The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
This is an action of trover for five hundred kegs of nails, in which the plaintiffs in error were defendants in the District Court, where it was commenced and tried, and the defendant in error plaintiff. The latter being the owner of a canal boat, called the Good Intent, had been employed by Charles F. Pearson, agent, to convey, by his boat, the nails, on the canal, from Farrandsville to Philadelphia, there to be delivered to W. Lyman, Esq., No. 17 Walnut street, upon his paying the defendant in error freight for the same at the rate of fifty cents per keg. The defendant in error by his written engagement, made on the 6th of April,-1838, after having received the nails, bound himself to do so. He accordingly sent his boat on with the nails, in charge of Isaac McKinley Reed as captain, and John Hill Maffit as steersman of it. They arrived with the boat and the nails at Philadelphia, about the 22d of the same month, at the Walnut street wharf, then in possession of the plaintiffs in error. , The nails were in good order when received by the defendant in error, but in the .course of the transportation had, from some cause, received wet, and in consequence thereof were in a damaged state when brought to the wharf. Lyman did not, as it would appear, refuse to receive the nails; on the contrary, he was willing to do so, but objected to paying the freight, which the captain of the boat, as the agent of the defendant in error, claimed before the value of the injury done to the nails should be ascertained, so that it might be deducted from or set off against the freight. The captain of the boat, however, would not accede to this.; and instead of delivering the nails .to Mr. Lyman, .he left them in charge of the plaintiffs in error, taking a receipt from -their clerk for having done so, without specifying the purpose .or object of the [441]*441„ deposit-. The plaintiffs in error afterwards, upon the demand of Mr. Lyman, delivered the nails to him. Now it is perfectly obvious, from this exhibit of the case, that the only interest or claim which the defendant in error could have in the nails, as against Mr. Lyman, was the amount of his freight, say two hundred, and fifty dollars; and this sum, with interest thereon, appears to be what the jury gave their verdict for against the plaintiffs in error. This action, therefore, though trover, would appear to have been brought for the purpose of recovering the amount of the freight claimed by the defendant in error. So far, then, as the attainment of justice would seem to have been a matter of concern in the cause, the main question presented in it was, had the defendant in error a just right to demand and receive freight, and if he had, what amount! But the learned judge, before whom the cause was tried, appears to have been of opinion that it was not competent for the plaintiffs in error, in the form of action adopted here, it being trover; against them, to make this question a ground of their defence. , The second error assigned contains an exception to the opinion of the judge on this point; and I will consider it first, because if it shall be made to appear, that the plaintiffs in error had a right to show that the defendant in error, in consequence of the negligence or unskilfulness of those employed by him to conduct his boat, had not fulfilled his contract, for carrying the nails, in such a manner as to entitle him to receive the stipulated freight, and that it was competent for them to interpose- this as an objection to his recovery, it will not be difficult to show that -Isaac McKinley Reed and John Hill Maffit were incompetent witnesses for the defendant in error, without having a release from him first. Indeed, I am inclined to believe that his honour the judge, on the trial, would have held them incompetent, had he considered the matter just mentioned an available defence for the plaintiffs in error; It appears that the defendant iii error, by the terms of the receipt which he gave for the nails, expressly undertook to deliver them to Mr. Lyman in Philadelphia, at No. 17 in Walnut street, upon being paid the amount of the freight therein mentioned. Now suppose that the defendant ill error, or his authorised, agent, after having received the freight from Mr. Lyman, had refused to deliver the nails, and Mr. Lyman had thereupon taken possession of them, it will not be pretended that the defendant in error could have maintained any suit or have had any claim against him for doing so. Or suppose that Mrs Lyman, instead of taking possession, had brought an action against the defendant for a breach of his engagement, it cannot be questioned that he would have been entitled to recover. Griffith v. Ingledew, (6 Serg. & R. 429.) Evans v. Martlett, (1 Ld. Raym. 271. 12 Mad. 256.) But if the defendant in error or his agents have, through want of skill or proper care and attention on. their part in the transportation of the nails, been the occasion of their having received an injury lessening their value [442]*442to the full amount of the freight, it is then equally clear and unquestionable that he has not entitled himself to demand and receive it. This proposition is not only clear upon principle, but well settled by abundance of authority. By the express terms of his contract, he was to deliver the nails in the like good order and condition in which they were when he received them, unless injured by the dangers of the navigation. This exception cannot be said to embrace an injury or damage arising from negligence or want of skill on the part of the defendant in error or his agents; so that if the nails received injury, from both or either of these two latter causes, equal in value to the amount of the freight agreed to be paid, the defendant in error has failed to perform the condition, or at least one of the conditions, upon which his claim to the freight was to arise, and therefore, according to the terms of his contract, cannot claim the freight in law. Neither can he pretend any claim to it in equity or good conscience, seeing he has occasioned a loss to the owner of the iron equal in value to the amount of the freight. If it be, then, that he has no claim to the freight, it is impossible to conceive any ground upon which he would be justified in withholding the nails from Mr. Lyman, who must be regarded as the legal owner of them. Hence he would be bound to deliver the nails without making such a claim; and if he had delivered them without making it, or saying any thing about it, he would not be entitled to maintain an action for the recovery of it. This doctrine will bo found to be fully sustained by the following cases: Bartram v. McKee, (1 Watts, 39.) Leech v. Baldwin, (5 Watts, 446.) Gogel v. Jacoby, (5 S. & R. 122.) Then, if the defendant in error has no claim to freight for the transportation of the nails, upon what ground can he support an action either for it or for the nails, against the plaintiffs in error; since Mr. Lyman, to whom he was bound to deliver the nails, has received them and is satisfied. If he has no right to demand and receive the freight, he can have no lien on the nails or right to maintain an action for them on that account against either Mr. Lyman or the plaintiffs in error.
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
This is an action of trover for five hundred kegs of nails, in which the plaintiffs in error were defendants in the District Court, where it was commenced and tried, and the defendant in error plaintiff. The latter being the owner of a canal boat, called the Good Intent, had been employed by Charles F. Pearson, agent, to convey, by his boat, the nails, on the canal, from Farrandsville to Philadelphia, there to be delivered to W. Lyman, Esq., No. 17 Walnut street, upon his paying the defendant in error freight for the same at the rate of fifty cents per keg. The defendant in error by his written engagement, made on the 6th of April,-1838, after having received the nails, bound himself to do so. He accordingly sent his boat on with the nails, in charge of Isaac McKinley Reed as captain, and John Hill Maffit as steersman of it. They arrived with the boat and the nails at Philadelphia, about the 22d of the same month, at the Walnut street wharf, then in possession of the plaintiffs in error. , The nails were in good order when received by the defendant in error, but in the .course of the transportation had, from some cause, received wet, and in consequence thereof were in a damaged state when brought to the wharf. Lyman did not, as it would appear, refuse to receive the nails; on the contrary, he was willing to do so, but objected to paying the freight, which the captain of the boat, as the agent of the defendant in error, claimed before the value of the injury done to the nails should be ascertained, so that it might be deducted from or set off against the freight. The captain of the boat, however, would not accede to this.; and instead of delivering the nails .to Mr. Lyman, .he left them in charge of the plaintiffs in error, taking a receipt from -their clerk for having done so, without specifying the purpose .or object of the [441]*441„ deposit-. The plaintiffs in error afterwards, upon the demand of Mr. Lyman, delivered the nails to him. Now it is perfectly obvious, from this exhibit of the case, that the only interest or claim which the defendant in error could have in the nails, as against Mr. Lyman, was the amount of his freight, say two hundred, and fifty dollars; and this sum, with interest thereon, appears to be what the jury gave their verdict for against the plaintiffs in error. This action, therefore, though trover, would appear to have been brought for the purpose of recovering the amount of the freight claimed by the defendant in error. So far, then, as the attainment of justice would seem to have been a matter of concern in the cause, the main question presented in it was, had the defendant in error a just right to demand and receive freight, and if he had, what amount! But the learned judge, before whom the cause was tried, appears to have been of opinion that it was not competent for the plaintiffs in error, in the form of action adopted here, it being trover; against them, to make this question a ground of their defence. , The second error assigned contains an exception to the opinion of the judge on this point; and I will consider it first, because if it shall be made to appear, that the plaintiffs in error had a right to show that the defendant in error, in consequence of the negligence or unskilfulness of those employed by him to conduct his boat, had not fulfilled his contract, for carrying the nails, in such a manner as to entitle him to receive the stipulated freight, and that it was competent for them to interpose- this as an objection to his recovery, it will not be difficult to show that -Isaac McKinley Reed and John Hill Maffit were incompetent witnesses for the defendant in error, without having a release from him first. Indeed, I am inclined to believe that his honour the judge, on the trial, would have held them incompetent, had he considered the matter just mentioned an available defence for the plaintiffs in error; It appears that the defendant iii error, by the terms of the receipt which he gave for the nails, expressly undertook to deliver them to Mr. Lyman in Philadelphia, at No. 17 in Walnut street, upon being paid the amount of the freight therein mentioned. Now suppose that the defendant ill error, or his authorised, agent, after having received the freight from Mr. Lyman, had refused to deliver the nails, and Mr. Lyman had thereupon taken possession of them, it will not be pretended that the defendant in error could have maintained any suit or have had any claim against him for doing so. Or suppose that Mrs Lyman, instead of taking possession, had brought an action against the defendant for a breach of his engagement, it cannot be questioned that he would have been entitled to recover. Griffith v. Ingledew, (6 Serg. & R. 429.) Evans v. Martlett, (1 Ld. Raym. 271. 12 Mad. 256.) But if the defendant in error or his agents have, through want of skill or proper care and attention on. their part in the transportation of the nails, been the occasion of their having received an injury lessening their value [442]*442to the full amount of the freight, it is then equally clear and unquestionable that he has not entitled himself to demand and receive it. This proposition is not only clear upon principle, but well settled by abundance of authority. By the express terms of his contract, he was to deliver the nails in the like good order and condition in which they were when he received them, unless injured by the dangers of the navigation. This exception cannot be said to embrace an injury or damage arising from negligence or want of skill on the part of the defendant in error or his agents; so that if the nails received injury, from both or either of these two latter causes, equal in value to the amount of the freight agreed to be paid, the defendant in error has failed to perform the condition, or at least one of the conditions, upon which his claim to the freight was to arise, and therefore, according to the terms of his contract, cannot claim the freight in law. Neither can he pretend any claim to it in equity or good conscience, seeing he has occasioned a loss to the owner of the iron equal in value to the amount of the freight. If it be, then, that he has no claim to the freight, it is impossible to conceive any ground upon which he would be justified in withholding the nails from Mr. Lyman, who must be regarded as the legal owner of them. Hence he would be bound to deliver the nails without making such a claim; and if he had delivered them without making it, or saying any thing about it, he would not be entitled to maintain an action for the recovery of it. This doctrine will bo found to be fully sustained by the following cases: Bartram v. McKee, (1 Watts, 39.) Leech v. Baldwin, (5 Watts, 446.) Gogel v. Jacoby, (5 S. & R. 122.) Then, if the defendant in error has no claim to freight for the transportation of the nails, upon what ground can he support an action either for it or for the nails, against the plaintiffs in error; since Mr. Lyman, to whom he was bound to deliver the nails, has received them and is satisfied. If he has no right to demand and receive the freight, he can have no lien on the nails or right to maintain an action for them on that account against either Mr. Lyman or the plaintiffs in error. If he has no right to freight, and consequently has received no actual damage by the plaintiffs in error having delivered the nails to the person entitled to receive them, and to whom the defendant in error was bound himself to have delivered them, the only possible ground upon which he can, with the least shadow of right in law, claim to sustain this action, is that of his having acquired a special property in the nails as a carrier of them, and having delivered them to the plaintiffs in error as his bailees. But as a carrier, he could only claim the nails for the purpose of discharging his engagement or trust by delivering them to the consignee. This, however, has been done by the plaintiffs in error for him, so that he has no ground of complaint, or action on that score. And as to any obligation which the plaintiffs in error were under to him by his bailment of the nails to them, that [443]*443is also discharged, if he has no claim to freight, by their having delivered the nails to the consignee', who had the right to demand and receive the nails, or the value of them, from either the plaintiffs or the defendant in error. The bailor in such case, who has no right to withhold the possession of the goods from the right owner or consignee, can maintain no action against his bailee for having delivered them to such owner or consignee upon their being demanded. This we have decided during the present term, in the case of King et al. v. Richards et al.,
As to the third specification, it is doubtless true that every carrier of goods, on board of a vessel at sea or other water, is considered under an implied promise at least, if not an express one, that the vessel is seaworthy. But I am not aware that the circumstance of the goods, on board, having become injured by water, would of itself be evidence sufficient to warrant the jury in finding that the promise of seaworthiness was broken, unless the carrier made it appear otherwise by the production of evidence on his part. The requisition that the vessel shall be tight and strong, and fit for the purpose for which it is offered by the carrier, arises from the promise, on his part, implied by law, if not expressed, to that effect; and it would be unreasonable to presume or infer a breach of such promise, or indeed of any promise, without evidence adduced showing directly that it was so, or proving some circumstance or fact from which it might naturally and fairly be inferred. Now it appears to me that the nails might have become wet in various ways, and thus have received the injury complained of, without the boat, in which they were on the canal, being in the least deficient, but, on the contrary, perfectly tight, staunch and strong; and if so, it might be doing great injustice to infer a breach of the promise from that circumstance. We therefore do not conceive that it would have been right in the court to have instructed the jury as - requested on the point referred to in the third specification. See Amies v. Stevens, (1 Stran. 128.) Lyon v. Mells, (5 East, 428.) Abbot on Shipping, 225. We also think that it would have been error in the court to have instructed the jury as requested by the counsel of the plaintiffs in error on the point mentioned in his fourth specification. The receipt, taken by the captain of the boat for the delivery of the nails to them, does not show that they were delivered for the use of the consignee, nor any thing like it. In truth, it does not appear from the face of the receipt itself for what purpose they were [444]*444so delivered, Neither does it appear that any other evidence was given tending to prove that they were delivered for the use of the consignee. Neither do the plaintiffs in error appear to have Been the agents of the consignee; nor was their wharf the place appointed for the delivery of the nails: No. 17, in Walnut street, is expressly mentioned for this purpose in the defendant in error’s engagement. There appears, therefore, to be no ground for saying that a delivery on the wharf of the plaintiffs in error was a delivery to the owner or consignee.
Then in regard to the fifth specification, which charges the court with error because it did not instruct the jury that the boat’s striking upon a stone in the canal was not a danger of the navigation excepted by the bill of lading, Now the striking of the boat upon a stone or rock in the canal may or may not fall within the exception. Whether it would or not, must always depend upon the particular circumstances attending it, either going to show that it happened in consequence of some fault on the part of the master or those who were entrusted with the management of the boat, or that it occurred without any default in them. In this latter case, the loss occasioned by the striking of the boat against the stone would seem to come fairly within the 'exception; but in the former, it would be clearly chargeable to the master or owner of the boat. For instance, if the stone, from its position, may be readily seen and avoided by those having the conduct of the boat > or although not visible, yet .if its situation be generally known, the loss ought to be imputed to the fault of the captain or those having the direction of the boat. But if, on the other hand, the circumstance of the stone being in the canal w-qs not generally known, and unknown to the party having the command of the boat, and was invisible to the common eye, the loss occasioned by the boat’s striking upon it ought to be considered as coming within the exception, which embraces all dangers of the navigation. See Abbot p.n Shipping, 257, It was not, therefore, for the court to give such instruction as was asked for on this point; because in either case, it was a question of fact to be referred to the decision of the jury. But it may be observed that, jn the absence of testimony acquitting the captain, or master of the boat, of all blame or default upon his part, the jury may presume that the loss was occasioned from his negligence or carelessness, and therefore make him or his employer liable for it, Beckman v. Shouse, (5 Rawle, 189, 190.)
Plaving now disposed of all the specifications under the second error, the first remains to be considered. The question raised in it is, were the captain and steersman of the boat competent witnesses for the plaintiff below, without a release from him 1 “ Although,” says Mr. Starkie, in his Treatise on Evidence, 1 vol. 113, “ an agent who has actually executed the business of his principal is, as it would seem, in all cases competent to prove that he acted according to [445]*445the directions of the principal, on the ground of necessity, and because the principal can never maintain an action against his agent for acting according to his own directions, whatever may be the result of the cause; yet if the cause depend upon the question, whether the agent has been guilty of some tortious act, or some negligence in the course of executing the orders of the principal, and in respect of which he would be liable over to the principal if he failed in the action, the agent is not competent without a release.” The principle thus laid down by Mr. Starlrie, seems to be not only reasonable, but to have the support and sanction of judicial authority. See De Symonds v. De la Cour, (5 Bos. & Pull. 374.) So, in accordance therewith, it was held in Green v. The New River Company, in an action against a master for the negligence of his servant, that the latter was not a competent witness to disprove the negligence without a release. 4 T. R. 589. See also to the same effect, Miller v. Falconer, (1 Camp. 251.) Morish v. Foote, (2 Moore, 508.) Wake v. Lark, (5 C. & P. 454.) Kerrison v. Coatsworth, (1 C. & P. 645.) Whitamore v. Waterhouse, (4 C. & P. 383.) Sherman v. Barnes, (1 M. & Rob. 69.) Spitty v. Bowens, (Peake, 53.) So in Harrington v. Coswell, (6 C. & P. 352,) Mr. Justice Patteson held that the servant of the carrier, against whom the action was brought for negligence of the servant in carrying' a parcel, was not a competent witness, nor made so by the statute 3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 42, s. 26. Now, although the present is not an action brought by the owner of the goods against the carrier for a loss sustained through the negligence of those employed by the carrier to convey the goods, yet negligence on their part was properly made the ground of the defence against the carrier’s claim for freight; so that the case depended, in the language of Mr. Starlrie, upon the question whether the agents of the party introducing them as witnesses on his behalf, had not been guilty of some negligence in the course of executing his orders. They had, from their position, the entire management and direction of the boat; and if by their negligence, their employer was alleged to have lost his right to recove:', from the owner or consignee of the nails, the freight agreed to be paid for their transportation, it is evident that they stood liable to him for the loss, in case he failed to recover on that account, and consequently were interested in promoting his recovery of the freight from the plaintiffs in error, by bearing testimony to the fact of their being no negligence on their part, and showing that the injury to the nails had arisen from some other unavoidable cause. We therefore think that the depositions of Isaac McKinley Reed and John Hill Maffit were improperly admitted. The judgment is reversed, and a venire de novo awarded.2
Judgment reversed; and a venire de novo awarded.
Ante, page-418.