Bronson, P. J.
We must determine if present plaintiff has a right to continue his lawsuit against defendant, Chrysler Corporation, after plaintiff has released from liability four other defendants and they have been dismissed, with prejudice, from the litigation.
In 1968, plaintiff-appellant sought legal and equitable relief from the Wayne County Circuit Court, alleging that Peter Fink, Jack Freeman, and present appellee Chrysler defrauded plaintiff and other common stockholders of Frank Motor Homes. In 1971, two more defendants, PRF Industries and Travco Corporation, alleged to be the successor corporations to Frank, were added. Plaintiff’s general allegations were that defendants forced Frank Motor Corporation’s stockholders to sell their stock at an excessively low price to certain of defendants, thereby enabling the defendants to gain control of the enterprise. Upon renaming the business, defendants operated and controlled the concern for their own benefit. Further specifics of the complaint, though interesting,
need not be set forth to resolve the question we will address.
In 1974, plaintiff negotiated releases with all defendants, save Chrysler Corporation. The trial court dismissed with prejudice plaintiffs claims against the released defendants. Chrysler subsequently brought a motion for "accelerated judgment and/or summary judgment or partial accelerated judgment and/or summary judgment”.
Chrysler claimed that the release of one or more joint tortfeasors has the effect of releasing from liability all remaining tortfeasors. Chrysler further claimed that a dismissal with prejudice as to defendants Fink, Freeman, PRF Industries and Travco Corporation necessarily terminated plaintiffs suit against Chrysler, for the dismissal was an adjudication of the merits of the case against plaintiff. The trial court granted summary judgment primarily on the first ground, holding that the release of some of the intentional joint tortfeasors released all intentional joint tortfeasors. The trial judge additionally concluded that the dismissal with prejudice of the cause of action as to the four released defendants necessarily destroyed plaintiffs cause of action against Chrysler.
I.
Effect of Release.
We conclude that the release of the four defendants did not release defendant Chrysler from all
liability. To reach this conclusion, we need only consider MCLA 600.2925(2); MSA 27A.2925(2):
"(2) It shall be lawful for all persons having a claim or cause of action against 2 or more joint tortfeasors to compound, settle with, and discharge, at any time prior to rendition of a judgment in said action, any and every one or more of said joint tort-feasors for such sum as such person may deem fit, without impairing the right of such person or persons to demand and collect the balance of said claim or cause of action from the remaining joint tort-feasors, against whom such person, or persons, has such claim or cause of action, and not so released.”
The language of the statute seems clear — a plaintiff may proceed to sue one joint tortfeasor even after releasing other joint tortfeasors. Barring a release of Chrysler under some other doctrine,
the statute would seem to permit plaintiff to continue litigation, against Chrysler.
However, the trial judge believed that the statute did not apply to "intentional joint tortfeasors”. He concluded that the Michigan Supreme Court, in
Moyses v Spartan Asphalt Paving Co,
383 Mich 314; 174 NW2d 797 (1970), limited the statutory release provisions to nonintentional tortfeasors.
After careful study of
Moyses,
we find that we disagree with the learned lower court judge. Al
though
Moyses
accomplishes a considerable number of things, it does not bifurcate joint tortfeasors falling within the statute.
Moyses
does distinguish intentional and nonintentional tortfeasors who fall outside the
statute
— i.e., who are not joint tortfeasors — but it does not attempt to make the same distinction within the statute.
A careful review of
Moyses
is in order. After addressing a preliminary procedural question of joinder, the Court turned to the scopé of MCLA 600.2925(1); MSA 27A.2925(1), concerning contribution among joint tortfeasors. After setting forth the specific definition of joint tortfeasors, the Court concluded that the defendants and proposed, third-party defendants in that case were not joint tortfeasors, but were at best severally liable. 383 Mich at 331-332. Because the statute was inapplicable, the Court turned to nonstatutory, common-law principles to determine contribution rights. It examined the common law of contribution, found it unsatisfactory, and proceeded to alter the common-law principles of contribution between or among "wrongdoers”. The Court’s alterations of common law clearly did draw a distinction between intentional and unintentional tortfeasors:
"Stimulated by the national advancement of principles set forth in the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act,
supra,
the tendency of other courts to provide by judicial action the right of contribution on behalf of all but intentional wrongdoers, and the compelling admonitions of modern writers like Prosser, we have decided to overrule what is left of Michigan’s common-law bar of contribution between or among 'wrongdoers’, wilful or intentional wrongdoers excepted.” 383 Mich at 334.
This distinction was made, however, with reference to the formulation of a new common-law
doctrine, not with reference to statutory interpretation.
The conclusion we draw from
Moyses
is that there is a statutory right to contribution among
joint
tortfeasors, and, outside the statutory coverage, a new common-law right of contribution among unintentional "wrongdoers” and the old common-law prohibition among intentional tortfeasors.
Moyses
really says nothing about the doctrine of release other than the clear holding that MCLA 600.2925; MSA 27A.2925 applies only to joint tortfeasors. We need only decide if defendants are joint tortfeasors within the
Moyses
definition to determine if the release provisions apply.
The lower court judge in the present case concluded: "That the defendants are joint tortfeasors is not disputed. As plaintiff so aptly stated, 'Defendants were engaged in pure, classical, and archetypical joint tortfeasor conduct’.” We agree with that assessment. The plaintiff alleged that defendants were engaged in a conspiracy to defraud the stockholders. A conspiratorial tort is the oldest form of a "joint tort”. See Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 46, p 291.
We are convinced that the purpose of the statute is served by allowing plaintiff to proceed against Chrysler.
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Bronson, P. J.
We must determine if present plaintiff has a right to continue his lawsuit against defendant, Chrysler Corporation, after plaintiff has released from liability four other defendants and they have been dismissed, with prejudice, from the litigation.
In 1968, plaintiff-appellant sought legal and equitable relief from the Wayne County Circuit Court, alleging that Peter Fink, Jack Freeman, and present appellee Chrysler defrauded plaintiff and other common stockholders of Frank Motor Homes. In 1971, two more defendants, PRF Industries and Travco Corporation, alleged to be the successor corporations to Frank, were added. Plaintiff’s general allegations were that defendants forced Frank Motor Corporation’s stockholders to sell their stock at an excessively low price to certain of defendants, thereby enabling the defendants to gain control of the enterprise. Upon renaming the business, defendants operated and controlled the concern for their own benefit. Further specifics of the complaint, though interesting,
need not be set forth to resolve the question we will address.
In 1974, plaintiff negotiated releases with all defendants, save Chrysler Corporation. The trial court dismissed with prejudice plaintiffs claims against the released defendants. Chrysler subsequently brought a motion for "accelerated judgment and/or summary judgment or partial accelerated judgment and/or summary judgment”.
Chrysler claimed that the release of one or more joint tortfeasors has the effect of releasing from liability all remaining tortfeasors. Chrysler further claimed that a dismissal with prejudice as to defendants Fink, Freeman, PRF Industries and Travco Corporation necessarily terminated plaintiffs suit against Chrysler, for the dismissal was an adjudication of the merits of the case against plaintiff. The trial court granted summary judgment primarily on the first ground, holding that the release of some of the intentional joint tortfeasors released all intentional joint tortfeasors. The trial judge additionally concluded that the dismissal with prejudice of the cause of action as to the four released defendants necessarily destroyed plaintiffs cause of action against Chrysler.
I.
Effect of Release.
We conclude that the release of the four defendants did not release defendant Chrysler from all
liability. To reach this conclusion, we need only consider MCLA 600.2925(2); MSA 27A.2925(2):
"(2) It shall be lawful for all persons having a claim or cause of action against 2 or more joint tortfeasors to compound, settle with, and discharge, at any time prior to rendition of a judgment in said action, any and every one or more of said joint tort-feasors for such sum as such person may deem fit, without impairing the right of such person or persons to demand and collect the balance of said claim or cause of action from the remaining joint tort-feasors, against whom such person, or persons, has such claim or cause of action, and not so released.”
The language of the statute seems clear — a plaintiff may proceed to sue one joint tortfeasor even after releasing other joint tortfeasors. Barring a release of Chrysler under some other doctrine,
the statute would seem to permit plaintiff to continue litigation, against Chrysler.
However, the trial judge believed that the statute did not apply to "intentional joint tortfeasors”. He concluded that the Michigan Supreme Court, in
Moyses v Spartan Asphalt Paving Co,
383 Mich 314; 174 NW2d 797 (1970), limited the statutory release provisions to nonintentional tortfeasors.
After careful study of
Moyses,
we find that we disagree with the learned lower court judge. Al
though
Moyses
accomplishes a considerable number of things, it does not bifurcate joint tortfeasors falling within the statute.
Moyses
does distinguish intentional and nonintentional tortfeasors who fall outside the
statute
— i.e., who are not joint tortfeasors — but it does not attempt to make the same distinction within the statute.
A careful review of
Moyses
is in order. After addressing a preliminary procedural question of joinder, the Court turned to the scopé of MCLA 600.2925(1); MSA 27A.2925(1), concerning contribution among joint tortfeasors. After setting forth the specific definition of joint tortfeasors, the Court concluded that the defendants and proposed, third-party defendants in that case were not joint tortfeasors, but were at best severally liable. 383 Mich at 331-332. Because the statute was inapplicable, the Court turned to nonstatutory, common-law principles to determine contribution rights. It examined the common law of contribution, found it unsatisfactory, and proceeded to alter the common-law principles of contribution between or among "wrongdoers”. The Court’s alterations of common law clearly did draw a distinction between intentional and unintentional tortfeasors:
"Stimulated by the national advancement of principles set forth in the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act,
supra,
the tendency of other courts to provide by judicial action the right of contribution on behalf of all but intentional wrongdoers, and the compelling admonitions of modern writers like Prosser, we have decided to overrule what is left of Michigan’s common-law bar of contribution between or among 'wrongdoers’, wilful or intentional wrongdoers excepted.” 383 Mich at 334.
This distinction was made, however, with reference to the formulation of a new common-law
doctrine, not with reference to statutory interpretation.
The conclusion we draw from
Moyses
is that there is a statutory right to contribution among
joint
tortfeasors, and, outside the statutory coverage, a new common-law right of contribution among unintentional "wrongdoers” and the old common-law prohibition among intentional tortfeasors.
Moyses
really says nothing about the doctrine of release other than the clear holding that MCLA 600.2925; MSA 27A.2925 applies only to joint tortfeasors. We need only decide if defendants are joint tortfeasors within the
Moyses
definition to determine if the release provisions apply.
The lower court judge in the present case concluded: "That the defendants are joint tortfeasors is not disputed. As plaintiff so aptly stated, 'Defendants were engaged in pure, classical, and archetypical joint tortfeasor conduct’.” We agree with that assessment. The plaintiff alleged that defendants were engaged in a conspiracy to defraud the stockholders. A conspiratorial tort is the oldest form of a "joint tort”. See Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 46, p 291.
We are convinced that the purpose of the statute is served by allowing plaintiff to proceed against Chrysler. To paraphrase Judge, now Justice, Levin, to restrict the statutory definition of joint tortfeasor in this remedial legislation to nonintentional tortfeasors is to aid those who least deserve the protection of a release doctrine — intentional tortfeasors. See
Duncan v Beres,
15 Mich App 318, 328-329; 166 NW2d 678 (1968). It would indeed be anomalous to allow plaintiff to sue unreleased negligent tortfeasors while allowing an unreleased intentional tortfeasor to escape liability.
In sum, because defendants were alleged to be joint tortfeasors, and because MCLA 600.2925(2); MSA 27A.2925(2) allows a plaintiff to continue to sue a defendant even after release of fellow joint tortfeasors, plaintiff’s suit against Chrysler is not barred.
II.
Effect of dismissal with prejudice.
We can more readily dismiss appellee’s second contention that the dismissal with prejudice of plaintiff’s cause of action as to the four released defendants necessarily destroyed plaintiff’s action against Chrysler. Because, as we have concluded, plaintiff could negotiate a financial settlement, releasing the codefendants, it follows that plaintiff could take the less significant step of agreeing to dismiss the suit against the four defendants without necessarily impairing his action against Chrysler.
Cf., Boucher v Thomsen,
328 Mich 312; 43 NW2d 866 (1950) (covenant not to sue certain defendants and dismissal of those defendants with prejudice held not to prevent suit against remaining defendant).
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.