WRIGHT, J.
gave the opinion of the Court. The ease made in the bill is this: A man in failing circumstances, and in contemplation of insolvency, without disclosing his embarrassments, has purchased *goods of the complainants, upon time, which has not [62 expired. Having by this suppression of truth obtained the goods, he, in order to keep up his sinking credit, is selling them at great sacrifice, and is wasting his estate, by paying two or three per cent, a month interest, and moreover, threatens to transfer his whole property, to pay certain preferred debts, of creditors usually denominated confidential, in fraud of his general creditors. The bill seeks the interference of this court to restrain the defendant from these fraudulent acts, and in aid of the general creditors.
The defendant having had notice of the intended application for injunction, appears and offers his answer to the bill, on oath, in which he denies the purchase in contemplation of insolvency, the fraud and the threatened assignment, and discloses the state of his affairs. From this it appears, that his means consist, by his own estimate,
1. Of real estate, amounting to $30,000 2. Debts outstanding, 100,000 3. Goods on hand, 35,000
Total, . $165,000
That his liabilities are—
1. Due to confidential creditors, $60,000
2. Due to general creditors, 80,000
$140,000
Leaving a balance in his favor, of $25,000
He alleges that he is endeavoring to sell, for the benefit of the whole of his creditors, but considers it his duty to pay the preferred creditors first, because their debts are for cash and aecejDtances, and the others for merchandise obtained in the regular course of business. He admits that he has refused to make an assignment,, and alleges that he does not intend to assign his property, if he can help it, but to manage it himself.
The first question made is one of practice, whether the answer of the defendant, upon applications for provisional injunctions, shall be received. If the provisional writ is allowed, the usual practice is to receive an answer upon return of subpoma, and immediately entertain a motion thereupon to dissolve the injunction. Why not, then, [63]*63hear it, when the application is made in term time, on notice ? The object of the notice is to afford the defendant an opportunity to 63] ^resist the application; and it seems to us good practice to allow him to file his answer, to present the question on its merits, and bring the whole case into view, so far as it regards the allegations of the parties.
The case on the bill and answer is this: Wright, having recently bought goods of the comjfiainant, on time not yet expired, has become embarrassed, and unable to meet his engagements. A part of his debts he esteems confidential, and according to the practice of the mercantile community at this day, intends to prefer these creditors, by applying the proceeds of his estate to discharge their debts in full, before anything is applied to his other debts. That he has on application refused to pay or secure the complainants, or to assign his effects for the benefit of all his creditors; but, if compelled to close his affairs, he intends to assign in order to secure the preferred creditors first. Uj>on this state of the case, we are asked to confiscate his effects, and place them in the hands of a receiver, for the benefit of all the creditors. Our aid for the attainment of the end is invoked in argument, through either of three heads of chancery jurisdiction :■ — -1. Waste. 2. Fraud. 3. Trust.
1. It is urged that this aid may bo afforded, where the fee is in one, and the use in another, and a charge of irreparable injury is threatened to the complainant’s property. This case does not appear to us within this head of chancery jurisdiction. The complainants here claim no property in the thing to be disposed of; but set up only a future right of action, and a fear, that if the defendant is not restrained in the use of his means, their ultimate chance of payment will be diminished, by the improvidence of the defendant. Sometimes chancery restrains minors and lunatics, and latterly, those who have become imbecile from old age, from disposing of their property, and place it in charge of a commissoner; but no analogy is perceived between such a case and the claim of the complainants.
2. As to fraud. The answer denies the allegation of fraud in the bill, and completely neutralizes it. The defendant denies having misrepresented his situation, to induce the sale to him, or that he purchased with a view to insolvency. The case, as it appears before us, is, therefore, stript of the alleged fraud. But, if it were admitted, what effect would it have on the case? If the property remained in specie, unchanged, it might be pursued at law. Courts of law now hold, that fraud in obtaining goods leayes the property in them in the hands of the vendor, and, as against the vendee, un[64, 65]*64, 65changed. Courts of law, in such cases, may restore the possession of the goods, or if the goods in specie cannot be reached, [64-may hold the sale upon credit, one for cash, and thus enable the vendor to recover the amount immediately. This court, exercising concurrent jurisdiction in all cases of fraud, will, where the property is identified, aid the defrauded creditor in pursuit, and where there is danger of its being transferred beyond his reach, will enjoin the holder from removing it, or changing its character, until a hearing can be had. 'It has power, also, to prevent goods, thus acquired, from being taken away from the vendor, and fraudulently placed in the hands of a confidéntial creditor, particularly when the confidential debt, and the credit resulting from it, were, perhaps, the principal means in inducing the vendor to part with his goods on credit. Should such a case be brought before us, we should examine our jurisdiction, with a strong desire of finding some way of giving relief against such palpable injustice.
3. The trust. What is there in the case before us like a trust ? It is said, the insolvency creates a trust in the debtor, of his own property, for the benefit of his creditors. A trust exists where one person is managing the property of another. If a debtor can, in any case, be held the trustee of his creditors, it can only be where the property is unchanged. It seems to us, we are asked to create a trust here, rather than to carry one into execution. We are, in effect, asked to establish, in chancery, a bankrupt law and to compel a debtor to transfer his property to officers of the court empowered to close his affairs, because he does not pay his debts, or comply with his contracts. However desirable to a mercantile community a bankrupt law is, it will hardly be seriously urged, after the numerous struggles to obtain such an act in congress, upon whom the power to pass a law of the kind is expressly conferred in the constitution of the United States, that chancery has within its ordinary jurisdiction power to introduce the bankrupt principle in common controversies, between debtor and creditor. Again: if it appeared that an assignment had been already made by the debtor, favoring certain creditors to the exclusion of others, the way might be opened in this court to control the trust fund.
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WRIGHT, J.
gave the opinion of the Court. The ease made in the bill is this: A man in failing circumstances, and in contemplation of insolvency, without disclosing his embarrassments, has purchased *goods of the complainants, upon time, which has not [62 expired. Having by this suppression of truth obtained the goods, he, in order to keep up his sinking credit, is selling them at great sacrifice, and is wasting his estate, by paying two or three per cent, a month interest, and moreover, threatens to transfer his whole property, to pay certain preferred debts, of creditors usually denominated confidential, in fraud of his general creditors. The bill seeks the interference of this court to restrain the defendant from these fraudulent acts, and in aid of the general creditors.
The defendant having had notice of the intended application for injunction, appears and offers his answer to the bill, on oath, in which he denies the purchase in contemplation of insolvency, the fraud and the threatened assignment, and discloses the state of his affairs. From this it appears, that his means consist, by his own estimate,
1. Of real estate, amounting to $30,000 2. Debts outstanding, 100,000 3. Goods on hand, 35,000
Total, . $165,000
That his liabilities are—
1. Due to confidential creditors, $60,000
2. Due to general creditors, 80,000
$140,000
Leaving a balance in his favor, of $25,000
He alleges that he is endeavoring to sell, for the benefit of the whole of his creditors, but considers it his duty to pay the preferred creditors first, because their debts are for cash and aecejDtances, and the others for merchandise obtained in the regular course of business. He admits that he has refused to make an assignment,, and alleges that he does not intend to assign his property, if he can help it, but to manage it himself.
The first question made is one of practice, whether the answer of the defendant, upon applications for provisional injunctions, shall be received. If the provisional writ is allowed, the usual practice is to receive an answer upon return of subpoma, and immediately entertain a motion thereupon to dissolve the injunction. Why not, then, [63]*63hear it, when the application is made in term time, on notice ? The object of the notice is to afford the defendant an opportunity to 63] ^resist the application; and it seems to us good practice to allow him to file his answer, to present the question on its merits, and bring the whole case into view, so far as it regards the allegations of the parties.
The case on the bill and answer is this: Wright, having recently bought goods of the comjfiainant, on time not yet expired, has become embarrassed, and unable to meet his engagements. A part of his debts he esteems confidential, and according to the practice of the mercantile community at this day, intends to prefer these creditors, by applying the proceeds of his estate to discharge their debts in full, before anything is applied to his other debts. That he has on application refused to pay or secure the complainants, or to assign his effects for the benefit of all his creditors; but, if compelled to close his affairs, he intends to assign in order to secure the preferred creditors first. Uj>on this state of the case, we are asked to confiscate his effects, and place them in the hands of a receiver, for the benefit of all the creditors. Our aid for the attainment of the end is invoked in argument, through either of three heads of chancery jurisdiction :■ — -1. Waste. 2. Fraud. 3. Trust.
1. It is urged that this aid may bo afforded, where the fee is in one, and the use in another, and a charge of irreparable injury is threatened to the complainant’s property. This case does not appear to us within this head of chancery jurisdiction. The complainants here claim no property in the thing to be disposed of; but set up only a future right of action, and a fear, that if the defendant is not restrained in the use of his means, their ultimate chance of payment will be diminished, by the improvidence of the defendant. Sometimes chancery restrains minors and lunatics, and latterly, those who have become imbecile from old age, from disposing of their property, and place it in charge of a commissoner; but no analogy is perceived between such a case and the claim of the complainants.
2. As to fraud. The answer denies the allegation of fraud in the bill, and completely neutralizes it. The defendant denies having misrepresented his situation, to induce the sale to him, or that he purchased with a view to insolvency. The case, as it appears before us, is, therefore, stript of the alleged fraud. But, if it were admitted, what effect would it have on the case? If the property remained in specie, unchanged, it might be pursued at law. Courts of law now hold, that fraud in obtaining goods leayes the property in them in the hands of the vendor, and, as against the vendee, un[64, 65]*64, 65changed. Courts of law, in such cases, may restore the possession of the goods, or if the goods in specie cannot be reached, [64-may hold the sale upon credit, one for cash, and thus enable the vendor to recover the amount immediately. This court, exercising concurrent jurisdiction in all cases of fraud, will, where the property is identified, aid the defrauded creditor in pursuit, and where there is danger of its being transferred beyond his reach, will enjoin the holder from removing it, or changing its character, until a hearing can be had. 'It has power, also, to prevent goods, thus acquired, from being taken away from the vendor, and fraudulently placed in the hands of a confidéntial creditor, particularly when the confidential debt, and the credit resulting from it, were, perhaps, the principal means in inducing the vendor to part with his goods on credit. Should such a case be brought before us, we should examine our jurisdiction, with a strong desire of finding some way of giving relief against such palpable injustice.
3. The trust. What is there in the case before us like a trust ? It is said, the insolvency creates a trust in the debtor, of his own property, for the benefit of his creditors. A trust exists where one person is managing the property of another. If a debtor can, in any case, be held the trustee of his creditors, it can only be where the property is unchanged. It seems to us, we are asked to create a trust here, rather than to carry one into execution. We are, in effect, asked to establish, in chancery, a bankrupt law and to compel a debtor to transfer his property to officers of the court empowered to close his affairs, because he does not pay his debts, or comply with his contracts. However desirable to a mercantile community a bankrupt law is, it will hardly be seriously urged, after the numerous struggles to obtain such an act in congress, upon whom the power to pass a law of the kind is expressly conferred in the constitution of the United States, that chancery has within its ordinary jurisdiction power to introduce the bankrupt principle in common controversies, between debtor and creditor. Again: if it appeared that an assignment had been already made by the debtor, favoring certain creditors to the exclusion of others, the way might be opened in this court to control the trust fund. Then a trust would have been created, and the aid of chancery successfully invoked to direct the application of the trust fund, upon the equitable principle of equality, to prevent injustice, and to compel an account. The ease of a partnership, urged by the complainant’s counsel, is not analogous to this case. There'each copartner holds the joint funds in trust for the partnership, and also for the individual copartners. The case of executors is one of a legal trust, created *by law, and is [65 [65]*65therefore within the control of chancery. But it is urged, and a case in 1 Jac. & Walk. Ch. 405, is cited to support the assumption, that if chancery will control effects after an assignment, it will interfere to prevent an assignment. We think this not universally true. The case in Jac. & Walk, was an application for a writ of ne exeat, to prevent the taking property out of the realm, under certain circumstances, which was granted. This court, in a similar case, would exercise the same power.
It is now becoming a general practice, with merchants, to prefer certain creditors when a failure is in view. The evil is increasing daily, and it is desirable to find some way to check it. There may be cases of gross fraud, in which the court might interfere. Where the preferred creditor’s claim originated in a secret credit, to enable the debtor to hold out the appearance of wealth and standing, and thus, upon such false use of the creditor’s means, enabling him to acquire the property of others upon credit, it would be manifestly against the first principles of equity, that property so acquired should be passed into the hands of one, at least, quasi particeps eriminis. Such practices are said to exist, and to be reconciled in mercantile communities with principles of honor. It strikes me to be sheer fraud, and in a proper case, that chancery will relieve against it. But, before we interfere with a man’s property, who is in possession of his reasoning faculties, in order to confiscate it for his creditors, we must have a clear case, and clear law or usage to support us.
While the general chancery jurisdiction in Ohio is as broad as that exercised by courts of chancery in England, it is not, either there or here, without other limit of what is right or wrong than the will or discretion of the chancellor. In that country, and in this, chancery jurisdiction is as clearly defined as that of courts of law, and the chancellor has no more right to enlarge his power than a judge of a court of law. It is true, public exigencies, and the ingenuity that accompanies the infinite variety of human transactions, sometimes call for a new application of an old principle, and gives occasion for the remark, that the law expands with the exigencies of society, and the mind of the judge. In general, it is safer to leave it to the legislature, to enlarge the jurisdiction so as to meet ingenious fraudulent contrivances to effect injustice, than for the judges to grasp at new jurisdiction and power. We will not reject any power conferred upon us, or refuse to do our dirty, on account of consequences; yet, we cannot enteran entire new field, in exercising our jurisdiction, without a clear case, or very urgent necessity.
The injunction is refused.