2024 IL App (1st) 221521
SIXTH DIVISION June 28, 2024
No. 1-22-1521
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT
VIERA HULSH, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County ) v. ) No. 20 CH 00831 ) MAYA HULSH and OREN HULSH, ) The Honorable ) Patrick J. Sherlock, Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE TAILOR delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justice C.A. Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion. Presiding Justice Oden Johnson dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 We are called on to recognize a new tort for interference with custodial rights in the context
of international child abduction, an issue within the purview of a treaty commonly known as the
Hague Convention, to which the United States is a party. Convention on the Civil Aspects of
International Child Abduction, Oct. 25, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11670, 1343 U.N.T.S. 89,
https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201343/volume-1343-I-22514-
English.pdf [https://perma.cc/P8PV-AHD6]) (hereinafter Hague Convention). Here, the father
abducted his two children, who were living with their mother in Slovakia pursuant to a court order
granting her primary custody, and brought them to the United States. The father’s mother and No. 1-22-1521
brother allegedly assisted him by paying for a charter plane to take the father and children from
Slovakia to England, providing housing for them in the United States, paying their living expenses
after they came to the Chicago area, and otherwise secreting the whereabouts of the children from
their mother. Following a trial on a claim brought by the mother against the father under the Hague
Convention in federal district court, the father was ordered to return the children to the mother,
and the mother was awarded the attorney fees and costs she incurred to get the children back. After
the father filed for bankruptcy protection and claimed indigency, the mother sued the father’s
mother and brother in the circuit court for tortious interference with custodial rights, among other
claims. The circuit court dismissed the complaint, and the mother appeals. We decline to recognize
a new cause of action for tortious interference with custodial rights. Illinois reviewing courts have
repeatedly declined to recognize such a claim. Moreover, it is the prerogative of our supreme
court or the legislature to create new causes of action, not this court. Finally, and in any case,
public policy does not support a new cause of action here where the mother could have obtained
the relief she seeks against her former husband’s mother and brother in federal court in the
underlying Hague Convention proceedings. Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of the plaintiff’s
claims.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Jeremy Hulsh, a citizen of the United States and Israel, and Viera Hulsh, a citizen of
Slovakia, divorced in 2019. Viera was granted primary custody of their two children, who resided
with her in Slovakia. Jeremy was granted visitation rights. In October 2019, Jeremy removed the
children from Slovakia without Viera’s permission and brought them to Chicago, Illinois.
¶4 On November 5, 2019, Viera filed a petition in the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois against Jeremy, seeking the return of the children under the Hague
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Convention (id.) and its implementing legislation, the International Child Abduction Remedies
Act (ICARA) (22 U.S.C. § 9001 et seq. (2018)). The case was tried in February 2020. On July 21,
2020, the district court granted Viera’s petition and ordered that the children be returned to her in
Slovakia.
¶5 On August 11, 2020, Viera filed a petition in district court, requesting “attorneys’ fees,
expenses and costs incurred pursuing her successful action for return of her children” as authorized
by ICARA. Several weeks later, Jeremy filed a petition for bankruptcy. On January 23, 2021, Viera
amended her fee petition and requested almost $500,000 in fees, expenses, and taxable costs.
¶6 On March 15, 2021, the district court partially granted Viera’s request and ordered Jeremy
to pay her $265,096.87 for the attorney fees and expenses she incurred in getting the children back.
The court excluded fees it found duplicative or unreasonable and those that were unsupported by
documentation or unrecoverable under the statute, and it factored in Jeremy’s claimed indigency.
The bankruptcy court found that the attorney fees awarded to Viera were “nondischargeable”
because fees awarded under ICARA constitute domestic support obligations under the Bankruptcy
Code (11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq. (2018)).
¶7 Unable to collect on the money judgment against Jeremy, Viera filed a separate lawsuit in
the circuit court of Cook County against Jeremy’s mother, Maya Hulsh, and Jeremy’s brother,
Oren Hulsh. In her complaint, Viera alleged three counts: (1) tortious interference with custodial
rights, (2) aiding and abetting tortious interference with custodial rights, and (3) intentional
infliction of emotional distress. She asserted that (1) Maya and Oren “knowingly interfered with
[her] custodial rights by directly participating in abducting [her] children for the intended purpose
of violating [her] custodial rights”; (2) Maya and Oren “reached an agreement with Jeremy to
engage in an unlawful scheme of abducting [her] children in knowing violation of custody orders,
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the Hague Convention, [and] ICARA”; and (3) Maya and Oren’s “overt acts were done pursuant
to and in furtherance of the common scheme to abduct [her] children.” In support, Viera alleged
that, after Jeremy took her children from Slovakia in 2019, he chartered a private aircraft paid for
by Maya to fly the children to England and then traveled with them to Canada, where he rented a
car paid for by Oren to travel to the United States. Viera alleged that, after Jeremy arrived in the
Chicago area with his children, they stayed in a home “rented or owned” by Maya and that Maya
helped care for the children and “helped finance the children’s concealment and care.” Viera
alleged that Oren helped “harbor and care for the children,” both at his mother’s home and at his
condominium in Chicago, and that he and Maya failed to provide her with information about her
children’s whereabouts.
¶8 Viera alleged that she suffered “significant financial damages” as a result of Maya and
Oren’s “interference with her custody rights,” including (1) attorney fees and expenses related to
the district court case she had previously litigated against Jeremy; (2) prior and future attorney fees
and expenses in the bankruptcy case she was litigating against Jeremy; and (3) past and possible
future lost income, transportation, and living expenses arising from Maya and Oren, “acting in
concert with Jeremy,” which “forc[ed] [her] to suspend her employment temporarily in Slovakia
to come to the United States for extended periods to successfully reobtain custody of her children,
litigate the bankruptcy case, litigate this case, and take other actions necessary to collect her district
court award.”
¶9 Oren and Maya filed section 2-615 (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2020)) motions to dismiss
Viera’s complaint, asserting that “the causes of action she asserts ***do not exist under Illinois
law.” Relying on Whitehorse v. Critchfield, 144 Ill. App. 3d 192 (1986), the trial court dismissed
count I of Viera’s complaint because there is no recognized cause of action for tortious interference
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with custodial rights in Illinois. The trial court dismissed count II for conspiracy as well because
it hinged on the viability of the tortious interference count. However, it declined to dismiss count
III for intentional infliction of emotional distress. After the court denied Maya and Oren’s motion
to reconsider, Viera filed a motion for an Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Oct. 1, 2019)
certification and to stay the proceeding pending the disposition of her proposed Rule 308 petition.
The court denied Viera’s Rule 308 petition. Viera then voluntarily dismissed her intentional
infliction of emotional distress claim and timely appealed the trial court’s decision to dismiss the
tortious interference with custodial rights and conspiracy claims.
¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 11 A. Standard of Review
¶ 12 A motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the Civil Practice Law (735 ILCS 5/2-
615 (West 2020)) attacks the legal sufficiency of the complaint. Hartmann Realtors v. Biffar, 2014
IL App (5th) 130543, ¶ 14. In order to state a cause of action, a complaint must set forth a legally
recognized cause of action and plead facts to bring the claim within that cause of action.
Misselhorn v. Doyle, 257 Ill. App. 3d 983, 985 (1994). “The question presented by a section 2-615
motion to dismiss is whether the allegations of the complaint, when viewed in a light most
favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted.”
Vernon v. Schuster, 179 Ill. 2d 338, 344 (1997). A cause of action should be dismissed when it
“clearly appears that no set of facts can be proved which will entitle the plaintiff to recover.” Id.
We review a trial court’s decision to grant a section 2-615 motion to dismiss de novo. Vogt v.
Round Robin Enterprises, Inc., 2020 IL App (4th) 190294, ¶ 14.
¶ 13 B. Tortious Interference with Custodial Rights Is Not a Legally Recognized
Cause of Action in Illinois
5 No. 1-22-1521
¶ 14 On appeal, Viera argues that the trial court erred when it dismissed her tortious interference
with custodial rights claim. Although she acknowledges that Illinois courts have refused to
recognize a cause of action for damage to the parent-child relationship, she contends that our
supreme court has “not ruled on the claim [she] makes in this case,” because she seeks only the
expenses she incurred in reobtaining custody of her children, not damages arising from damage to
the parent-child relationship.
¶ 15 However, Illinois courts have declined to recognize tortious interference with custodial
rights as a cause of action regardless of the damages claimed. In Whitehorse, 144 Ill. App. 3d at
193, the Murphys removed a child from her father’s custody in Utah and sent her to live with the
Critchfields in Illinois, who counseled the child not to return home or reveal her location to her
father. After the child was eventually returned to her father, he brought suit against the Murphys,
alleging that they deprived him of the care, custody, and services of his daughter, and against the
Critchfields, alleging that they aided and abetted the Murphys in carrying out their plan. Id. He
asked for his expenses and costs, as well as damages for the emotional distress he suffered. Id. The
Murphys moved to dismiss, alleging that “tortious interference with the custodial parent’s relations
with his child is neither statutorily nor judicially recognized as an action in Illinois.” Id. After the
trial court granted the motion to dismiss, the father appealed and “urge[d] this court to recognize
a cause of action based upon a tortious interference with a custodial parent’s right to custody, care,
and companionship of his child.” Id. at 194. This court “decline[d] to do so, feeling this area,
because of its multiple ramifications and potential for abuse, is more properly a subject for the
legislature’s consideration.” Id.
¶ 16 Our supreme court has repeatedly declined to recognize such a tort either. See, e.g., Dralle
v. Ruder, 124 Ill. 2d 61, 70 (1988) (declining to allow recovery for loss of society stemming from
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a child’s nonfatal injuries allegedly caused by the mother’s use of a prescription medication,
reasoning that creating such a tort “would threaten a considerable enlargement of liability,” it was
difficult to assess damages, and a tort remedy was available to the child); Vitro v. Mihelcic, 209
Ill. 2d 76, 88 (2004) (finding no valid cause of action when the parents of a child who suffered
brain damage sought recovery for loss of society and companionship, stating that it is “the
legislature which should decide whether this new cause of action should be created”); Doe v.
McKay, 183 Ill. 2d 272, 286 (1998) (finding that “the same considerations that led the court to
deny recovery in Dralle must also preclude recovery for lost society and companionship” when
there was direct interference with the parent-child relationship because “the considerations cited
in Dralle as grounds for barring recovery of psychic damages are applicable whether the
interference with the relationship is characterized as direct or indirect”).
¶ 17 Viera relies on Dymek v. Nyquist, 128 Ill. App. 3d 859, 866 (1984), where the court
determined that a cause of action for the loss of a minor child’s society and companionship could
be maintained by a parent in Illinois, and Kunz v. Deitch, 660 F. Supp. 679, 682-83 (N.D. Ill.
1987), where the federal court noted that our supreme court “ha[d] not specifically addressed
whether an independent cause of action exists for loss of a child’s society” but predicted that our
supreme court would recognize such a tort. However, Dymek and Kunz predate our supreme court’s
decisions in Dralle, Vitro, and Doe, where the court repeatedly declined to recognize a cause of
action based on interference with the parent-child relationship, finding that it was “the legislature
which should decide whether this new cause of action should be created.” Vitro, 209 Ill. 2d at 88.
¶ 18 Viera highlights the fact that a number of other states have recognized the tort of intentional
interference with custodial rights. See, e.g., Kajtazi v. Kajtazi, 488 F. Supp. 15, 18 (E.D.N.Y. 1978)
(recognizing “[t]he unlawful taking or withholding of a minor child from the custody of the parent
7 No. 1-22-1521
entitled to such custody [a]s a tort”); Kramer v. Leineweber, 642 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Mo. Ct. App.
1982) (“A tort action against one who deprives a parent of a child has long been recognized in
Missouri and other jurisdictions.”); Lloyd v. Loeffler, 694 F.2d 489, 496 (7th Cir. 1982) (finding
that Wisconsin law would recognize an action in tort for unlawful intentional interference with the
custody rights of a parent). However, this does not change the fact that, in Illinois, reviewing courts
have repeatedly declined to recognize a cause of action for interference with the parent-child
relationship.
¶ 19 Moreover, as an intermediate appellate court, it is not our prerogative to create a new cause
of action. When a statutory cause of action does not exist in Illinois, this court has repeatedly
declined to recognize a new one, finding the matter better left to our legislature or our supreme
court. See, e.g., Emery v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 377 Ill. App. 3d 1013,
1030 (2007) (“[B]ecause we believe that it is the province of either the legislature or the supreme
court to create new causes of action [citation], we continue to follow the rationale of the Second
and Fifth Districts of the Appellate Court, and do not recognize the tort of compelled self-
defamation. As such, we find that the trial court did not err in granting defendant’s section 2-
615 motion to dismiss on this claim.”); Harrel v. Dillards Department Stores, Inc., 268 Ill. App.
3d 537, 548 (1994) (“Appellate courts should not create new causes of action. Our supreme court
and legislature are capable of and primarily responsible for deciding the need for new causes of
action.”); Wofford v. Tracy, 2015 IL App (2d) 141220, ¶ 41 (“We also note that it is the province
of our supreme court and/or the General Assembly, not the appellate court, to create new causes
of action.”). Because our supreme court has repeatedly declined to recognize a claim for tortious
interference with custodial rights, we decline to create a new cause of action here. We find it is
best left to our supreme court or the legislature.
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¶ 20 C. The Supreme Court and Legislature’s Prerogative Aside, Public Policy Does
Not Warrant Recognition of a Claim for Tortious Interference With Custodial
Rights in This Case
¶ 21 Viera argues that we should recognize a new cause of action as a matter of public policy
because, if we fail to extend the law here, Maya and Oren and other individuals “who offer[ ]
substantial assistance” with child abduction will be able to completely escape liability. However,
Viera could have brought suit against Maya and Oren in connection with her Hague Convention
claim in federal district court. Therefore, her public policy argument must fail.
¶ 22 The Hague Convention is an international treaty “cent[e]red upon the idea of co-operation
amongst authorities” (Elisa Pérez-Vera, Explanatory Report, 3 Acts and Documents of the
Fourteenth Session, Hague Conference on Private International Law, Child Abduction 426, 435
(1982), https://assets.hcch.net/docs/05998e0c-af56-4977-839a-e7db3f0ea6a9.pdf [https://
perma.cc/UZ4T-3UDX] (hereinafter Pérez-Vera Report), which seeks to “ ‘protect children
internationally from the harmful effects of their wrongful removal or retention and to establish
procedures to ensure their prompt return to the State of their habitual residence.’ ” Miller v. Miller,
240 F.3d 392, 398 (4th Cir. 2001) (quoting Hague Convention pmbl., T.I.A.S. No. 11670, 1343
U.N.T.S. at 98). The Hague Convention and its enabling legislation, ICARA, allow attorney fees
and costs to be awarded in order to “restore the applicant to the financial position he or she would
have been in had there been no removal or retention” and “to deter such conduct from happening
in the first place.” Hague International Child Abduction Convention; Text and Legal Analysis, 51
Fed. Reg. 10,494-10,502, 10,511 (Dep’t of State Mar. 26, 1986) (public notice). Although Viera’s
counsel contended at argument that he did not believe Viera could have filed suit against Oren and
Maya in federal district court, nothing in the Hague Convention precludes a plaintiff from filing
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suit against multiple respondents or nonfamily members. While the Hague Convention contains
no express provision defining who may be a potential abductor, Elisa Pérez-Vera, the official
Hague Conference reporter for the Convention, issued an explanatory report, which “is recognized
by the Conference as the official history and commentary on the Convention and is a source of
background on the meaning of the provisions of the Convention.” Hague International Child
Abduction Convention; Text and Legal Analysis, 51 Fed. Reg. 10,503 (Dep’t of State Mar. 26,
1986) (public notice). In her report, Pérez-Vera notes that the Hague Convention adopts a “wide
view” of who can be considered a “potential abductor” and characterizes as wrongful removals
those carried out, not just by parents, but also by “a grandfather or adoptive father” for example.
Pérez-Vera Report, supra, at 451. Although we have found no cases in Illinois addressing this
issue, courts around the country have allowed suits against nonparent respondents and have held
that individuals who assist with wrongful removals can be held financially liable.
¶ 23 For example, in Neves v. Neves, 637 F. Supp. 2d 322, 346 (W.D.N.C. 2009), the court held
that a mother was entitled to recover attorney fees and expenses from a couple who helped her
estranged husband wrongfully remove her children. The mother brought suit under the Hague
Convention against her estranged husband and an unrelated couple, the Patels, seeking the return
of her children to Germany. Id. at 329. She alleged that her estranged husband wrongfully removed
their two children from Germany and that the Patels assisted her husband in wrongfully removing
the children and by allowing the children to reside in their home in the United States. Id. at 329-
30. The court found that the husband “received substantial assistance from” the Patels because the
Patels knew the husband wanted to take his children from Germany without the mother’s
knowledge, made the travel arrangements, paid for the airline tickets, allowed the husband and
children to reside in their home, and ignored the mother’s multiple attempts to contact them about
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the children’s whereabouts. Id. at 335. Based upon this evidence, the court “f[ound] as fact and
conclude[d] as a matter of law that the Patels actively and knowingly assisted [the estranged
husband] in the wrongful removal and retention of the children, in violation of the [mother’s] rights
of custody.” Id. at 335-36. The court ordered the Patels to pay fees and costs to the mother, finding
that, “without their assistance, [the husband] would not have been able to carry out his plan to
wrongfully remove the children from Germany without the [mother’s] knowledge or consent.” Id.
at 346.
¶ 24 In Litowchak v. Litowchak, No. 2:15-cv-185, 2015 WL 7428573 (D. Vt. Nov. 20, 2015),
the petitioner brought claims under the Hague Convention against the respondent, alleging that she
abducted their children by moving them from Australia to the United States without his consent.
He then asked the court to allow him to amend his petition to add the respondent’s father as an
additional respondent. Id. at *1. He claimed that the respondent’s father “purchased plane tickets
for [r]espondent and the children to leave Australia,” “arranged and provided housing for
[r]espondent and the children after they left Australia, and *** concealed the children’s location”
from him. Id. The court noted that “[t]he Hague Convention and ICARA provide remedies beyond
orders requiring the return of a child” and that the Hague Convention “does not limit responsibility
‘for the removal or retention of a child’ to ‘acts exclusively [done by] one of the parents … [but
instead] hold[s] a wide view which would, for example, allow removals by a grandfather … to be
characterized as child abduction, in accordance with the [Hague] Convention’s use of that term.’ ”
Id. at *2 (quoting Pérez-Vera Report, supra, at 451). The court found that, because the allegations
in the petitioner’s petition concerned the respondent’s father’s role in the removal of the children
from Australia and his alleged concealment of the children from the petitioner, his actions were
“clearly within the scope of actions addressed by the Hague Convention” and the court could
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“redress those allegedly unlawful actions by granting appropriate remedies in addition to the return
of the children to Australia.” Id. The court further found that, “to the extent [respondent’s father]
committed the abduction of the children, he may be liable for [p]etitioner’s expenses.” Id. It
therefore allowed the petitioner to amend his petition to add respondent’s father as an additional
respondent. Id. at *3.
¶ 25 Other courts have allowed suits against nonparent respondents in Hague Convention
proceedings as well. See, e.g., Jacquety v. Baptista, No. 19 Civ. 9642, 2020 WL 5946562, at *5
(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2020) (“As an initial matter, the Court is not persuaded that, because [the
removing mother’s boyfriend] is not a relative or a custodial parent, he is an improper respondent
here. Under ICARA, responsibility for child abduction is nowhere limited to a child’s parents or
relatives.”); Rishmawy v. Vergara, 540 F. Supp. 3d 1246, 1274-75 (S.D. Ga. 2021) (where a mother
alleged that the child’s father and his girlfriend took her minor child out of Honduras and
wrongfully retained her, the court found that the girlfriend was subject to suit because she “played
an integral role in the retention of the Child in the United States”).
¶ 26 As the above cases illustrate, Viera could have brought suit against Maya and Oren under
the Hague Convention and ICARA in the federal district court, seeking the same damages she now
seeks. Although the dissent disagrees with our “conclusive determination that Viera could have
sued and recovered against Oren and Maya under her ICARA case filed in 2019” (infra ¶ 37), it
cites no authority to convince us otherwise. What’s more, one of the allegations in Viera’s
complaint—that Maya and Oren “reached an agreement with Jeremy to engage in an unlawful
scheme of abducting Viera’s Children in knowing violation of *** the Hague Convention [and]
ICARA”—seemingly concedes that she could have filed suit against Oren and Maya in federal
court. Instead of doing so, however, Viera filed her suit under the Hague Convention solely against
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Jeremy, and her petition was granted, her children were returned to her, and Jeremy was ordered
to pay her more than $265,000 to compensate her for the economic damages she sustained in
regaining custody of her children. It was only after Jeremy declared bankruptcy and was apparently
unable to satisfy the judgment that Viera filed suit against Maya and Oren in the circuit court and
asked the court to create a new cause of action so she could be compensated for the economic
damages she had already been awarded by the district court. But because the Hague Convention
and ICARA already provide Viera with a statutory remedy for the very damages she seeks, we see
no public policy reason to recognize a new tort here. See, e.g., Berlin v. Nathan, 64 Ill. App. 3d
940, 950-51 (1978) (So long as some remedy for the alleged wrong exists, article I, section 12, of
the Illinois Constitution, which states that “[e]very person shall find a certain remedy in the laws
for all injuries and wrongs which he receives to his person, privacy, or property” (Ill. Const. 1970,
art. I, § 12), does not mandate recognition of any new remedy. The failure to state a cause of action
cannot be cured by alleging that the plaintiff should have a remedy as provided in article I, section
12.); Neade v. Portes, 193 Ill. 2d 433, 450 (2000) (refusing to recognize a new action for breach
of fiduciary duty against a physician in a suit brought against the physician for medical negligence
because the claim was “duplicative” and the injuries suffered by plaintiff as a result of the
physician’s medical care were “sufficiently addressed by application of traditional concepts of
negligence”).
¶ 27 D. The Conspiracy Count Also Fails Because It Was Premised on the Viability of the
Tortious Interference With Custodial Rights Claim
¶ 28 In her civil conspiracy count, titled “civil conspiracy to aid and abet tortious interference
with custodial rights,” Viera alleged that Maya and Oren “aid[ed] and abett[ed] Jeremy’s abduction
of Viera’s children” and “reached an agreement with Jeremy to engage in an unlawful scheme of
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abducting Viera’s children.” While civil conspiracy is recognized as a distinct cause of action in
Illinois, “ ‘[t]he gist of a conspiracy claim is not the agreement itself, but the tortious acts
performed in furtherance of the agreement.’ ” Lewis v. Lead Industries Ass’n, 2020 IL 124107,
¶¶ 19-20 (quoting Adcock v. Brakegate, Ltd., 164 Ill. 2d 54, 63 (1994)). Thus, if a plaintiff “fails
to state an independent cause of action underlying its conspiracy allegations, the claim for
conspiracy also fails.” Indeck North American Power Fund, L.P. v. Norweb PLC, 316 Ill. App. 3d
416, 432 (2000); see Süd Family Ltd. Partnership v. Otto Baum Co., 2024 IL App (4th) 220782,
¶ 60 (holding that plaintiffs failed to state a cause of action for fraud and therefore finding that
“dismissal of its conspiracy counts—which [we]re based upon the same allegations of fraud—
[wa]s also warranted”). Although Viera initially alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress
in her complaint, she voluntarily dismissed that count, leaving only her tortious interference claim.
But because no cause of action for tortious interference with custodial rights exists in Illinois,
Viera’s conspiracy count—which was premised solely on the viability of the tortious interference
claim—necessarily fails as well.
¶ 29 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 30 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
¶ 31 Affirmed.
¶ 32 Presiding Justice Oden Johnson, dissenting:
¶ 33 I respectfully dissent from the majority’s position that a petitioner who seeks to recover
fees and costs from third parties who assist in the international abduction of children that are
ultimately returned under the Hague Convention should not be able to recover under Illinois law.
In doing so, I recognize that this case, like several before it, calls upon this court to recognize a
cause of action for tortious interference with custodial rights, which this court has declined to do
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on several occasions. However, I submit that we should not continue to allow such behavior to go
unchecked and that public policy dictates that we recognize and allow this cause of action as a
deterrent to such future behavior. Moreover, I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that Viera
could have sued Oren and Maya and recovered under ICARA at the time that her case was initially
filed.
¶ 34 This case, as with all international child abduction cases, is governed by the Hague
Convention. The Hague Convention, adopted in 1980, seeks to secure the prompt return of children
wrongfully removed to or retained in any signatory state. In re Marriage of Krol, 2015 IL App
(1st) 140976, ¶ 17. A central purpose of the Hague Convention is to “ ‘discourage parents from
crossing international borders in search of a more sympathetic forum’ ” in which to litigate custody
issues. Id. (quoting In re Lozano, 809 F. Supp. 2d 197, 217 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), aff’d sub nom. Lozano
v. Alvarez, 697 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 2012), aff’d sub nom. Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez, 572 U.S. 1
(2014)). The United States is a signatory to the Hague Convention and has implemented its
provisions through the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA) (originally codified
at 42 U.S.C. § 11601 et seq. (2006), now codified at 22 U.S.C. § 9001 et seq. (2018)). The ICARA
statute provides that
“[a]ny person seeking to initiate judicial proceedings under the [Hague] Convention for the
return of a child *** may do so by commencing a civil action by filing a petition for the
relief sought in any court which has jurisdiction of such action and which is authorized to
exercise its jurisdiction in the place where the child is located at the time the petition is
filed.” 22 U.S.C. § 9003(b) (2018).
The statute further states that the courts of the states and the United States have concurrent original
jurisdiction of actions arising under the Hague Convention. Id. § 9003(a).
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¶ 35 Article 26 of the Hague Convention provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
“ ‘Upon ordering the return of a child or issuing an order concerning rights of access under
this Convention, the judicial or administrative authorities may, where appropriate, direct
the person who removed or retained the child, or who prevented the exercise of rights of
access, to pay necessary expenses incurred by or on behalf of the applicant, including travel
expenses, any costs incurred or payments made for locating the child, the costs of legal
representation of the applicant, and those of returning the child.’ ” Mendoza v. Silva, 987
F. Supp. 2d 910, 913 (2014) (quoting Hague Convention, art. 26, T.I.A.S. No. 11670, 1343
U.N.T.S. 89).
¶ 36 The ICARA codifies the obligations of the United States under this section of the Hague
Convention as follows:
“Any court ordering the return of a child pursuant to an action brought under section 9003
of this title shall order the respondent to pay necessary expenses incurred by or on behalf
of the petitioner, including court costs, legal fees, foster home or other care during the
course of proceedings in the action, and transportation costs related to the return of the
child, unless the respondent establishes that such order would be clearly inappropriate.” 22
U.S.C. § 9007(b)(3) (2018).
¶ 37 Reading both the Mendoza court’s interpretation and the plain language of ICARA
together, it is clear that the recovery of fees and costs under the Hague Convention and ICARA
are aimed at the respondent who removed or retained the child. Neither the plain language of article
26 of the Hague Convention nor ICARA state or imply otherwise. The majority relies primarily
on secondary sources and four cases to support its conclusion. It is important to note that two of
the four cases cited by the majority, Jacquety v. Baptista, No. 19 Civ. 9642, 2020 WL 5946562
16 No. 1-22-1521
(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2020), and Rishmawy v. Vergara, 540 F. Supp. 3d 1246, 1273 (S.D. Ga. 2021),
were not decided until after Viera’s Hague Convention case was filed in 2019. 1 In Neves v. Neves,
637 F. Supp. 2d 322, 346 (W.D.N.C. 2009), recovery of fees and costs was found to be appropriate
against third-party respondents who allowed the respondent father and the children to live with
them and did not disclose the children’s whereabouts to the petitioner. However, the majority does
not cite, nor have I found, any other case that predates the filing of Viera’s case that allows for
recovery of fees and costs against third parties/nonparents. 2 As such, I disagree with the majority’s
conclusive determination that Viera could have sued and recovered against Oren and Maya under
her ICARA case filed in 2019.
¶ 38 It is also clear that the Restatement of Torts recognizes the tort of intentional interference
with a parent’s custodial rights, titled “Causing Minor Child to Leave or not to Return Home.” See
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 700 (1977). Comment g to that section allows the parent to
recover for the loss of society of his child and for his emotional distress resulting from the
abduction or enticement. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 700 cmt. g (1977). The parent is also
allowed recovery for any reasonable expenses incurred in regaining custody of the child. Id. While
some jurisdictions have adopted this cause of action in both federal and state actions, to date,
Illinois has not formally adopted the Restatement for this tort, and it is clear that a restatement is
not binding on Illinois courts unless it is adopted by our supreme court. See Tilschner v. Spangler,
409 Ill. App. 3d 988, 990 (2011). However, despite there being no formal adoption of this tort
under the Restatement, there is a conflict among districts of our appellate court, with the Fourth
District rejecting the cause of action in Whitehorse v. Critchfield, 144 Ill. App. 3d 192 (1986), and
1 Additionally, it should be noted that Jacquety and Litowchak v. Litowchak, no. 2:15-cv-185, 2015 WL 7428573 (Nov. 20, 2015) are unpublished slip opinions, which have no legal precedential value. 2 While there are other cases where a third party has been sued for recovery of the abducted children, I have found no other cases that address financial recovery under ICARA against third parties.
17 No. 1-22-1521
the First District recognizing recovery in Dymek v. Nyquist, 128 Ill. App. 3d 859 (1984).
Additionally, as noted above, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
recognized the tort under Illinois law in Kunz v. Deitch, 660 F. Supp. 679, 680 (N.D. Ill. 1987).
While the majority notes that those cases were all decided prior to Dralle v. Ruder, 124 Ill. 2d 61
(1988), it ignores the fact that our supreme court in Dralle explicitly stated that, at that time, it was
not considering “the nature or extent of the recovery in cases based on what has been termed a
‘direct interference’ with the parent-child relationship.” Id. at 72-73. A fair reading of that
statement is that Dralle’s holding was limited to those circumstances where parents sought
economic recovery for nonfatal injury to their children and that it left the door open for future
consideration of this issue. And since Dralle, our supreme court has yet to conclusively decide
whether or not Illinois recognizes the tort of intentional interference with a parent’s custodial rights
as codified in the Restatement of Torts.
¶ 39 Additionally, public policy dictates that Illinois should recognize tortious interference with
custodial rights. Currently, the Illinois legislature has not codified a civil remedy for child
abduction or aiding and abetting child abduction, although both are codified as felonies with
criminal penalties. See 720 ILCS 5/10-5 (West 2022) (child abduction); id. § 10-7 (aiding or
abetting child abduction). Public policy supports the rejection of a per se rule that a parent can
never sustain a cause of action for direct interference with the parent-child relationship. The
continued adoption of such a rule essentially absolves those who aid and abet child abductions,
which is clearly a wrongful act and harmful to the parents and children. To hold otherwise is to
allow defendants’ actions to be without consequence. This is especially true in a particularly
egregious circumstance such as this, where defendants, armed with the knowledge that Jeremy
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only had supervised visitation to specifically prevent abduction, went to great lengths to knowingly
assist and finance the children’s abduction.
¶ 40 Refusal to recognize tortious interference with custodial rights would also frustrate the
fundamental right that a parent has to the continued enjoyment of his or her child, which is at the
heart of the Hague Convention, the ICARA, and our criminal statutes that address child abduction.
Contrary to defendants’ assertions, Viera (or any parent in such situation) does not have any other
remedy available because individual parties do not determine what cases the state’s attorney
prosecutes. As such, it is disingenuous to argue that the penalties contained in the criminal
kidnapping statute would provide relief to Viera under these circumstances.
¶ 41 With respect to Viera’s conspiracy claim, I would find that Illinois recognizes civil
conspiracy as a distinct cause of action. Lewis v. Lead Industries Ass’n, 2020 IL 124107, ¶ 19.
Civil conspiracy is defined as a combination of two or more persons for the purpose of
accomplishing, by some concerted action, either an unlawful purpose or a lawful purpose or a
lawful purpose by unlawful means. Id.; McClure v. Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp., 188 Ill. 2d
102, 133 (1999). “ ‘The function of a [civil] conspiracy claim is to extend liability in tort beyond
the active wrongdoer to those who have merely planned, assisted or encouraged the wrongdoer’s
acts.’ ” Lewis, 2020 IL 124107, ¶ 19 (quoting Adcock v. Brakegate, Ltd., 164 Ill. 2d 54, 62 (1994)).
¶ 42 To state a claim for civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must allege an agreement and a tortious act
committed in furtherance of that agreement. Id. ¶ 20. Civil conspiracy requires proof that a
defendant knowingly and voluntarily participates in a common scheme to commit an unlawful act
or a lawful act in an unlawful manner. Id. Further, once the conspiracy is formed, all of its members
are liable for injuries caused by any unlawful acts performed pursuant to and in furtherance of the
conspiracy. Id. To prevail on a theory of civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must plead and prove (1) the
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existence of an agreement between two or more persons (2) to participate in an unlawful act or a
lawful act in an unlawful matter, (3) that an overt act was performed by one of the parties pursuant
to and in furtherance of a common scheme, and (4) an injury caused by the unlawful overt act. Id.
¶ 43 I would find that the allegations in Viera’s complaint support a cause of action for civil
conspiracy to intentionally inflict emotional distress by defendants. A liberal reading of Viera’s
verified complaint and taking all facts as true for purposes of consideration of a section 2-615
motion reveals the following. Maya and Oren conspired with Jeremy to remove the children from
Slovakia to the United States without Viera’s knowledge and to conceal their whereabouts when
they knew that Jeremy was not to remove the children from Slovakia per the parties’ divorce. The
act of removing the children in violation of the divorce decree was an unlawful child abduction.
Maya provided Jeremy and the children with a private flight from Slovakia to London, and once
they eventually reached the United States, Maya provided them with housing accommodations and
living expenses and refused to disclose the children’s whereabouts to Viera. Similarly, Oren also
provided housing accommodations for Jeremy and the children and refused to disclose the
children’s whereabouts to Viera. Viera subsequently sustained injuries as a result of defendants’
actions in the form of emotional distress as well as economic losses from her costs associated with
the location and return of the children, including filing suit against Jeremy under the Hague
Convention. Viera’s economic losses from Maya and Oren are separate and viable even though
she was awarded an amount under her fee petition in the Hague Convention action against Jeremy
under the collateral source doctrine; that award does not negate or erase her separate damages for
civil conspiracy in state court. Moreover, as previously noted, Viera did not receive the full amount
of fees, expenses, and costs sought in her fee petition against Jeremy. Accordingly, as Viera’s
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complaint properly alleged a cause of action for civil conspiracy, it should not have been
dismissed, and I would reverse the dismissal.
¶ 44 I would also find that Viera’s award in the federal Hague Convention case does not
preclude her recovery against defendants under application of our collateral source rule, especially
in this instance where she did not receive the full amount of her requested attorney fees and costs.
Illinois recognizes the “collateral source rule,” which states that benefits received by the injured
party from a source wholly independent of, and collateral to, the tortfeasor will not diminish
damages otherwise recoverable from the tortfeasor. Id. ¶ 46; Wills v. Foster, 229 Ill. 2d 393, 399
(2008). The justification for the rule is that the wrongdoer should not benefit from the expenditures
made by the injured party or take advantage of contracts or other relations that may exist between
the injured party and third persons. Lewis, 2020 IL 124107, ¶ 46.
¶ 45 In conclusion, I would have reversed the dismissal of Viera’s complaint and allowed the
case to proceed.
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Hulsh v. Hulsh, 2024 IL App (1st) 221521
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 20-CH- 00831; the Hon. Patrick J. Sherlock, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Thomas Kanyock and Michael A. Beci, of Schwartz & for Kanyock, LLC, of Chicago, for appellant. Appellant:
Attorneys Peter Ordower, of Law Office of Peter Ordower, P.C., of for Chicago, for appellee Maya Hulsh. Appellee: Stephen J. Cullen (pro hac vice) and Kelly A. Powers (pro hac vice), of Miles & Stockbridge P.C., of Washington, D.C., for other appellee.