SAYRE, J.
It is not to be doubted that the plaintiff in this suit might have intervened for the assertion [300]*300of his rights in the attachment suit. But on the face of the record the plaintiff- was not a party to the attachment suit, nor was he brought in by process or notice of any kind whatever. He is to be bound, if at all, for the sole reason that his property wa's taken and condemned to the payment of another’s debt under the form of judicial process. Unless he is to be so bound as a party or privy to the judgment in the attachment suit, he lost no right by failing or refusing to interpose his defense in that suit. It is supposed that the effect of the statute is to make the subtenant a privy to the judgment, is to make the judgment conclusive against the subtenant of every question involved and decided, and that without any notice or monition sjave only the bare fact of a levy upon his property.
In Windsor v. McVeigh, 93 U. S. 274. 23 L. Ed. 914, said by some text-writers, to be the greatest judicial deliverance on the subject, the Supreme Court of the ■ United States quoted the language of Judge Story in the case of Bradstreet v. Neptune Insurance Co., 3 Sumn. 601, Fed. Cas. No. 1,793, as follows: “It is a rule, founded in the first principles of natural justice, that a party shall have an opportunity to. be heard in his defense before his property is condemned, and that the charges on which condemnation is sought shall be specific, determinate, and clear. If a seizure is made and condemnation is passed without the allegation of any specific cause of forfeiture or offense, and without any public notice of the proceedings, so that the parties in interest have no opportunity of appearing and making a defense, the sentence is not so much a judicial sentence as an arbitrary sovereign edict. .It has none of the elements of a judicial.proceeding, and deserves not the respect of any foreign nation. It ought-to have no intrinsic credit given to it, either for its [301]*301justice or its truth, by any foreign tribunal. It. amounts to little more in common sense and common honesty than the sentence of the tribunal which first punishes and then hears the party. 'Castigatque, auditque.’ It may be binding upon the subjects of that particular nation. But upon the eternal principles of justice it ought to have no binding obligation upon the rights or property of the subjects of other nations; for it tramples under foot all the doctrines of interna.tional law, and is but a solemn fraud, if it is clothed with all the forms of a judicial proceeding.” The court added:” "This language, it is true, is used with respect to proceedings in rem. of a foreign court; but it is equally applicable and pertinent to proceedings in rem of a domestic court, when they are taken without any monition or public notice to the parties.
In Woodruff v. Taylor, 20 Vt. 65, the subject of proceedings in rem in our courts is elaborately considered by the Supreme Court of Vermont. And after stating that in such cases notice is given to the whole world, but that from its nature it is to the greater part of the world constructive only, and mentioning the manner in which such notice is given in cases of seizure for violation of the revenue laws, by publication of the substance of the libel with the order of the court thereon specifying the time and place of trial, and by proclamation for all persons interested to appear and contest the forfeiture claimed, the court observed that, in every court and in all counties where judgments were respected, notice of some kind was given, and that it was just as material to the validity of a judgment in rem that constructive notice at least should appear to have been given as that actual notice, should appear upon the record of a judgment in personam. 'A proceeding,’ continued the court, 'professing to determine the [302]*302right of property, where no notice, written or constructive, is given, whatever else it might be called, would not be entitled to be dignified with the name of a judicial proceeding. It would be a mere arbitrary edict, not to be regarded -anywhere as the judgment of a court.’ ”
A statute of Texas gave a lien for wages to mechanics and laborers on a railroad, prior to all other liens, and authorized its enforcement by a judgment for the sale of the railroad, and provided that it should not he necessary to make lienholders parties defendant, hut that they might intervene and become parties. ° It did .not provide for any notice by publication. The Supreme Court of the United States refused to sustain a proceeding under the statute as a proceeding in rem, following Windsor v. McVeigh in holding that it was essential to such a proceeding that there should at least be constructive notice, by some form of publication or advertisement, to adverse claimants to appear and maintain their rights before a judgment in such a proceeding could operate even as prima facie evidence. The question involved being a question of due process, the decisions of that court are conclusive.
The statute provides that attachments to enforce the landlord’s lien must be tried in the same manner and upon the same notice as other attachments. — Code 1907, § 4741. Section 2932 provides for notice in other attachments. Such notice is adapted to inform the parties to he effected of the pendency of the proceedings, gives them opportunity to appear and defend, and so satisfies the constitutional requirement of .notice, and relieves the judgment or decree rendered of the odium attaching to a proceeding pu'rely ex parte.— Betancourt v. Eberlin, 71 Ala. 461; Bledsoe v. Gary, 95 Ala. 70, 10 South. 502. The statute makes no ex[303]*303press provision for notice to the subtenant in a case in which his crop is levied on to satisfy the superior landlord’s lien. But the language is broad enough to cover such a case, and rather than destroy the statute on one hand, or permit the condemnation of the subtenant’s crop without opportunity to be heard on the other, we think, and so hold, that its reasonable interpretation calls for notice to the subtenant in the event of a levy upon his crop.
In Pullman Co. v. Harrison, 122 Ala. 149, 25 South. 697, 82 Am. St. Rep. 68, it was said that, on account of the harshness and extraordinary character of the remedy by attachment, courts incline to construe the statutory provisions creating it strictly in favor of those against whom it may be employed, and this court placed the jurisdiction of courts invoked to enforce the remedy upon the same footing with courts of special and limited jurisdiction, with no presumption in their favor. And in Wilmerding v. Corbin Banking Co., 126 Ala. 268, 28 South. 640, where it appeared on the face of the record that the defendant in attachment was brought in by publication alone and it further appeared that the notice given was not the notice required by statute, this court felt constrained to hold that the judgment of condemnation was without due process of law and wholly void on its face.
The validity of the judgment of condemnation in this case depends upon notice. The record of the proceeding in the attachment suit must show that as against him the court had jurisdiction to render the judgment. It must show that the subtenant was brought into court by the statutory notice and given an opportunity to defend. This it fails to do, and as against the subtenant it is not even prima facie evidence.
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SAYRE, J.
It is not to be doubted that the plaintiff in this suit might have intervened for the assertion [300]*300of his rights in the attachment suit. But on the face of the record the plaintiff- was not a party to the attachment suit, nor was he brought in by process or notice of any kind whatever. He is to be bound, if at all, for the sole reason that his property wa's taken and condemned to the payment of another’s debt under the form of judicial process. Unless he is to be so bound as a party or privy to the judgment in the attachment suit, he lost no right by failing or refusing to interpose his defense in that suit. It is supposed that the effect of the statute is to make the subtenant a privy to the judgment, is to make the judgment conclusive against the subtenant of every question involved and decided, and that without any notice or monition sjave only the bare fact of a levy upon his property.
In Windsor v. McVeigh, 93 U. S. 274. 23 L. Ed. 914, said by some text-writers, to be the greatest judicial deliverance on the subject, the Supreme Court of the ■ United States quoted the language of Judge Story in the case of Bradstreet v. Neptune Insurance Co., 3 Sumn. 601, Fed. Cas. No. 1,793, as follows: “It is a rule, founded in the first principles of natural justice, that a party shall have an opportunity to. be heard in his defense before his property is condemned, and that the charges on which condemnation is sought shall be specific, determinate, and clear. If a seizure is made and condemnation is passed without the allegation of any specific cause of forfeiture or offense, and without any public notice of the proceedings, so that the parties in interest have no opportunity of appearing and making a defense, the sentence is not so much a judicial sentence as an arbitrary sovereign edict. .It has none of the elements of a judicial.proceeding, and deserves not the respect of any foreign nation. It ought-to have no intrinsic credit given to it, either for its [301]*301justice or its truth, by any foreign tribunal. It. amounts to little more in common sense and common honesty than the sentence of the tribunal which first punishes and then hears the party. 'Castigatque, auditque.’ It may be binding upon the subjects of that particular nation. But upon the eternal principles of justice it ought to have no binding obligation upon the rights or property of the subjects of other nations; for it tramples under foot all the doctrines of interna.tional law, and is but a solemn fraud, if it is clothed with all the forms of a judicial proceeding.” The court added:” "This language, it is true, is used with respect to proceedings in rem. of a foreign court; but it is equally applicable and pertinent to proceedings in rem of a domestic court, when they are taken without any monition or public notice to the parties.
In Woodruff v. Taylor, 20 Vt. 65, the subject of proceedings in rem in our courts is elaborately considered by the Supreme Court of Vermont. And after stating that in such cases notice is given to the whole world, but that from its nature it is to the greater part of the world constructive only, and mentioning the manner in which such notice is given in cases of seizure for violation of the revenue laws, by publication of the substance of the libel with the order of the court thereon specifying the time and place of trial, and by proclamation for all persons interested to appear and contest the forfeiture claimed, the court observed that, in every court and in all counties where judgments were respected, notice of some kind was given, and that it was just as material to the validity of a judgment in rem that constructive notice at least should appear to have been given as that actual notice, should appear upon the record of a judgment in personam. 'A proceeding,’ continued the court, 'professing to determine the [302]*302right of property, where no notice, written or constructive, is given, whatever else it might be called, would not be entitled to be dignified with the name of a judicial proceeding. It would be a mere arbitrary edict, not to be regarded -anywhere as the judgment of a court.’ ”
A statute of Texas gave a lien for wages to mechanics and laborers on a railroad, prior to all other liens, and authorized its enforcement by a judgment for the sale of the railroad, and provided that it should not he necessary to make lienholders parties defendant, hut that they might intervene and become parties. ° It did .not provide for any notice by publication. The Supreme Court of the United States refused to sustain a proceeding under the statute as a proceeding in rem, following Windsor v. McVeigh in holding that it was essential to such a proceeding that there should at least be constructive notice, by some form of publication or advertisement, to adverse claimants to appear and maintain their rights before a judgment in such a proceeding could operate even as prima facie evidence. The question involved being a question of due process, the decisions of that court are conclusive.
The statute provides that attachments to enforce the landlord’s lien must be tried in the same manner and upon the same notice as other attachments. — Code 1907, § 4741. Section 2932 provides for notice in other attachments. Such notice is adapted to inform the parties to he effected of the pendency of the proceedings, gives them opportunity to appear and defend, and so satisfies the constitutional requirement of .notice, and relieves the judgment or decree rendered of the odium attaching to a proceeding pu'rely ex parte.— Betancourt v. Eberlin, 71 Ala. 461; Bledsoe v. Gary, 95 Ala. 70, 10 South. 502. The statute makes no ex[303]*303press provision for notice to the subtenant in a case in which his crop is levied on to satisfy the superior landlord’s lien. But the language is broad enough to cover such a case, and rather than destroy the statute on one hand, or permit the condemnation of the subtenant’s crop without opportunity to be heard on the other, we think, and so hold, that its reasonable interpretation calls for notice to the subtenant in the event of a levy upon his crop.
In Pullman Co. v. Harrison, 122 Ala. 149, 25 South. 697, 82 Am. St. Rep. 68, it was said that, on account of the harshness and extraordinary character of the remedy by attachment, courts incline to construe the statutory provisions creating it strictly in favor of those against whom it may be employed, and this court placed the jurisdiction of courts invoked to enforce the remedy upon the same footing with courts of special and limited jurisdiction, with no presumption in their favor. And in Wilmerding v. Corbin Banking Co., 126 Ala. 268, 28 South. 640, where it appeared on the face of the record that the defendant in attachment was brought in by publication alone and it further appeared that the notice given was not the notice required by statute, this court felt constrained to hold that the judgment of condemnation was without due process of law and wholly void on its face.
The validity of the judgment of condemnation in this case depends upon notice. The record of the proceeding in the attachment suit must show that as against him the court had jurisdiction to render the judgment. It must show that the subtenant was brought into court by the statutory notice and given an opportunity to defend. This it fails to do, and as against the subtenant it is not even prima facie evidence. Nothing we have said will be taken as in derogation of the [304]*304principle, recognized by this and other courts, that, a court, upon proper invocation, will look beyond the record and treat as parties all who in fact are found to have acted a part, and this, whether their interference was irregular or not.
But the cause must be reversed nevertheless. The void judgment was set up as an answer to the complaint. Plaintiff admitted the validity of the judgment by replication in confession and avoidance. But the matter alleged could not avoid a valid judgment. A judgment is the law’s last word in a judicial controversy. If the judgment is valid, no sufficient issue of fact can be tendered. If void, its nullity appears on its face, and the issue made upon it must be an issue of law. Otherwise, relief must be sought in equity. The appellee should have taken his point by demurrer to the plea; but the ruling which sustained the replication was error.
Reversed and remanded.
Dowdell, C. J., and Simpson, Anderson and Evans, JJ., concur.