of the same class or grade, and subject to the same punishment, is not necessarily fatal to the indictment upon demurrer, or upon motion to quash, or on motion in arrest of judgment, and does not, in every case, by reason alone of such joinder, make it the duty of the court, upon motion of the accused, to compel the prosecutor to elect upon what one of the charges he will go to trial. The court is invested with such discretion as enables it to do justice between the government and the accused. If it be discovered at any time during a trial that the substantial rights of the accused may be prejudiced by a submission to the same jury of more than one distinct charge of felony among two or more of the same class, the court, according to the established principles of criminal law, can compel an election by the prosecutor. That discretion has not been taken away by section 1024 of the Revised Statutes. On the contrary, that section is consistent with the settled rule that the court, in its discretion, may compel an election when it appears from the indictment, or from the evidence, that the prisoner may be embarrassed in his defense, if that course be not pursued.” Ingraham v. United States, 155 U. S. 434, 436, 39 L. ed. 213, 214, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148; Williams v. United States, 168 U. S. 382, 390, 42 L. ed. 509, 512, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 92.
[374]*374In a similar case it is said: “It would seem from the case that in this instance the several charges are for the same transaction, or for transactions connected together. They appeared to have occurred at the same time, and were proved by the same witnesses. But, if not, the offenses are similar in character, the challenges are the same, and the punishments alike in kind, differing only in degree, and they are, therefore, of ‘the same class of crimes’ within the meaning, of section 1024. Whether the joinder was calculated to embarrass the prisoner, and, therefore, the offenses not ‘properly joined’ within the meaning of the statute, was a question to be determined by the judge in his discretion, on a motion to quash or to compel an election. (Com. v. Birdsall, 69 Pa. 482, 8 Am. Rep. 283)” United, States v. Bennett, 17 Blatchf. 362, Fed. Cas. No. 14,-572. A pertinent and instructive case is United States v. Howell, 65 Fed. 402. The court properly overruled the demurrers to the joinder of the counts in this indictment. We do not doubt that, should the defendants be too much embarrassed by them, the defendants may safely prefer their request at the trial of this cause. “Whether such a request should be granted depends upon the special circumstances of the case, and rests in the sound discretion of the trial court.” Lorenz v. United States, 24 App. D. C. 367.
2. Defendants’ counsel contend that “each count of the indictment is fatally vague, uncertain, and indefinite, in that it does not contain such a statement of the charge intended to be made against the defendants as will enable them, to prepare their defense or to plead an acquittal or conviction as a bar to subsequent prosecution, or enable the court to decide whether the facts alleged are sufficient to support a conviction.”
There is no question that the indictment attempts to charge a conspiracy to defraud the United States. In Hyde v. Shine, 199 U. S. 62, 83, 50 L. ed. 90, 97, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 760, the court says of this pleading: “The indictment under section 5440 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 3676) charges a conspiracy to defraud the United States out of the possession, use of, and title thereto, of divers large tracts of public lands; and, if the title to these lands were obtained by fraudulent practices and [375]*375in pursuance of a fraudulent design, it is none the less within the statute, though the United States might succeed in defeating a recovery of the State lands by setting up the rights of a bona fide purchaser. Under the circumstances, it cannot be doubted that the United States might maintain a bill to cancel the patents to the exchanged lands procured by these fraudulent means, notwithstanding its title to the forest-reserve lands might be good.”
Defendants’ counsel contend that each count of the indictment is fatally defective in that it fails to specify and describe the tracts of land to which the alleged conspiracy relates. If this be true, it must follow that criminal pleading, which may be readily adapted to ordinary cases is powerless to serve the ends of justice, and to permit the framing of an indictment for a gigantic conspiracy such as is sought to be charged in this indictment. The indictment must specify with certainty — that is, certainty to a certain intent in general — the conspiracy, because the accused must be advised of the essential particulars of the charge against them, and the court must be able to decide whether the scheme is stated with such particularity that the facts alleged are sufficient to support a conviction. It is true, also, that, if the indictment insufficiently charges the conspiracy, averment of overt acts done in furtherance of the objects of the conspiracy, and the description of a tract of land as part of the overt act, cannot cure the insufficiency of the indictment in the charge of conspiracy. Defendants’ counsel rely upon a number of cases wherein the conspiracy was to. defraud the United States out of specified tracts of public land. When examined, these cases will show that it was the object of the conspiracy charged to procure the particular land and none other.
In United States v. Reichert, 32 Fed. 147, the conspiracy to defraud the United States out of public lands contained some description, but the lands were described by initial letters of locality and points of the compass, and Justice Field held that indictments should use common words so that one of ordinary intelligence could understand the meaning, and abbreviations, and-initials; as, for instance, S. B. M., supposed to denote San Bernado Meridian, was language in the reading of the indict[376]*376ment in the hearing of the accused he could not be expected to understand. The description attempted was bad, but it does not follow that the absence of any description in a case where description of land is impossible, because of the wide range of the conspiracy, is bad because of the case cited.
In each of these counts it is alleged that the defendants with other persons conspired to defraud the United States out of the title to divers large tracts of the public lands open and to be open to selection in lieu of lands included within forest reserves established and to be established in California and Oregon, in pursuance and by means of a false and fraudulent practice whereby Hyde and Benson were to obtain from California and Oregon school lands in such forest reserves, and exchange such school lands for the public lands of the United States. Nowhere in the indictment does it appear that the conspiracy was to secure particular school lands found in forest reserves, and then exchange these for particular lands in the minds of the conspirators. In each count it appears by the over acts that, in pursuance of the conspiracy, the defendants selected certain public lands to be exchanged for certain school lands. It does not appear that such lands were in their minds when they conspired. If the defendants’ objection be held good, we must, in effect, hold that the extensive conspiracy charged against these defendants by its dimensions rescues them from punishment designed by this statute, if they are guilty. It is fortunate for the ends of justice in such cases that, “in stating the object of the conspiracy, the same certainty and strictness are not required as in the indictment for the offense conspired to be committed. Certainty to a common intent sufficient to identify the offense which the defendants conspired to commit, is all that is required. When the allegation in the indictment advises the defendants fairly what act is charged as the crime which was agreed to be committed, the chief purpose of pleading is obtained. Enough is then set forth to apprise the defendants so that they may make a defense.” United States v. Stevens, 44 Red. 132, 141.
The pleader who framed this indictment fully stated the conspiracy as he understood it to exist, and has sufficiently alleged [377]*377that the scheme was broad enough to include the purpose of the defendants to fraudulently obtain title to any public lands of the United States open and to be open to selection in lieu of school lands of California and Oregon within forest reserves. If we must hold the indictment bad because the conspiracy was as broad as stated, we must admit that the law is inadequate to compass the indictment and punishment of a conspiracy so extensive; that the law is adequate to punish a conspiracy to fraudulently acquire one parcel of public land and inadequate to punish a conspiracy to acquire a very large number of tracts of public lands, so numerous that the conspirators themselves had not yet in mind the lands to be selected by the conspirators.
The Supreme Court has stated the true rule for the pleading of such a conspiracy as the one described in the indictment before us. The court says: “The only other matter to which our consideration is directed is as to the sufficiency of the indictment. It is objected, in the first place, that there is no specification of the particular tract or tracts of which the defendant» conspired to defraud the United States. There is nothing more definite than this, large tracts of land in the county of Kolette, State of North Dakota, such lands being public lands of the United States, open to entry under the homestead laws at the local land office of the United States at Devil’s Lake city in said State. It is true no tract is named by number of section, township, and range, and the language is broad enough to include any or all the public lands of the United States situate within that county, and subject to homestead entry at that land office. But manifestly the description in the indictment does not need to be any more definite and precise thcCn the proof of the crime. In other words, if certain facts make out the crime, it is sufficient to charge those facts, and it is obviously unnecessary to state that which is not essential. Can it be doubted that, if these defendants entered into a conspiracy to defraud the United States of public lands, subject to homestead entry at the given office in the named county, the crime of conspiracy was complete, even if no particular tract or tracts were selected by the conspirators ? It is enough that their purpose and their [378]*378conspiracy had in view the acquiring of some of those lands, and it is not essential to the crime that, in the minds of the conspirators, the precise lands had already been identified.” Dealy v. United States, 152 U. S. 539, 543, 38 L. ed. 545, 546, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 680.
And so in the indictment we are considering, where certain facts make out the crime, it is sufficient to charge those facts; and when, as here alleged, these defendants entered into a conspiracy to defraud the United States of public lands, the crime was complete, even when no particular tracts were selected by the conspirators. It was enough that their conspiracy had in view the acquiring of some of those lands, and we hold it is not essential to the crime that, in the minds of the conspirators the precise lands had already been identified. It is true that in Dealy’s Case, where the court was speaking of public lands in the indictment there considered, the allegation was that the defendant conspired to defraud the United States of the possession of large tracts of lands in Rolette county in North Dakota. Obviously, there is no geographical limitation to the court's statement that it is not essential to the crime that the conspirators have already identified the lands in their minds. The requisite is that the description of the conspiracy in the indictment need not be any more definite and precise than the proof of the crime,-and it is only necessary to charge the facts which constitute the crime. Each count in this indictment charges that the defendants conspired to defraud the United States out of divers large tracts of the public lands; that is to say, “some of the tracts of the public lands.” “Divers large tracts” means, in our opinion, some large tracts. They conspired to defraud the United States out of the title to public lands open and to be open to selection. It is clear in respect of the lands to be open, the conspirators could not have had in mind definite tracts capable of specific description by the pleader in charging this conspiracy. Therefore, we think if, upon trial, the proof should be that the defendants conspired to defraud the United-States of certain definite tracts of land, that these were agreed upon and well understood, and that the object of the conspiracy was to defraud the government of certain particular lands and [379]*379none other, the several counts of this indictment do not describe such a conspiracy, and upon such proof there would be a variance. If the proof, however, should be that the conspiracy was of the general character the indictment describes, and that, in pursuance of it, the school lands were to be exchanged “for public lands to be selected,” and that “in pursuance of the said unlawful conspiracy,” and “in pursuance of the said fraudulent practice, certain tracts described in the first count,” for instance, were selected in the name of Crawford W. Clark, wo think there would be no variance. As in the case last cited, each count in the indictment here is in form, a distinct charge of a separate offense, and hence a verdict of guilty or not guilty as to it is not responsive to the charge in any other count, and a verdict of not guilty as to any one of the counts in this indictment is not necessarily a finding against any conspiracy, but only that the conspiracy and the overt act therein stated did not both exist, while a verdict of guilty upon any other count finds both the conspiracy and the overt act named therein. Upon conviction hereunder, the indictment as a whole would make a clear record of the offense for which the conviction was had, and prove ample protection to defendants from other prosecutions for the particular offenses for which he had been convicted. It is not important that the conspiracy is averred to have been entered into more than two months after Benson and Hyde had engaged in the business, before the defendants, including Hyde and Benson, with others conspired as alleged.
We do not think the indictment too vague and uncertain in its allegations as to the means to be used to effect the alleged fraud. School lands were to be obtained fraudulently from California and Oregon by and on behalf of Hyde and Benson, in the names of -fictitious persons upon applications to purchase, to be filed in the names of such fictitious persons, and upon assignments of certificates of purchase to be issued upon applications to purchase, to be filed in the names of real persons not qualified to purchase; and such school lands were to be relinquished, transferred, and conveyed by means of false and forged relinquishments, assignments, and conveyances, to the United [380]*380States, either directly in the names of such fictitious persons, or indirectly either through the said Hyde, or through divers agents and attorneys of Hyde and Benson, to real persons, in exchange for public lands to be selected, and for titles thereto by patent to be obtained, by and on behalf of Hyde and Benson in the names of such fictitious or real persons; and school lands were to be obtained fraudulently from said States by and on behalf of Hyde and Benson in the names of real persons upon assignments of certificates of purchase to be issued upon applications to purchase to be filed in the names of fictitious persons, and upon assignments of certificates of purchase to be issued upon applications to purchase to be filed in the names of real persons not qualified to purchase, and upon applications to purchase to be filed in the names of real persons not qualified to purchase, where there were to be no assignments of the certificates of purchase, and such school lands were to be relinquished, transferred, and conveyed to the United States, either directly, or indirectly through the said Hyde, or through the said agents and attorneys of Hyde and Benson, in exchange for public lands to be selected, and for titles thereto by patent to be obtained, by and on behalf of Hyde and Benson, in the names of real persons.
Further, the defendants were, by bribery, to induce Harlan and Valk to aid defendants to hasten the approval of their fraudulent selections in advance of their regular order, and tc inform defendants respecting any investigation of their said fraudulent practice, and, by like means, to induce forest-reserve officials to aid defendants to secure the establishment oí new forest reserves and the extension or reduction of forest re serves already established.
It should be noted that in Dealy v. United States, supra, in alleging fraudulent means for acquiring public lands, the conspiracy charged embraced both false or feigned entries and fictitious entries. It is complained here that the defendants cannol know which lands were obtained in the names of fictitious persons, which in the names of real persons, and persons not qualified to purchase. We observe, in the Dealy Case, where the court held the indictment good, there was no averment as [381]*381to what lands were to be included among the false or feigned entries, or what lands in the fictitious entries. We cannot see how the defendants in this case can be prejudiced thereby. Each count names the person in whose name the land selected was to be acquired, and thereby the United States was defrauded. A careful reading of all the counts shows that in the first 34 counts the land selected by and in the name of a person in lieu of certain school lands, and such person in 16 counts is Hyde or Hyde & Company, and in 15 counts is C. W. Clark; in 1 count the person who selected the land is Isaac Liebes; in 1 count, Elizabeth Dimond, and in the 1 remaining count, A. S. Baldwin. This circumstance lessens considerably the burden of defense.
After a careful consideration of this indictment, we concur with the learned court below that it is not fatally defective because of the objections we have last considered.
3. Finally it is said that “each count of the indictment subsequent to the first count is fatally defective, in that it contains no allegations of the particulars of the alleged conspiracy, and does not contain sufficient words of reference to incorporate the allegations of the first count.”
In the case of Benson v. United States, ante, 331, this court has very recently said concerning an indictment with the feature here objected to: “The references in both these counts to the circumstances and conditions set forth in the first count, referred to, to avoid unnecessary repetition, in our opinion, is sanctioned by the decision of this court in Lorenz v. United, States, 24 App. D. C. 363. See Blitz v. United States, 153 U. S. 308, 316, 38 L. ed. 725, 728, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 924; Crain v. United States, 162 U. S. 625, 40 L. ed. 1097, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 952.” We need not repeat here, but we refer to the further discussion of this point in that case.
The references in the counts 2 to 34, inclusive, to the conspiracy and fraudulent scheme set out in the first count are unusually specific. It is charged that the conspiracy was entered into “under circumstances and conditions set forth in the said first count;” that defendants conspired to defraud the United States out of the title to public lands “by obtaining from the said United States, by means of the false and fraudulent practice [382]*382described in the said first count,” and appropriating such title for their benefit “as in the said first count set forth,” and “that, in pursuance of the said unlawful conspiracy,” and “to effect the object of the same,” the alleged overt act was done; that the described public lands were selected by defendants “in pursuance of the same fraudulent practice and in the manner and by the means in the said first count set forth.”
If we have correctly concluded that the conspiracy is definitely and clearly set forth in the first count, it will be conceded that, if the same matter setting forth such conspiracy were repeated in the second count, such second count would be good. How, then, can the defendant be prejudiced ? Mr. Bishop says: “The reference must be so full and distinct as, in effect, to incorporate the matter going before with that in the count wherein it is made.” 1 Bishop, New Crim. Proc. sec. 431; Benson v. United States, supra.
What prejudice comes to the defendants if the reference be sufficiently full to incorporate the matter going before with that in the count to which reference is made, and if reference be so clear and distinct that the defendant cannot mistake that which has been read into the second count, assuming that the conspiracy and fraudulent practice has been properly set out in the first court? The objection of the defendant here is that the second count should be complete in itself, and should not refer to the other count in aid of its averment. Surely this objection is an objection to form. Essentially it is that the language in which the conspiracy and fraudulent practice are set out in the first count should be repeated in the 33 succeeding counts. If it would be good in that form, why is it not good when incorporated by clear and distinct reference so that the defendants could not possibly mistake the matter transferred bodily to the second and succeeding counts. And as was said in United States v. Jolly, 31 Red. 108, 111: “Our Revised Statutes, sec. 1025 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 720), forbid us to quash the indictment for that defect of form, as I think this clearly is; and we must therefore amend it by overlooking the defect, and reading the averments as if the words of the first count referred to as describing the warrant were inserted in this [383]*383second count itself. It is not a technical amendment, but amounts to the same thing.” Wright v. United States, 48 C. C. A. 37, 108 Fed. 811; Peters v. United States, 36 C. C. A. 105, 94 Fed. 127, 132. In this court such objection has not availed upon demurrer. Lorenz v. United States, 24 App. D. C. 362. In this last case decided by this court, the reference to the first count held sufficient was even less specific, clear, and full than in the subsequent counts of the indictment we are here considering. See United States v. Peters, 87 Fed. 987.
What we before said disposes of all the counts save the last five. What we' have said in discussing the third main objection to this indictment disposes, in our opinion, of the objection made to the last five counts charging bribery of Harlan and Yalk. It is charged that Benson, one of the defendants, paid money “to the said Woodford D. Harlan mentioned in the said first count,” and “to the said William E. Yalk mentioned in the said first count.” We hold that the reference in each count to the fraudulent practice, the scheme, the conspiracy, set forth in the first count are so full, explicit, and unambiguous as to leave no doubt that the allegations of such conspiracy, and nothing more or different, is intended to be incorporated in each of the counts subsequent to the first, that we believe it is plain that the said Harlan and Yalk mentioned in the last five counts, are necessarily by the incorporated allegations the same Harlan and Yalk described in said first count as employees of the General Land Office in the official relation to the exchange of school lands for public lands of the Hnited States there alleged ; therefore we hold these five counts are good.
Many embarrassments which defendants’ counsel suggest are likely to happen to these defendants, upon the trial may be obviated by a bill of particulars. The conspiracy alleged in the indictment is so extensive that the trial court may determine, in its discretion, that the defendants should have more adequate notice, and, if so, the trial court has power to require the government to furnish the defendants with a bill of particulars of the evidence intended to be relied on. It is not the office of the indictment to set out the evidence.
For the reasons we have assigned, the interlocutory judgment [384]*384of the court below overruling the demurrers and requiring the defendants to plead must be affirmed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings according to law, and it is so ordered.
Affirmed.