Opinion by
Mr. Justice Kephaet,
William H. Bennett died testate in 1897 seised of a farm underlaid with the Pittsburgh vein of coal, containing 94 acres. He left to survive him a widow and seven children one of whom was named "Martha. The farm was devised to his widow for life and it was directed that at her death it “shall be sold by my executor's......and the proceeds” disposed of as follows: $100 to a grandson, “and the residue” divided into seven equal shares, — one share to each of six named children, and the seventh, Martha’s share, was to “be invested in real estate by my executors herein named which real estate she shall have use for her benefit and that of her family during her natural life, and at her death it shall belong to her children share and share alike.” Martha had a child living at the time of her father’s death, and two others have since been born to her. The testator’s
two sons, John and Demás, who also were devisees, were appointed executors.
In 1899 the widow and seven children, including of course the two mentioned as executors, joined in a general warranty deed conveying the vein of coal under the farm, together with certain mining rights, to Hiram Rankin and wife. Since this conveyance, the coal has passed through many hands and today is worth from $300 to $400 an acre.
The widow died in 1917, and the executors then twice advertised the farm for sale. The first advertisement read: “Excepting and reserving” the vein of coal sold to Rankin. The second one, and the deed, contained this clause, “subject to the rights of Hiram Rankin and wife ......to the......vein of coal as sold and conveyed by ......Bennett......” Appellee purchased the farm for $52.60 per acre and claimed that the Pittsburgh vein of coal above mentioned, as well as the surface, was included. He instituted ejectment for the coal, appellant having been in possession of it since 1899. The court below directed a verdict in plaintiff’s favor which was permitted to stand, and judgment was entered thereon.
Clearly the merits of the case are with the appellant, who for 23 years had been in the possession of property for which a valuable consideration was paid. During all this time there has been no protest or complaint from any one.
Many interesting questions are presented; but the case turns on these two: (1) Was the joinder of the two executors as heirs with the widow and other heirs in the conveyance of the property an execution of the power of sale? (2) If not, was the power well executed in the second sale as it related to the Pittsburgh seam of coal?
A power is an authority given to dispose of real or personal property of which the donor has the right of disposition. It is not an estate in the property, and its scope and extent is governed by the instrument creating it. A direction by will, to sell real estate, is a power
conferred by a testator on a donee, in the present case, the executors.
Whether the power has been executed, is a matter of the donee’s intention; that is the true test. It may appear by express terms, recitals or necessary implication. It was early held that the intention to execute the power must be so clearly manifested in the act of execution that it is impossible to impute any other (Andrews v. Emmot, 2 Bro. C. C. 297, 29 Repr. 162; Doe D. Nowell v. Roake, 2 Bing. 497, 130 Repr. 398, reversed, 5 B. & C. 721, 108 Repr. 268, which was affirmed 6 Bing. 475, 130 Repr. 1364), and this intention should appear in the instrument: Bingham’s App., 64 Pa. 345., 349. A classification was then made whereby the intention to execute was said to be clearly manifested: (1) By a reference to the power in the executing instrument. (2) By a reference to the property on which the power was to operate. (3) Where the instrument of execution would have no operation except as an execution of the power: Wetherill v. Wetherill, 18 Pa. 265, 271; Bingham’s App., supra, 349. Such intent is not to be presumed from the mere grant of a larger estate, though that circumstance, coupled with others, will be sufficient upon which to base a presumption of its exercise: nor should positive legal presumptions judicially arise on equivocal or uncertain conditions of fact: Bingham’s App., supra. In Scott v. Bryan, 194 Pa. 41, 45, where the question was as to the execution of power of sale, the appointee having a life estate, Justice Mitchell said: “The general rule in determining the validity of the execution of powers is that the intention of the donee to execute is the turning point. Such intent will not be presumed from the mere grant of a larger estate than the grantor possessed but it may be gathered from such grant coupled with other evidence......The grantor in the deed had no estate which she could convey, and therefore her deed could not be made operative except as an execution of the power. Under all the cases this is conclusive evidence of her
intent to exercise the power: Wetherill v. Wetherill, 18 Pa. 265; Bingham’s App., 64 Pa. 349.”
Where a power of sale is executed by deed without reference to the power, it is effective as such if it would otherwise be a nullity; for example, in Lancaster v. Dolan, 1 Rawle 231, 248, the power was to appoint and the donee gave a mortgage without reference to the power. Of similar import are Coryell v. Dunton, 7 Pa. 530; Keefer v. Schwartz, 47 Pa. 503. In Allison v. Kurtz, 2 Watts 185, it was stated that powers executed by deed or will need not refer to the instrument creating the power if the act done cannot take effect but by virtue of the power. A conveyance by an executor with power to sell is construed to be an execution of the power contained in the will, although that power is not recited. The law, which mainly regards the design and object of the parties, will not suppose them to do a vain and useless thing; but, if there be any other way in which their design can take effect, it shall be deemed to operate in that way.
In Jones v. Wood, 16 Pa. 25, which was the case of a donee of a power to sell land possessing also an interest in the subject of the power, it was said, p.. 42, “A conveyance by him (the donee), without actual reference to the power, will not be deemed an execution of it, except there be evidence of an intention to execute it, or, at least, in the face of evidence, disproving such an intention ; but where the donee has no estate in the premises, and his conveyance can only be made operative by treating it as an exertion of the power to sell, it will be so considered.”
It was stated in McCreary v. Bomberger, 151 Pa. 323, 328:
“We
need not discuss her interest in the real estate, for, conceding it to be but a life interest, it by no means follows that the mortgage did not bind the remainder. It will be noticed the will gave her an absolute power of sale subject to the provision that the proceeds are to be reinvested in or secured by other real estate......The
fact that she sealed the mortgage personally and not as executrix will not prevent its execution being referred to the power of sale, if that is necessary to carry out the intent of the parties.”
Such being the law governing the ascertainment of the intent of the parties as to the execution of powers, it remains to apply it to the case at hand.
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Opinion by
Mr. Justice Kephaet,
William H. Bennett died testate in 1897 seised of a farm underlaid with the Pittsburgh vein of coal, containing 94 acres. He left to survive him a widow and seven children one of whom was named "Martha. The farm was devised to his widow for life and it was directed that at her death it “shall be sold by my executor's......and the proceeds” disposed of as follows: $100 to a grandson, “and the residue” divided into seven equal shares, — one share to each of six named children, and the seventh, Martha’s share, was to “be invested in real estate by my executors herein named which real estate she shall have use for her benefit and that of her family during her natural life, and at her death it shall belong to her children share and share alike.” Martha had a child living at the time of her father’s death, and two others have since been born to her. The testator’s
two sons, John and Demás, who also were devisees, were appointed executors.
In 1899 the widow and seven children, including of course the two mentioned as executors, joined in a general warranty deed conveying the vein of coal under the farm, together with certain mining rights, to Hiram Rankin and wife. Since this conveyance, the coal has passed through many hands and today is worth from $300 to $400 an acre.
The widow died in 1917, and the executors then twice advertised the farm for sale. The first advertisement read: “Excepting and reserving” the vein of coal sold to Rankin. The second one, and the deed, contained this clause, “subject to the rights of Hiram Rankin and wife ......to the......vein of coal as sold and conveyed by ......Bennett......” Appellee purchased the farm for $52.60 per acre and claimed that the Pittsburgh vein of coal above mentioned, as well as the surface, was included. He instituted ejectment for the coal, appellant having been in possession of it since 1899. The court below directed a verdict in plaintiff’s favor which was permitted to stand, and judgment was entered thereon.
Clearly the merits of the case are with the appellant, who for 23 years had been in the possession of property for which a valuable consideration was paid. During all this time there has been no protest or complaint from any one.
Many interesting questions are presented; but the case turns on these two: (1) Was the joinder of the two executors as heirs with the widow and other heirs in the conveyance of the property an execution of the power of sale? (2) If not, was the power well executed in the second sale as it related to the Pittsburgh seam of coal?
A power is an authority given to dispose of real or personal property of which the donor has the right of disposition. It is not an estate in the property, and its scope and extent is governed by the instrument creating it. A direction by will, to sell real estate, is a power
conferred by a testator on a donee, in the present case, the executors.
Whether the power has been executed, is a matter of the donee’s intention; that is the true test. It may appear by express terms, recitals or necessary implication. It was early held that the intention to execute the power must be so clearly manifested in the act of execution that it is impossible to impute any other (Andrews v. Emmot, 2 Bro. C. C. 297, 29 Repr. 162; Doe D. Nowell v. Roake, 2 Bing. 497, 130 Repr. 398, reversed, 5 B. & C. 721, 108 Repr. 268, which was affirmed 6 Bing. 475, 130 Repr. 1364), and this intention should appear in the instrument: Bingham’s App., 64 Pa. 345., 349. A classification was then made whereby the intention to execute was said to be clearly manifested: (1) By a reference to the power in the executing instrument. (2) By a reference to the property on which the power was to operate. (3) Where the instrument of execution would have no operation except as an execution of the power: Wetherill v. Wetherill, 18 Pa. 265, 271; Bingham’s App., supra, 349. Such intent is not to be presumed from the mere grant of a larger estate, though that circumstance, coupled with others, will be sufficient upon which to base a presumption of its exercise: nor should positive legal presumptions judicially arise on equivocal or uncertain conditions of fact: Bingham’s App., supra. In Scott v. Bryan, 194 Pa. 41, 45, where the question was as to the execution of power of sale, the appointee having a life estate, Justice Mitchell said: “The general rule in determining the validity of the execution of powers is that the intention of the donee to execute is the turning point. Such intent will not be presumed from the mere grant of a larger estate than the grantor possessed but it may be gathered from such grant coupled with other evidence......The grantor in the deed had no estate which she could convey, and therefore her deed could not be made operative except as an execution of the power. Under all the cases this is conclusive evidence of her
intent to exercise the power: Wetherill v. Wetherill, 18 Pa. 265; Bingham’s App., 64 Pa. 349.”
Where a power of sale is executed by deed without reference to the power, it is effective as such if it would otherwise be a nullity; for example, in Lancaster v. Dolan, 1 Rawle 231, 248, the power was to appoint and the donee gave a mortgage without reference to the power. Of similar import are Coryell v. Dunton, 7 Pa. 530; Keefer v. Schwartz, 47 Pa. 503. In Allison v. Kurtz, 2 Watts 185, it was stated that powers executed by deed or will need not refer to the instrument creating the power if the act done cannot take effect but by virtue of the power. A conveyance by an executor with power to sell is construed to be an execution of the power contained in the will, although that power is not recited. The law, which mainly regards the design and object of the parties, will not suppose them to do a vain and useless thing; but, if there be any other way in which their design can take effect, it shall be deemed to operate in that way.
In Jones v. Wood, 16 Pa. 25, which was the case of a donee of a power to sell land possessing also an interest in the subject of the power, it was said, p.. 42, “A conveyance by him (the donee), without actual reference to the power, will not be deemed an execution of it, except there be evidence of an intention to execute it, or, at least, in the face of evidence, disproving such an intention ; but where the donee has no estate in the premises, and his conveyance can only be made operative by treating it as an exertion of the power to sell, it will be so considered.”
It was stated in McCreary v. Bomberger, 151 Pa. 323, 328:
“We
need not discuss her interest in the real estate, for, conceding it to be but a life interest, it by no means follows that the mortgage did not bind the remainder. It will be noticed the will gave her an absolute power of sale subject to the provision that the proceeds are to be reinvested in or secured by other real estate......The
fact that she sealed the mortgage personally and not as executrix will not prevent its execution being referred to the power of sale, if that is necessary to carry out the intent of the parties.”
Such being the law governing the ascertainment of the intent of the parties as to the execution of powers, it remains to apply it to the case at hand. In this case we have an estate that is concededly converted (Davidson v. Bright, 267 Pa. 580), where the beneficiaries have merely an estate in personalty. They executed a deed in fee simple of general warranty, undeniably attempting to sell real estate; not their right or interest but the specific thing, with mining rights that ordinarily could be no part of anything but a freehold, such as ventilation, drainage, opening shafts, and an option to buy the surface at $100 an acre. The executors as individuals had no such estate they could convey and therefore the deed could not operate except as an execution of the power given by the will. The executors as such or as individuals certainly intended to convey a fee. That other heirs joined might have been a wise precaution; the joinder should not defeat the intent clearly manifested by the deed. After this conveyance, the power to sell was similarly exercised in a deed for a right-of-way to the Philadelphia company. This may not have been the formal way to do it but it was an effective way.
The executors, when later exercising the authority to sell the farm, recognized the first sale as an execution of the power. In the proceedings and the deeds, by the exception, reservation and “subject” clauses noted above, they did all that was possible to confirm their prior acts, not as individuals but as executors under the will. Such evidence of intention, though in some instances crudely expressed from the standpoint of legal theory, should not now be disturbed. Certainly, after 23 years, when the property has grown immensely in value, in the hands of others, with no objection from any
source up to this time, we should hesitate to condemn the act.
That the sale was not to be made until the widow’s death is immaterial. As stated by Mr. Justice Mitchell in Hamlin v. Thomas, 126 Pa. 20, 29: “Powers must be strictly pursued, and a power to be exercised upon a given event cannot be properly executed before the happening of that event. But the exception is equally well settled that where the power is complete, but its exercise is postponed for the benefit of a particular person, the consent of that person will be equivalent to the happening of the stipulated contingency.” See also Knapp v. Nissley, 254 Pa. 379, 383. The joinder of the widow in the deed accelerated the date of execution of the power. The life estate was created solely for the benefit of testator’s widow, not his children.
If the execution of the first deed was not referable to the power contained in the will, then, because of the advertisements and the second deed to appellee, the power as it related to the Pittsburgh seam of coal was not only not well executed but not executed at all. If powers must be strictly pursued and the instrument must contain inherent proof of its exercise, so much so that it is impossible to impute any other (Wetherill v. Wetherill, 18 Pa. 265, 272), what can be said of a deed by the executors, made pursuant to such power, wherein is contained an express declaration that they did not intend to execute the power with respect to a sale of the coal? This in effect is what the reservation, exception and “subject” clause means. Even if we are iñ error as to our first conclusion, then the second deed did not include the land in dispute.
' Nothing above said affects, in any way, the estate of the children of Martha. Appellant has repeatedly stated, in the course of this litigation, that the rights of these children were not acquired through the conveyance to Hiram Rankin and his wife. Probably, for that reason, the children were not heard below or here, and certainly,
because thereof, their rights are not determined by us. That concession has, therefore, become the law of the case, and the estate of these children remains unconverted, exactly as it existed immediately after the death of William H. Bennett.
Judgment is reversed without prejudice to the rights of Martha’s children, — costs to be paid by the appellee.