Waleer, J.,
after stating the case: The plaintiff seeks in this action to recover damages upon the ground that the defendant has failed to enforce certain ordinances it had enacted for the suppression of nuisances, and he alleges that by reason of this omission of duty he has suffered an injury in the way he describes. The particular grievance of which he complains seems to be that, as the defendant had the power under its charter to pass ordinances for the protection of the public health, and did pass such ordinances, which were adequate for that purpose, it was bound, through its officers, to insure an absolute observance of them by the inhabitants of the town, and that a liability arises to any one who is specially damaged whenever such officers fail, even in a passive way, to secure their observance, and that this asserted principle entitles him to compensation for the injury resulting from their inaction. He bases his whole claim upon the theory thus advanced.
There is nothing better settled in the law than that the powers and the correlative duties of a municipal corporation are of a twofold character — the one public, that is, governmental and legislative or discretionary, and the other private, that is, absolute and ministerial. In the former case it acts as an agency of the State for the purpose of governing that portion of its people residing within the municipality, but in its corporate and private capacity it acts for itself and for its own benefit and advantage, though the public may derive a common benefit from the due and proper exercise of its powers and the performance of its duties which are ministerial. It is exempt from liability for any injury resulting
from a failure to exercise its governmental powers or for their improper or negligent exercise, but it is amenable to an action for any injury caused by its neglect to perforin its ministerial functions or by an improper or unskilful performance of them. "Where it is acting in its governing capacity, it is not responsible, because it is then presumed to be in the exercise of a part of the power of the State, and therefore under the same immunity. We believe the distinction between the two classes of powers and duties, as we have stated it, is clearly recognized by the authorities, which appear to be quite uniform. Joyce on Nuisances, sec. 354; 2 Dillon Mun. Corp. (4 Ed.), sec. 949;
McIlhenny v. Wilmington,
127 N. C., 146;
Jones v. Williamsburg,
97 Va., 722.
The courts in enforcing the principle thus established have held almost with unanimity that a municipal corporation is not civilly liable for the failure to pass ordinances, even though they would, if passed, preserve the public health or otherwise promote the public good. A leading case upon this subject is
Hill v. Charlotte,
72 N. C., 55, which has been cited with approval in many other courts. It is equally well settled that if the corporation has enacted ordinances under the legislative power granted in its charter, it is not civilly liable for any omission to enforce them or to see that they are properly observed by its citizens or those who may be resident within the corporate limits. 2 Dillon,
supra,
sec. 950;
Hines v.
Charlotte, 72 Mich., 278;
Wheeler v. Plymouth,
116 Ind., 158;
Harman v. St. Louis,
137 Mo., 494;
Forsyth v. Atlanta,
45 Ga., 152;
Robinson v. Greenville,
42 Ohio St., 625;
Fifield v. Phœnix,
36 Pa. Rep., 916;
New Orleans v. Abbagnato,
62 Fed. Rep., 240 ;
Rivers v. Augusta;
65 Ga., 376;
Brinkmeyer v. Evansville,
29 Ind., 187;
Moran v. Car Co.,
134 Mo., 641;
Griffm v. N. Y.,
9 N. Y. (5 Selden), 456;
Lorillard v. Monroe,
1 Kernan (11 N. Y.), 392.
A few striking passages selected from those cases and law-writers which are among the best authorities will serve to
show the steady trend of judicial thought upon this important question, the leading idea being that for a failure in governmental action municipal corporations are responsible only to their corporators or to the power which brought them into being. “A municipal corporation is, for the purposes of its creation, a government possessing to a limited extent sovereign powers which in their nature are either legislative or judicial, and may be denominated governmental or public. The extent to which it may be proper to exercise such powers, as well as the mode of their exercise by the corporation, within the limits prescribed by the law creating them, are of necessity entrusted to the judgment, discretion and will of the properly constituted authorities to whom they are delegated. And being public and sovereign in their nature, the corporation is not liable to be sued either for a failure to exercise them or for errors committed in their exercise.”
Kistner v.
Indianapolis, 100 Ind., 210. “The defendant in this case is a municipal government whose powers are defined and' limited-by the terms of its charter of incorporation. The exertion of its powers, by its constituted authorities in prescribing rules of police and imposing and inflicting penalties for their infraction is but a mode of exerting the power of the government of the State within the limits of the city. It is a government within a government. Still, they are the same —the one being the execution of the will of the other within certain established boundaries of power and in a certain locality.”
Peck v.
Austin, 22 Texas, 261. “The town was empowered to legislate in regard to all nuisances, and the omission to provide a remedy against the owner of private property permitting the nuisance or to execute an ordinance passed to prohibit such a nuisance, and to abate it, is made the foundation of the action. The failure to take legislative action or to enforce the law when enacted by entering upon the private estate of the citizen and staying the manner of the execution of the owner’s work upon it, gives no cause
of action against the city. The failure to exercise that governmental power, whether legislative or judicial, is not within the class of cases or the rule by which the liability of the town is to be determined.”
James v. Harodsburg,
85 Ky., 191. “The corporation is undoubtedly vested with certain legislative powers, among which is the authority to restrain swine from running at large in the streets, and they have exercised it by enacting an ordinance to that effect. The idea, that because they may prohibit a nuisance, that therefore they must not only pass a prohibitory law, but must also enforce it at the hazard of being subjected to all damages which may ensue from such nuisance, is certainly novel. The corporation of the city in this respect stands upon the same footing within its own jurisdiction as the State Government does in respect to the State at large.” 1 Sandf. (N. Y.), 465. “Such an obligation as to the enforcement of laws has never been assumed by our governments, National, State, or municipal. The ordinance in question does not partake of the nature of a contract, but it is a part of the laws passed for the good government of the inhabitants of the city.
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Waleer, J.,
after stating the case: The plaintiff seeks in this action to recover damages upon the ground that the defendant has failed to enforce certain ordinances it had enacted for the suppression of nuisances, and he alleges that by reason of this omission of duty he has suffered an injury in the way he describes. The particular grievance of which he complains seems to be that, as the defendant had the power under its charter to pass ordinances for the protection of the public health, and did pass such ordinances, which were adequate for that purpose, it was bound, through its officers, to insure an absolute observance of them by the inhabitants of the town, and that a liability arises to any one who is specially damaged whenever such officers fail, even in a passive way, to secure their observance, and that this asserted principle entitles him to compensation for the injury resulting from their inaction. He bases his whole claim upon the theory thus advanced.
There is nothing better settled in the law than that the powers and the correlative duties of a municipal corporation are of a twofold character — the one public, that is, governmental and legislative or discretionary, and the other private, that is, absolute and ministerial. In the former case it acts as an agency of the State for the purpose of governing that portion of its people residing within the municipality, but in its corporate and private capacity it acts for itself and for its own benefit and advantage, though the public may derive a common benefit from the due and proper exercise of its powers and the performance of its duties which are ministerial. It is exempt from liability for any injury resulting
from a failure to exercise its governmental powers or for their improper or negligent exercise, but it is amenable to an action for any injury caused by its neglect to perforin its ministerial functions or by an improper or unskilful performance of them. "Where it is acting in its governing capacity, it is not responsible, because it is then presumed to be in the exercise of a part of the power of the State, and therefore under the same immunity. We believe the distinction between the two classes of powers and duties, as we have stated it, is clearly recognized by the authorities, which appear to be quite uniform. Joyce on Nuisances, sec. 354; 2 Dillon Mun. Corp. (4 Ed.), sec. 949;
McIlhenny v. Wilmington,
127 N. C., 146;
Jones v. Williamsburg,
97 Va., 722.
The courts in enforcing the principle thus established have held almost with unanimity that a municipal corporation is not civilly liable for the failure to pass ordinances, even though they would, if passed, preserve the public health or otherwise promote the public good. A leading case upon this subject is
Hill v. Charlotte,
72 N. C., 55, which has been cited with approval in many other courts. It is equally well settled that if the corporation has enacted ordinances under the legislative power granted in its charter, it is not civilly liable for any omission to enforce them or to see that they are properly observed by its citizens or those who may be resident within the corporate limits. 2 Dillon,
supra,
sec. 950;
Hines v.
Charlotte, 72 Mich., 278;
Wheeler v. Plymouth,
116 Ind., 158;
Harman v. St. Louis,
137 Mo., 494;
Forsyth v. Atlanta,
45 Ga., 152;
Robinson v. Greenville,
42 Ohio St., 625;
Fifield v. Phœnix,
36 Pa. Rep., 916;
New Orleans v. Abbagnato,
62 Fed. Rep., 240 ;
Rivers v. Augusta;
65 Ga., 376;
Brinkmeyer v. Evansville,
29 Ind., 187;
Moran v. Car Co.,
134 Mo., 641;
Griffm v. N. Y.,
9 N. Y. (5 Selden), 456;
Lorillard v. Monroe,
1 Kernan (11 N. Y.), 392.
A few striking passages selected from those cases and law-writers which are among the best authorities will serve to
show the steady trend of judicial thought upon this important question, the leading idea being that for a failure in governmental action municipal corporations are responsible only to their corporators or to the power which brought them into being. “A municipal corporation is, for the purposes of its creation, a government possessing to a limited extent sovereign powers which in their nature are either legislative or judicial, and may be denominated governmental or public. The extent to which it may be proper to exercise such powers, as well as the mode of their exercise by the corporation, within the limits prescribed by the law creating them, are of necessity entrusted to the judgment, discretion and will of the properly constituted authorities to whom they are delegated. And being public and sovereign in their nature, the corporation is not liable to be sued either for a failure to exercise them or for errors committed in their exercise.”
Kistner v.
Indianapolis, 100 Ind., 210. “The defendant in this case is a municipal government whose powers are defined and' limited-by the terms of its charter of incorporation. The exertion of its powers, by its constituted authorities in prescribing rules of police and imposing and inflicting penalties for their infraction is but a mode of exerting the power of the government of the State within the limits of the city. It is a government within a government. Still, they are the same —the one being the execution of the will of the other within certain established boundaries of power and in a certain locality.”
Peck v.
Austin, 22 Texas, 261. “The town was empowered to legislate in regard to all nuisances, and the omission to provide a remedy against the owner of private property permitting the nuisance or to execute an ordinance passed to prohibit such a nuisance, and to abate it, is made the foundation of the action. The failure to take legislative action or to enforce the law when enacted by entering upon the private estate of the citizen and staying the manner of the execution of the owner’s work upon it, gives no cause
of action against the city. The failure to exercise that governmental power, whether legislative or judicial, is not within the class of cases or the rule by which the liability of the town is to be determined.”
James v. Harodsburg,
85 Ky., 191. “The corporation is undoubtedly vested with certain legislative powers, among which is the authority to restrain swine from running at large in the streets, and they have exercised it by enacting an ordinance to that effect. The idea, that because they may prohibit a nuisance, that therefore they must not only pass a prohibitory law, but must also enforce it at the hazard of being subjected to all damages which may ensue from such nuisance, is certainly novel. The corporation of the city in this respect stands upon the same footing within its own jurisdiction as the State Government does in respect to the State at large.” 1 Sandf. (N. Y.), 465. “Such an obligation as to the enforcement of laws has never been assumed by our governments, National, State, or municipal. The ordinance in question does not partake of the nature of a contract, but it is a part of the laws passed for the good government of the inhabitants of the city. The city is no more liable for its non-execution than would be the county, if the ordinance were a State statute, and its enforcement left to the county officers and inhabitants. Hence, it has often been held that a municipal corporation is not liable in damages for a failure to abate a nuisance existing upon private property, and not created by its agents, though it has the power so to do.”
Kiley v. City of Kansas,
87 Mo., 103. “The idea, that because the city of St. Louis has the right by virtue of its authority to make by-laws and pass ordinances relating to the public safety of its inhabitants, and has exercised that right by passing an ordinance prohibiting structures of a certain character to be built within certain districts therein defined, that therefore it must enforce the observance of said ordinances at the hazard of being subject to all damages which may ensue from its violation, is
certainly as novel as it is startling.” Harman
v. St. Louis,
137 Mo., 494. “When a public nuisance is created by a private citizen in carrying on his business or trade within a city or other municipality, unless the municipality by express license authorizes such business to be carried on at the place and in the manner the same is conducted by such private citizen, the municipality cannot be held responsible for any damage which may result to another citizen from the existence or maintenance of such nuisance.”
Hubbell v.
Viroqua, 67 Wis., 343.
The great publicist, Judge Oooley, had this to say about the general principle: “As no State does or can undertake to protect its people against incidental injuries resulting from its adopting or failing to adopt any proposed legislative action, so no similar injury resulting from municipal legislative action or non-action can be made the basis of a legal claim against a municipal corporation. If, therefore, a city temporarily suspends useful legislation; or in any other manner, through the exercise or failure to exercise its political authority, causes incidental injury to individuals, an action will not lie for such injury. The reason is obvious. The maintenance of such an action would transfer to court and jury the discretion-which the law vests in the municipality, but transfer them not to be exercised directly and finally, but indirectly and partially by the retroactive effect of punitive verdicts upon special complaints.” Cooley Const. Lim. (7 Ed.), 300. To the same effect is-the law stated in 1 Smith Mod. Law Mun. Oorp., secs. 269, 270 and 271, where the liability and non-liability of municipal corporations, in the exercise of their dual powers, are fully and ably discussed by the author with fine discrimination and the citation of all the controlling authorities.
The result is that, in its dual capacities, a municipal corporation is liable or not for injuries resulting from its action or inaction according as, in the particular case, it is repre-
seating tbe State and exercising its functions of government in tbe locality assigned to it, wbicb are necessarily legislative and therefore discretionary in their character, or is representing its own interests and exercising powers conferred for its own benefit, which are therefore ministerial.
The cases decided by this Court which have a more or less direct bearing upon the question are
Moffitt v. Asheville,
103 N. C., 237 (in which
Avery, J.,
clearly states the law in respect to- municipal powers and the responsibility for their exercise) ;
Hill v. Charlotte, supra; Lewis v. Raleigh,
77 N. C., 229;
Coley v. Statesville,
121 N. C., 301;
Prichard v. Commissioners,
126 N. C., 908;
McIlhenny v. Wilmington, supra; Levin v. Burlington,
129 N. C., 184. The cases of
Bunch v. Edenton,
90 N. C., 431;
Downs v. High Point,
115 N. C., 182;
Threadgill v. Commissioners,
99 N. C., 352, and
Williams v. Greenville,
130 N. C., 93, furnish examples of the liability of such corporations for the failure to exercise or for the improper exercise of ministerial duties imposed by law, either expressly or by clear implication, and they distinctly negative the existence of any such liability as that claimed to have arisen in this case. When such corporations are about the government’s business, they are not liable; but when about their own, they must be careful, for they will be held accountable for nonfeasance or misfeasance in respect thereto in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual, as they then act in their private capacity. The general rule in reference to the particular question herein involved, therefore, is that where injuries are incidentally committed by the officers or agents of a public corporation, in the exercise of those discretionary or legislative powers which are delegated to them by the Legislature, or when, by reason of any failure to exercise them, the same result follows, the municipality is wholly free from liability. 1 Beach Pub. Corp., secs. 258, 773, 752.
Let us now briefly consider the facts of this case in the light of the foregoing principles. Assuming that the nuisance
described in tbe complaint is public in its nature, and produced special injury to tbe plaintiff, or is a private one, it was erected and maintained on private premises, without any license from or consent of tbe municipality. Tbe city was not bound to enforce tbe ordinances for tbe protection of tbe plaintiff, under tbe penalty of being responsible to bim in damages if they were not obeyed to bis injury. Indeed, tbe ordinances merely inflicted punishment for their infraction, by way of fines or penalties imposed for such violations of them, and did not in terms require tbe nuisance to be abated. Tbe plaintiff could have prosecuted bis neighbor for any breach of tbe city laws, as well as tbe city or its officers could have done so. Tbe courts were open to bim in all their branches, and bis injury, in tbe eye of tbe law, has resulted not from tbe defendant’s supineness, but from bis own. If be was injured by an unneighborly and unlawful act, alleged by bim to have been committed, be also bad, in addition to tbe right of criminal prosecution, a remedy either preventive by injunction or remedial by abatement. Eaton’s Eq., sec. 289, p. 581,
et seq.; Evans v.
Railroad, 96 N. C., 45;
Forsyth v.
Atlanta, 45 Ga., 152. Tbe law aids tbe vigilant, not those who sleep upon their rights. Tbe plaintiff bad equal opportunity with the defendant to take tbe initiative and sirppress tbe nuisance. Shall be be permitted to allege its default in failing to do what be himself might just as well have done, but did not do, especially when the defendant, as it appears, was under no legal obligation to act, and therefore not liable for omitting to do so? We must not be understood to mean that if tbe plaintiff’s neighbor is liable, that fact acquits tbe defendant, if it is otherwise liable, but that the injury to tbe plaintiff would seem to be tbe result of bis own inaction.
Tbe Court below ruled correctly upon tbe point presented, and we affirm tbe judgment dismissing the action.
No Error.