Opinion of the Court by
Judge Thomas
Affirming.
James A. Hnnsaker was, and bad been for a long while, in tbe employ of the appellee and defendant be[687]*687low, Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company, hereinafter referred to as the Railway Company, in its yards in Ash-land, Kentucky, in the. capacity of conductor of a switching crew. The Ashland Coal & Iron Railway Company (hereinafter referred to as the Ashland Company), .a Kentucky corporation, owned and operated some of the tracks in the yards in Ashland in which Hunsaker operated his .train, while the railway company owned other tracks in the same yards with the joint privilege on the part of each company to use for certain purposes all of the tracks.
Tracks numbers four and five, and the main track, were owned by the defendant railway company. Three other tracks paralleling the ones mentioned, as well as some connecting with the ferry crossing the Ohio river, and others leading to different parts of the city of Ash-land, were owned by the Ashland company.
On March .25, 1915, the deceased, with his crew, was making up a train for the defendant, and had pushed about twenty-five cars upon the'mairi track; they were going to pick up other cars from track number five and put them into the train, which-cars had been placed upon that track by the Ashland company, it having brought them from other roads to be transported by the defendant, railway company. There was a space between two of the five cars and the other three, and. for some cause unexplained in the record, Hunsaker went into that space. Just as he did so the. Ashland company shoved a refrigerator oar upon that track, which caused the. two cuts of the five .cars to come together with such force that Hunsaker was caught between the couplings arid killed.
Two separate suits were filed by the plaintiff as administratrix, one against the Ashland company and the other against the defendant, railway company, to recover damages for his death. The one was brought for ordi: nary negligence under the state law, while the other (being the one now under consideration) sought a recovery ’, under the Federal Statute known as the Employers ’ Liability Act, it being charged that, the deceased was at the time of sustaining his injuries engaged in interstate commerce,-as was also the defendant, and that it was negligent in failing to furnish deceased a safe place in which to .work and. safe appliances with which to perform it, the appliances complained • of .being defective -automatic., couplings, which was in violation of the Federal Statute [688]*688upon that subject. Issues were made in each case, and upon trial the court sustained a motion made in each of them to direct a verdict in favor of defendants. Upon appeal from the verdict in favor of the Ashland company this court in the case of Hunsaker’s Admrx. v. Ashland Coal & Iron Railway Company, 181 Ky. 598, reversed the judgment upon the ground that there was proof of the negligence of defendant in that suit, and that the case should be submitted to the jury under appropriate instructions. The facts relative to the local situation, as well as to the manner in which the accident occurred, are set out with considerable detail in that opinion,, to which reference is here made.
On this appeal from the judgment rendered upon the directed verdict in favor of the defendant railway company it is insisted that there is sufficient evidence supporting the allegations of the petition to authorize a submission of the issues to the jury, and that the court erred in failing to do so. It does not appear upon what terms the two companies jointly operated the various tracks in the yard where the accident occurred. But that, the joint operation was under some kind of arrangement agreeable to and acceptable by the defendant railway company is admitted.- It is quite clear, however, that the liability of the defendant, if any, can not be put upon any ground growing out of nonperformance of its duties as lessor or licensor, since the active negligence, if any, which brought about the death of the deceased was that of the Ashland company, and for whose negligence the defendant as lessor or licensor would be liable only if the deceased Hunsaker sustained to it the relation of third person or a member of the public. Just when.and to what extent the lessor or licensor who owns a railroad is liable to those sustaining only such relations for injuries occurring through negligence of the lessee or licensee, the courts of the different states are not altogether in harmony. But in this state the owner of the track who leases it or grants joint operating privileges to another is liable to third persons and members of the public for the negligent operation and handling of trains over the road by the lessee or licensee (L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Breeden’s Admrx., 111 Ky. 729), as well as for injuries resulting from the negligent omission to maintain its tracks, station houses, &c., in reasonably safe condition, and that servants .of thé lessee or licensee are third [689]*689persons within this rule insofar as to make the lessor liable to them for any failure to maintain the road, station houses, &c., in reasonably safe condition. Swice’s Admrx. v. M. & B. S. R. Co., 116 Ky. 253; I. C. R. R. Co. v. Skeegog’s Admr, 126 Ky. 252; Clinger’s Admr. v. C. & O. Ry. Co., 128 Ky. 736; and C. & O. Ry. Co. v. Vaughan's Admrx., 159 Ky. 433. But it has never been held by any court, so far as our research goes, that the servant of a lessor or licensor is a member of the public or a third person within the above rule. As between the lessor and his servant the relation is purely conti*actual, and the duties of the one to the other arise exclusively from such contractual relation. This distinction is recognized in the cáse of, Charles A. Lee v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 116 Cal. 97, referred to and quoted from with approval in the Skeegog case, wherein it is said:
“But where injury has resulted to an employe of the operating company by reason of a failure of the lessor to perform its public duty, as in the failure to construct a safe road, as is here charged, the injured employe may sue the lessor company, as one of the public, for its failure to perform that duty, and not because between himself and the lessor company the relation of employe and employer, or any relation of contractual privity, exists.”
The distinction is also recognized by the learned authority of Elliott on Eailroads, vol. 1, sec. 472, wherein, upon the point under consideration, he says:
“In the case of an employer arid employe there is no consideration of public policy involved, such as there is in cases of third persons, for the. employe by a voluntary contract creates the relation of employer and employe. His rights are such as his contract creates., the duty springs from the contract and but for the contract he would really have no right on the road or any of its equipments. The difference between cases where third persons sue for injuries and cases where the action is by an employe is so wide that cases deciding that there is a liability to third persons are hardly in point.”
It results, -therefore, that if there is any liability of the defendant for the death of the deceased, it grows alone out of the relation of master and servant and must be rested upon some violation of duty which the defendant owed to the deceased as its servant.
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Opinion of the Court by
Judge Thomas
Affirming.
James A. Hnnsaker was, and bad been for a long while, in tbe employ of the appellee and defendant be[687]*687low, Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company, hereinafter referred to as the Railway Company, in its yards in Ash-land, Kentucky, in the. capacity of conductor of a switching crew. The Ashland Coal & Iron Railway Company (hereinafter referred to as the Ashland Company), .a Kentucky corporation, owned and operated some of the tracks in the yards in Ashland in which Hunsaker operated his .train, while the railway company owned other tracks in the same yards with the joint privilege on the part of each company to use for certain purposes all of the tracks.
Tracks numbers four and five, and the main track, were owned by the defendant railway company. Three other tracks paralleling the ones mentioned, as well as some connecting with the ferry crossing the Ohio river, and others leading to different parts of the city of Ash-land, were owned by the Ashland company.
On March .25, 1915, the deceased, with his crew, was making up a train for the defendant, and had pushed about twenty-five cars upon the'mairi track; they were going to pick up other cars from track number five and put them into the train, which-cars had been placed upon that track by the Ashland company, it having brought them from other roads to be transported by the defendant, railway company. There was a space between two of the five cars and the other three, and. for some cause unexplained in the record, Hunsaker went into that space. Just as he did so the. Ashland company shoved a refrigerator oar upon that track, which caused the. two cuts of the five .cars to come together with such force that Hunsaker was caught between the couplings arid killed.
Two separate suits were filed by the plaintiff as administratrix, one against the Ashland company and the other against the defendant, railway company, to recover damages for his death. The one was brought for ordi: nary negligence under the state law, while the other (being the one now under consideration) sought a recovery ’, under the Federal Statute known as the Employers ’ Liability Act, it being charged that, the deceased was at the time of sustaining his injuries engaged in interstate commerce,-as was also the defendant, and that it was negligent in failing to furnish deceased a safe place in which to .work and. safe appliances with which to perform it, the appliances complained • of .being defective -automatic., couplings, which was in violation of the Federal Statute [688]*688upon that subject. Issues were made in each case, and upon trial the court sustained a motion made in each of them to direct a verdict in favor of defendants. Upon appeal from the verdict in favor of the Ashland company this court in the case of Hunsaker’s Admrx. v. Ashland Coal & Iron Railway Company, 181 Ky. 598, reversed the judgment upon the ground that there was proof of the negligence of defendant in that suit, and that the case should be submitted to the jury under appropriate instructions. The facts relative to the local situation, as well as to the manner in which the accident occurred, are set out with considerable detail in that opinion,, to which reference is here made.
On this appeal from the judgment rendered upon the directed verdict in favor of the defendant railway company it is insisted that there is sufficient evidence supporting the allegations of the petition to authorize a submission of the issues to the jury, and that the court erred in failing to do so. It does not appear upon what terms the two companies jointly operated the various tracks in the yard where the accident occurred. But that, the joint operation was under some kind of arrangement agreeable to and acceptable by the defendant railway company is admitted.- It is quite clear, however, that the liability of the defendant, if any, can not be put upon any ground growing out of nonperformance of its duties as lessor or licensor, since the active negligence, if any, which brought about the death of the deceased was that of the Ashland company, and for whose negligence the defendant as lessor or licensor would be liable only if the deceased Hunsaker sustained to it the relation of third person or a member of the public. Just when.and to what extent the lessor or licensor who owns a railroad is liable to those sustaining only such relations for injuries occurring through negligence of the lessee or licensee, the courts of the different states are not altogether in harmony. But in this state the owner of the track who leases it or grants joint operating privileges to another is liable to third persons and members of the public for the negligent operation and handling of trains over the road by the lessee or licensee (L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Breeden’s Admrx., 111 Ky. 729), as well as for injuries resulting from the negligent omission to maintain its tracks, station houses, &c., in reasonably safe condition, and that servants .of thé lessee or licensee are third [689]*689persons within this rule insofar as to make the lessor liable to them for any failure to maintain the road, station houses, &c., in reasonably safe condition. Swice’s Admrx. v. M. & B. S. R. Co., 116 Ky. 253; I. C. R. R. Co. v. Skeegog’s Admr, 126 Ky. 252; Clinger’s Admr. v. C. & O. Ry. Co., 128 Ky. 736; and C. & O. Ry. Co. v. Vaughan's Admrx., 159 Ky. 433. But it has never been held by any court, so far as our research goes, that the servant of a lessor or licensor is a member of the public or a third person within the above rule. As between the lessor and his servant the relation is purely conti*actual, and the duties of the one to the other arise exclusively from such contractual relation. This distinction is recognized in the cáse of, Charles A. Lee v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 116 Cal. 97, referred to and quoted from with approval in the Skeegog case, wherein it is said:
“But where injury has resulted to an employe of the operating company by reason of a failure of the lessor to perform its public duty, as in the failure to construct a safe road, as is here charged, the injured employe may sue the lessor company, as one of the public, for its failure to perform that duty, and not because between himself and the lessor company the relation of employe and employer, or any relation of contractual privity, exists.”
The distinction is also recognized by the learned authority of Elliott on Eailroads, vol. 1, sec. 472, wherein, upon the point under consideration, he says:
“In the case of an employer arid employe there is no consideration of public policy involved, such as there is in cases of third persons, for the. employe by a voluntary contract creates the relation of employer and employe. His rights are such as his contract creates., the duty springs from the contract and but for the contract he would really have no right on the road or any of its equipments. The difference between cases where third persons sue for injuries and cases where the action is by an employe is so wide that cases deciding that there is a liability to third persons are hardly in point.”
It results, -therefore, that if there is any liability of the defendant for the death of the deceased, it grows alone out of the relation of master and servant and must be rested upon some violation of duty which the defendant owed to the deceased as its servant.
As we have seen, it is insisted that defendant as master violated the two duties of (a) failing tó furnish the [690]*690deceased a safe place to work, and (b) failing to furnish, properly equipped cars which he was required to handle while performing his work. .Considering these in the order-named — (a) the rule with reference to both of them is that the master is not an insurer of the safety of the place or of the tools or appliances which the servant is required to use in the performance of his work. The law requires only that the master shall exercise reasonable and ordinary care to provide both a safe place and safe tools and appliances. When he has performed this duty he has done all that the law requires of him-. 26 Cyc. 1102; Wilson v. Chess-Wymond Co., 17 Ky. 567; Adams Express Co. v. Smith, 24 Ky. L. R., 1915; Tradewater Coal Co. v. Johnson, 24 Ky. L. R. 1777; American Milling Co. v. Bell, 146 Ky. 68; Shinn Glove Co. v. Sanders, 147 Ky. 349; Sunrise Coal Co. v. McDaniel, 150 Ky. 70; Interstate Coal Co. v. Molner, 150 Ky. 321; Interstate Coal Co. v. Shelton, 152 Ky. 92; Ada Coal Co. v. Linnville, 152 Ky. 2; C. & O. Ry. Co. v. Kelly’s Admr., 160 Ky. 296; Pine Mountain Mfg. Co. v. Bishop, 160 Ky. 575; Lile v. Louisville Ry. Co., 161 Ky. 347, and Daniels v. Houston, Stanwood & Gamble Co., 161 Ky. 527. In the last case referred to, and which is but a repetition of what is stated in the other cases, the rule is thus stated:
“We have repeatedly held that the master is not an insurer of the safety of the place where he puts the servant to work. He is only bound to use ordinary care to furnish the servant a reasonably safe place to work. In order to recover, therefore, plaintiff must not only show that the place was unsafe, but that the master knew, or by the exercise of ordinary care could have known, of its unsafe condition.”. .. .
In the instant case the danger producing the injury was exclusively the negligence of the Ashland company, the licensee of defendant’s track, in shoving the refrigerator car on-track number five, where the deceased was located, without sufficient warning.. It was simultaneous with the injury, and there was no opportunity for. the lessor to take notice of and remedy it. This case differs from '.the cases of Ligon, v. Evansville Ry. Co., 165 Ky. 202, and Evansville Ry. Co. v. Ligon, 172 Ky. 631, relied on by appellant’s counsel. In those cases it was found' that. the. injured, servant,- while. working at a. place, and with appliances furnished by another-than his master*was performing services for the joint benefit of both, and [691]*691was held to he the servant of both at the time of the accident. Furthermore, under the facts of those cases the negligent third party was held to be the agent of the sued master, who was liable for the acts of the former.
Unless, then, it can be said that the permission of the defendant for the Ashland company to use track number five was per se negligence, there was no failure of the defendant to exercise ordinary care to provide the deceased with a safe place in which .to perform his work. That such permission was not per se negligence we think there can be no doubt. The defendant had the right to presume that the Ashland company as a joint user of the track would do so in an ordinarily careful and prudent manner, unless perchance it had knowledge to the contrary. No such knowledge is shown, or attempted to be shown, either by allegation or proof in the case, and under the rule, supra, the defendant was not liable for the negligent act of- that company, which, alone, produced the injury complained of.
However, we are not without direct authority from this state holding the defendant not liable under a similar state of facts. The case of Martin, Administrator, &c., v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, 95 Ky. 612, was one brought against the appellee therein to recover for the death of James Smart, who was a switchman in the yards of the Louisville & Nashville Bailroad Company in Central Covington. The defendant owned two tracks crossing each other at an acute angle, .pne of them, known as track number one, was also used, under some kind of traffic arrangement,- by the Chesapeake & Ohio Bailway Company. Its servants had, a few minutes before, negligently stopped a car so near the point of juncture that the deceased came in contact with it while riding on the side of a car on the other track, and he was knocked off and killed. From a verdict in favor of the Louisville & Nashville Bailroad Company, plaintiff prosecuted an appeal, and this court affirmed the judgment in favor of the company. The court, after recognizing the rule that it would be the duty of the defendant to exercise care to see that the track was clear of obstruction, and that it would be liable for its failure to do so regardless of how or by whom the'obstruction was created, .said:
“But in the case at hand the obnoxious cars were not -placed.by him (engineer on defendant’s.train) and.he.is [692]*692without f^jilt in the premises. So the yardmaster of the owner can not during every minute of time see that those who bring cars upon the yard leave them in their precise and proper places. We do not doubt that if these ‘dead’ cars had. remained in their dangerous position such length of time as would have afforded the yardmaster a reasonable opportunity of discovering the danger, and he had failed to take steps to protect the workmen, negligence would be attributable to him and through him to his principal. Only a few minutes, however, elapsed from the time of the lodgment of the cars on track No. 1 before the accident occurred, and we are not disposed to regard this agent as neglectful of his duties. The case, therefore, as it is presented against the Louisville & Nashville- road, need not be considered further.”
In that case the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company was the owner of both tracks, with a joint right of use in the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company, whose negligence produced the danger from which the accident resulted. It had not been in existence for a sufficient length of time to enable the defendant and owner of the track (the L. & N. R. R. Co.) to discover and remove it by the exercise of ordinary care, and notwithstanding the fact that it rendered the place unsafe, the defendant was held not liable. The principles announced in that case must govern the instant one, not only because the case is a precedent involving similar facts, but because they are sound and in accord with the general principles of the law governing the rights of parties similarly situated.
The same conclusions would seem to apply to point (b) insisted upon, since it is not shown that the defective coupling, if it existed, was known to the defendant, or could have been known by it in time to make repairs before the happening of the accident. But whether so or not, the proof fails entirely to show that there was any defect in any of the couplings. Indeed, the fact of such defect is attempted to be shown only from the fact of the deceased going in between the cars, the argument being made that unless there was some defect he would not have gone between them. We fail to catch the logic of this argument, but if the circumstance of his going between the cars could be allowed to have any probative effect, it would necessarily be very infinitesimal, and the positive testimony by the witnesses shows, that there was no defect [693]*693in the couplings on the cars complained of and where plaintiff sustained his injury.
We therefore conclude that the court properly sustained the motion, and the judgment should be and is affirmed-.