Mr. Justice Craig
delivered the opinion of the Court:
During the trial, exceptions were taken to the ruling of 4he court on various questions raised and decided; hut in the view we take of the record, many of the questions become unimportant, and in the decision of the case we shall confine ourselves to the consideration of such matters as we regard of controlling importance.
The ordinance passed by the city council is the foundation of this proceeding. Section 1 of the ordinance provides that South Canal street shall be extended from the southerly line of Lumber street to the northerly line of Archer avenue, “in accordance with the plan hereto annexed. ” By this last clause of the ordinance the plan mentioned must be regarded as a part thereof. Upon an examination of the plan annexed to the ordinance, it will be found that the extension of Canal street from Lumber street to Archer avenue requires the proposed street to cross a navigable stream—the Chicago river. From an inspection of the plan, and from the language of the ordinance itself, it is apparent that the improvement authorized by the ordinance was one extending over and across the Chicago river, as it would be impossible to extend the street from the one point indicated, to the other, without crossing the river. It will, however, be observed, that in the ordinance no provision whatever was made for crossing the river. Whether the crossing should be by bridge, by boat, or by some other means, the ordinance is silent.
As has been seen, this proceeding was instituted to assess benefits to land owners along the line of the proposed improvement, for the purpose of paying for the land condemned which was taken for the street sought to be opened, and the main question presented by the record is, whether the theory upon which the case was tried and the benefits were assessed to property owners was correct or incorrect. The commissioners who were appointed to assess benefits to property owners made the assessment on the theory that a bridge would be constructed by the city across the river, and all the witnesses called by the city to sustain the assessment predicated their judgments of benefits to property upon the hypothesis that a bridge would be constructed across the river, as shown by their evidence. F. C. Yierling says “that the benefits that I have ¡ testified to here, all depend upon the erection of a bridge.” 23. C. Huling: “I base the benefits largely from the fact that a bridge would be built.” John Wain bases his idea of benefits on the expectation of the street being opened all the way by a bridge. E. A. Cummings states that his testimony is based on the expectation that a bridge will be built across the river. John C. McCord states that in order to make the bene1 fit appreciable there will have to be a bridge. William Kaspar says: “A bridge is necessary to this improvement. If there is no bridge there will be no benefit.” The witnesses called by the objectors agree with those introduced on behalf of the city, that the improvement made by the proposed extension of the street will be of no benefit to the land owners assessed unless a bridge should be constructed across the river. Indeed, upon this point there was no substantial conflict or disagreement in the evidence. Not only in the admission of evidence, but in' the instructions, the theory seemed to be adopted that the erection of a bridge in the future might be considered in estimating benefits.
Among other instructions, the appellants asked the court to give the following:
“The jury are instructed, that in estimating the benefits that may accrue to the premises of the objectors, or any of their premises, by the proposed improvement, they should limit such estimates of benefits to such benefits as are derived from the improvement described in the ordinance, and they are not at liberty to speculate as to the benefits that may in the future be conferred upon any of said premises by any other public improvement that may be constructed.”
The court, however, refused to give the instruction as asked, but modified it by striking out all after the word “ordinance, ” in the fifth line. The court also refused the following instruction:
“The jury are instructed, that benefits by the proposed improvement can not be predicated upon the uncertainties of the future action of the city council in providing for the construction and building of a bridge at Canal street, but the benefits in this case must flow directly from the improvement proposed, without reference to such action of the city council in reference to the construction of said bridge.”
Also the following was refused:
“If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the premises of the objectors will not be benefited by the proposed improvement unless a bridge should be constructed upon the line of such improvement across the South Branch of the Chicago, river at Canal street, then their verdict in this case should be for the objectors.”
Other instructions of a similar character were refused. Indeed, it is apparent, from the record, that the .case was presented to the jury, by the admission of evidence and in the instructions, upon the theory, that although the ordinance made no provision for a bridge across Chicago river, yet the fact that at some future time a bridge might be erected, might be taken into consideration in' estimating the benefits which would be received by the land owners by the proposed improvement, and if this theory was erroneous, the judgment will have to be reversed.
It is said, however, in the argument of counsel for the city, that the probable and natural consequences of an improvement ordered may be, and almost uniformly are, taken into consideration in determining the effect of the improvement on the values of private property. We find no fault with this position. Whatever may be the effect on the market value of property, if the act ordered to be done is a proper subject for consideration, all natural and probable results to flow from the improvement ordered may properly be considered in estimating benefits. But the trouble here is, no bridge has ever been ordered. The improvement ordered is the extension of a street, without any provision whatever being made for the erection of a bridge; and if it may be anticipated that at some future time a bridge will be erected by the city, and thus benefits flow to property owners, upon the same principle you may anticipate that some other improvement may be made on the line of the street which will also be of benefit to property owners, and assess that anticipated benefit against their property. We do not think the future action of the city of Chicago in ■ordering additional improvements can be regarded either as a probable or natural consequence to flow from the improvement ordered in this case. The ordinance here provides for the extension of a street. The extension requires the taking of land, and the benefits to be assessed must be confined to the improvement ordered. Section 24, of article 9, makes it the duty of the commissioners, in making the assessment, to apportion and assess the amount found to be of benefit to the property, upon the several lots, blocks and tracts of land, in the proportion in which they will be severally benefited by such improvement, provided no lot or tract shall be assessed a greater amount than it will be actually benefited.
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Mr. Justice Craig
delivered the opinion of the Court:
During the trial, exceptions were taken to the ruling of 4he court on various questions raised and decided; hut in the view we take of the record, many of the questions become unimportant, and in the decision of the case we shall confine ourselves to the consideration of such matters as we regard of controlling importance.
The ordinance passed by the city council is the foundation of this proceeding. Section 1 of the ordinance provides that South Canal street shall be extended from the southerly line of Lumber street to the northerly line of Archer avenue, “in accordance with the plan hereto annexed. ” By this last clause of the ordinance the plan mentioned must be regarded as a part thereof. Upon an examination of the plan annexed to the ordinance, it will be found that the extension of Canal street from Lumber street to Archer avenue requires the proposed street to cross a navigable stream—the Chicago river. From an inspection of the plan, and from the language of the ordinance itself, it is apparent that the improvement authorized by the ordinance was one extending over and across the Chicago river, as it would be impossible to extend the street from the one point indicated, to the other, without crossing the river. It will, however, be observed, that in the ordinance no provision whatever was made for crossing the river. Whether the crossing should be by bridge, by boat, or by some other means, the ordinance is silent.
As has been seen, this proceeding was instituted to assess benefits to land owners along the line of the proposed improvement, for the purpose of paying for the land condemned which was taken for the street sought to be opened, and the main question presented by the record is, whether the theory upon which the case was tried and the benefits were assessed to property owners was correct or incorrect. The commissioners who were appointed to assess benefits to property owners made the assessment on the theory that a bridge would be constructed by the city across the river, and all the witnesses called by the city to sustain the assessment predicated their judgments of benefits to property upon the hypothesis that a bridge would be constructed across the river, as shown by their evidence. F. C. Yierling says “that the benefits that I have ¡ testified to here, all depend upon the erection of a bridge.” 23. C. Huling: “I base the benefits largely from the fact that a bridge would be built.” John Wain bases his idea of benefits on the expectation of the street being opened all the way by a bridge. E. A. Cummings states that his testimony is based on the expectation that a bridge will be built across the river. John C. McCord states that in order to make the bene1 fit appreciable there will have to be a bridge. William Kaspar says: “A bridge is necessary to this improvement. If there is no bridge there will be no benefit.” The witnesses called by the objectors agree with those introduced on behalf of the city, that the improvement made by the proposed extension of the street will be of no benefit to the land owners assessed unless a bridge should be constructed across the river. Indeed, upon this point there was no substantial conflict or disagreement in the evidence. Not only in the admission of evidence, but in' the instructions, the theory seemed to be adopted that the erection of a bridge in the future might be considered in estimating benefits.
Among other instructions, the appellants asked the court to give the following:
“The jury are instructed, that in estimating the benefits that may accrue to the premises of the objectors, or any of their premises, by the proposed improvement, they should limit such estimates of benefits to such benefits as are derived from the improvement described in the ordinance, and they are not at liberty to speculate as to the benefits that may in the future be conferred upon any of said premises by any other public improvement that may be constructed.”
The court, however, refused to give the instruction as asked, but modified it by striking out all after the word “ordinance, ” in the fifth line. The court also refused the following instruction:
“The jury are instructed, that benefits by the proposed improvement can not be predicated upon the uncertainties of the future action of the city council in providing for the construction and building of a bridge at Canal street, but the benefits in this case must flow directly from the improvement proposed, without reference to such action of the city council in reference to the construction of said bridge.”
Also the following was refused:
“If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the premises of the objectors will not be benefited by the proposed improvement unless a bridge should be constructed upon the line of such improvement across the South Branch of the Chicago, river at Canal street, then their verdict in this case should be for the objectors.”
Other instructions of a similar character were refused. Indeed, it is apparent, from the record, that the .case was presented to the jury, by the admission of evidence and in the instructions, upon the theory, that although the ordinance made no provision for a bridge across Chicago river, yet the fact that at some future time a bridge might be erected, might be taken into consideration in' estimating the benefits which would be received by the land owners by the proposed improvement, and if this theory was erroneous, the judgment will have to be reversed.
It is said, however, in the argument of counsel for the city, that the probable and natural consequences of an improvement ordered may be, and almost uniformly are, taken into consideration in determining the effect of the improvement on the values of private property. We find no fault with this position. Whatever may be the effect on the market value of property, if the act ordered to be done is a proper subject for consideration, all natural and probable results to flow from the improvement ordered may properly be considered in estimating benefits. But the trouble here is, no bridge has ever been ordered. The improvement ordered is the extension of a street, without any provision whatever being made for the erection of a bridge; and if it may be anticipated that at some future time a bridge will be erected by the city, and thus benefits flow to property owners, upon the same principle you may anticipate that some other improvement may be made on the line of the street which will also be of benefit to property owners, and assess that anticipated benefit against their property. We do not think the future action of the city of Chicago in ■ordering additional improvements can be regarded either as a probable or natural consequence to flow from the improvement ordered in this case. The ordinance here provides for the extension of a street. The extension requires the taking of land, and the benefits to be assessed must be confined to the improvement ordered. Section 24, of article 9, makes it the duty of the commissioners, in making the assessment, to apportion and assess the amount found to be of benefit to the property, upon the several lots, blocks and tracts of land, in the proportion in which they will be severally benefited by such improvement, provided no lot or tract shall be assessed a greater amount than it will be actually benefited. We know of no principle under which it can be held that the language, “actually benefited,” can refer to improvements not ordered, and that may never be ordered. The lands of appellants were assessed benefits derived from the erection of a bridge across the Chicago river which may never be built—a bridge that has not been ordered, and may never be ordered. We do not think ■such an assessment was contemplated by the statute. The purpose of the ordinance here was to open the street, not to improve it. Doubtless, the ultimate object in view was to make the extended street a thoroughfare; but it will be ample time to assess appellants’ property for benefits to be derived from the construction of sidewalks, the curbing and paving of the street, the erection of a bridge, and other like matters, when such improvements are ordered by the proper authorities. When the city of Chicago deems it wise to improve the street by the erection of a bridge, the nature and character and cost of the structure will be determined, and then it can, jwith some degree of accuracy, be determined what benefit, appellants’ property will receive from such an improvement,. 1 and it will be time enough then to assess their property with benefits to he derived therefrom.
Other questions have been argued, but it will serve no useful purpose to consider them. The question as to the erection of ; a bridge we do not regard as one germane to the inquiry be- ¡ fore the jury, and the court erred in refusing the instructions-relating to that question, heretofore alluded to.
The judgment of the Superior Court will be reversed, and! the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed.