[Cite as Hudson v. Ravida, 2026-Ohio-1947.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
CITY OF HUDSON C.A. No. 31285
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE ANTHONY RAVIDA STOW MUNICIPAL COURT COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO Appellant CASE No. 2024 CRB 00301
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: May 27, 2026
CARR, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Anthony Ravida, appeals the judgment of the Stow Municipal Court.
This Court affirms in part, reverses in part, and remands.
I.
{¶2} The instant controversy stems from the manner in which Ravida erected a fence on
his residential property in Hudson. While it is possible for Hudson residents to obtain
administrative approval of their plans to build a fence, Ravida was required to appear before the
Architectural and Historic Board of Review (AHBR) because the plans for his fence conflicted
with the City’s architectural design standards. The City issued Ravida a zoning permit with a site
plan after Ravida reached an agreement with the AHBR on several modifications to his plans.
{¶3} After Ravida erected his fence, the City conducted an inspection and determined
that he had failed to comply with the conditions upon which the zoning permit was issued. The
City filed a complaint charging Ravida with failing to comply with the conditions of a permit 2
approved by the AHBR, a misdemeanor of the third degree. Ravida pleaded not guilty to the
charge at arraignment. The matter proceeded to a bench trial where Ravida represented himself.
The trial court found Ravida guilty. The trial court imposed a $500 fine and a 30-day prison
sentence upon Ravida. The trial court suspended 20 days of the jail sentence on the condition that
Ravida remedy the zoning permit violations within 30 days. Ravida filed a notice of appeal. This
Court dismissed the attempted appeal on the basis that the trial court’s sentencing entry did not
constitute a final, appealable order. On remand, the trial court imposed a $500 fine with a 30-day
jail sentence, all of which was suspended on the condition that Ravida obey all laws for one year
and “place the subject fence in a proper location and remove the wire mesh.”
{¶4} On appeal, Ravida raises four assignments of error. This Court rearranges Ravida’s
assignments of error to facilitate review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
THE COURT DID NOT SECURE A KNOWING, INTELLIGENT, AND VOLUNTARY WAIVER OF RAVIDA’S RIGHT TO COUNSEL.
{¶5} In his second assignment of error, Ravida argues that the trial court did not secure
a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his right to counsel. This Court agrees.
{¶6} Ravida argues that the trial court failed to secure a proper waiver of counsel in this
case, in violation of his constitutional right to counsel as well as Crim.R. 44(B). Crim.R. 44(B)
states, “[w]here a defendant charged with a petty offense is unable to obtain counsel, the court may
assign counsel to represent the defendant. When a defendant charged with a petty offense is unable
to obtain counsel, no sentence of confinement may be imposed upon the defendant, unless after
being fully advised by the court, the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives
assignment of counsel.” 3
{¶7} The United States Supreme Court has held that a defendant cannot be imprisoned
for any type of offense unless he was represented by counsel at trial or he made a knowing and
intelligent waiver of his right to counsel. Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25, 37 (1972). With
respect to cases tried in Ohio courts, this Court has recognized that the right to counsel “extends
to misdemeanor cases that could result in the imposition of a jail sentence.” (Internal quotations
and citations omitted.) State v. Knight, 2012-Ohio-5816, ¶ 14 (9th Dist.); see also State v.
Frederick, 2020-Ohio-714, ¶ 8 (9th Dist.). This right to counsel applies to all critical stages of
criminal proceedings. State v. Schleiger, 2014-Ohio-3970, ¶ 13. “In order to establish an effective
waiver of [the] right to counsel, the trial court must make sufficient inquiry to determine whether
[the] defendant fully understands and intelligently relinquishes that right.” State v. Gibson, 45
Ohio St.2d 366 (1976), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶8} The trial court “must investigate [a defendant’s request for self-representation] as
long and as thoroughly as the circumstances of the case before him demand[.]” State v. Obermiller,
2016-Ohio-1594, ¶ 42, quoting Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 723-724 (1948). This Court
reviews the totality of the circumstances when determining whether the trial court conducted a
sufficient inquiry into a defendant’s decision to waive the right to counsel. State v. Briggs, 2021-
Ohio-1980, ¶ 10 (9th Dist.). “In verifying that a waiver of counsel is made knowingly, voluntarily,
and intelligently, a trial court should determine whether the defendant was advised of the dangers
and disadvantages of self[-]representation.” State v. Trikilis, 2005-Ohio-4266, ¶ 13 (9th Dist.).
“While no one factor is dispositive, the trial court should consider whether the defendant was
advised of the nature of the charges and the range of allowable punishments, and, in addition, may
consider whether the trial court advised the defendant of the possible defenses to the charges and
applicable mitigating circumstances.” Id., citing Gibson at 377, citing Von Moltke at 724. The 4
trial court should also address “all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the whole
matter.” Von Moltke at 724. “[T]he information a defendant must possess in order to make an
intelligent election will depend on a range of case-specific factors, including the defendant’s
education or sophistication, the complex or easily grasped nature of the charge, and the stage of
the proceeding.” State v. Gilcreast, 2020-Ohio-1207, ¶ 9 (9th Dist.), citing Schleiger at ¶ 19.
{¶9} At arraignment, Ravida entered a plea of not guilty and declined the appointment
of counsel on his behalf. The matter ultimately proceeded to a bench trial. A review of the
transcript reveals that, prior to the commencement of trial, the trial court engaged in the following
exchange with Ravida:
THE COURT: All right. Generally it doesn’t make sense to not have representation in the trial. Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: The reason is, I’m not allowed to help you.
THE DEFENDANT: Right.
THE COURT: At the same time, I’ll try to explain things if something necessary comes up. If you could not afford an attorney, one would be appointed to represent you because this is the kind of case that has potential jail time.
THE DEFENDANT: Okay.
THE COURT: Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Do you wish to proceed representing yourself after hearing what I’ve just said to you?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes. 5
{¶10} The record here supports Ravida’s contention that the trial court failed to secure a
knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his right to counsel. Putting forth a defense in this
case required Ravida to understand how a third-degree misdemeanor charge related to Hudson’s
regulatory zoning scheme. While the trial court conducted a brief inquiry wherein it reminded
Ravida that there was potential jail time, the trial court failed to address any of the complexities
associated with this particular case. The transcript further reveals that the trial court neither
discussed possible defenses with Ravida, nor did it inquire as to Ravida’s level of education and
legal sophistication. See State v. Arcuri, 2024-Ohio-4825, ¶ 13 (9th Dist.). Under these
circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court secured a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary
waiver of counsel from Ravida.
{¶11} Ravida’s second assignment of error is sustained.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III
RAVIDA’S CONVICTION RESTS ON INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE[.]
{¶12} In his third assignment of error, Ravida contends that his conviction was not
supported by sufficient evidence. This Court disagrees.
{¶13} Although this Court’s resolution of Ravida’s second assignment of error mandates
reversal, we nonetheless address his sufficiency challenge due to the constitutional protection
against double jeopardy. State v. Lindow, 2016-Ohio-913, ¶ 15 (9th Dist.).
{¶14} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must review the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether the evidence before the
trial court was sufficient to sustain a conviction. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 279 (1991).
An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, 6
after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶15} Part 12 of the Hudson Code of Ordinances (“H.C.O.”) contains the Planning and
Zoning Code. H.C.O. 1212.02(a) provides that [t]he office of the City Manager shall be the City
agency authorized and empowered to enforce the provisions of this Code as set forth in this
chapter.” Ravida was convicted of violating H.C.O. 1212.02(b)(9)/(10). H.C.O. 1212.02(B)
pertains to “[v]iolations” and states, in pertinent part, as follows:
It shall be a violation of this Land Development Code to undertake any of the following activities:
...
(9) Failure to comply with any terms, conditions, or limitations contained on the site plan, subdivision plat, landscaping plan, building elevations, or other approved document pertaining to a development or subdivision that has received final approval from the City;
(10) Failure to comply with any condition of record imposed by the appropriate decision-maker upon its review of the final site plan, planned development plan, site-specific development plan, or other plan for development under the provisions of this Code[.]
H.C.O. 1212.02(e) provides that “[w]hoever violates any provision of this Code is guilty of a
misdemeanor of the third degree, the penalty for which shall be a maximum fine of five hundred
dollars ($500.00) and imprisonment for a maximum period of sixty days, or both. Each day of
violation of a provision of this Code is a separate offense. Each subsequent violation within two
years of previously being convicted of or pleading guilty to the same provision of this Code shall
be a misdemeanor of the first degree which shall be punishable by a maximum fine of one thousand
dollars ($1,000) and imprisonment for a maximum of six months, or both.” 7
Background
{¶16} The City presented two witnesses at trial. The first was Hudson Community
Development Director, Greg Hannon. The second was Nick Bellas, who served as a code inspector
in Hudson during the times relevant to this case. The City presented evidence in support of the
following narrative.
{¶17} Ravida used an online portal to apply for a zoning permit to build a fence on his
property located on Edgar Drive. An administrative review of the application revealed that the
administrative staff could not approve Ravida’s plans due to the fact that Ravida sought to build
split rail fence with wire mesh lining, which was not authorized under Hudson’s architectural
design standards. Hannon testified that the administration followed a standard procedure where
Ravida’s application was submitted to the AHBR and Ravida was given a hearing date. Ravida
ultimately reached a resolution with the AHBR on two separate issues. First, Ravida was
prohibited from including the wire mesh lining in the portion of the split rail fence located in the
front yard of his property. Second, Ravida agreed to observe certain setback requirements
pertaining to the public right-of-way. Specifically, Ravida was required to erect the fence 16 feet
back from the pavement edge in the front yard on Edgar Drive and 30 feet back from the pavement
edge on the side yard that runs along Topper Drive. Pursuant to these conditions, the City issued
the zoning permit on September 8, 2023.
{¶18} Ravida moved quickly to erect the fence after obtaining the permit. The project had
already been completed by October 3, 2023, when Nick Bellas traveled to the property to perform
an inspection. Bellas immediately noticed that the fencing in the front yard contained wire mesh
lining, in violation of the conditions upon which the zoning permit was issued. Bellas also
discovered that the fence was not in compliance with the setback conditions on both Edgar Drive 8
and Topper Drive. Bellas testified that he had a brief conversation with Ravida after discovering
the issues on October 3, 2023. Bellas further testified that he mistakenly hit a button on his iPad
indicating the fence had passed the inspection. Bellas returned to his office within an hour of
performing the inspection and sent Ravida an email clarifying that the fence had not, in fact, passed
the inspection. On behalf of the City, Bellas sent Ravida a violation letter on October 12, 2023,
detailing the reasons that the fence had failed the inspection. When the issues were not corrected,
Bellas sent a follow-up letter on December 18, 2023, which again explained the problems with the
fence and stated that Ravida had until January 18, 2024 to correct the violations. In both letters,
Bellas provided his contact information and encouraged Ravida to contact him regarding any
questions or concerns. Bellas did not hear from Ravida and the violations were not remedied
within the specified timeframe.
{¶19} At the end of trial, the trial court found Ravida guilty. The trial court found that
the evidence supported the conclusion that Ravida “thought it would be better to ask for
forgiveness than permission.” The trial court observed that Ravida’s appearance before the AHBR
resulted in the issuance of a permit that was clear in its terms with respect to the setbacks and the
wire mesh lining. In specific regard to the wire mesh lining, the trial court emphasized that there
was no scenario where Ravida thought that the wire mesh lining was permissible in front of his
house. The trial court subsequently issued a journal entry finding that “[Ravida] failed to comply
with the conditions of his permit and, as such, violated and continues to violate [H.C.O.]
1212.02(a)(b)(9)(10).”
Discussion
{¶20} Ravida raises two arguments in support of his sufficiency challenge. First, Ravida
contends that violating a zoning permit is not among the actions to which Hudson’s land use 9
ordinance attached criminal liability. Second, Ravida contends that the trial court improperly
imposed a strict liability standard and that the trial court failed to prove his culpability in violating
the ordinance.
{¶21} Ravida’s contention that H.C.O. 1212.02(b)(9)/(10) does not pertain to the conduct
at issue here is not well-taken. At trial, the City presented evidence that the zoning permit was
issued with a site plan that specified the conditions under which the AHRB approved the zoning
permit. As discussed above, Ravida did not receive a zoning permit until he agreed to the AHRB’s
conditions regarding the setbacks and the wire mesh lining. The site plan was introduced as an
exhibit at trial. H.C.O. 1212.02(b)(9) specifically refers to the “[f]ailure to comply with any terms,
conditions, or limitations contained on the site plan[.]” In turn, H.C.O. 1212.02(b)(10) refers to
the [f]ailure to comply with any condition of record imposed by the appropriate decision-maker
upon its review of the final site plan, planned development plan, site-specific development plan,
or other plan for development under the provisions of this Code[.]” The evidence here showed
that Ravida failed to comply with the terms of the site plan, which reflected the conditions upon
which the AHRM approved Ravida’s zoning permit. Accordingly, Ravida’s contention that the
conduct in this case fell outside the scope of H.C.O. 1212.02(b)(9)/(10) is without merit.
{¶22} Ravida further contends that the trial court improperly imposed a strict liability
standard in this case.
{¶23} H.C.O. 1212.02(b) does not specify a mens rea element, meaning that the City was
required to demonstrate that he acted recklessly. See R.C. 2901.21(C)(1). R.C. 2901.21(C)(1)
states that “[w]hen language defining an element of an offense that is related to knowledge or
intent or to which mens rea could fairly be applied neither specifies culpability nor plainly indicates
a purpose to impose strict liability, the element of the offense is established only if a person acts 10
recklessly.” R.C. 2901.22(C) states that “[a] person acts recklessly when, with heedless
indifference to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the
person’s conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature. A person
is reckless with respect to circumstances when, with heedless indifference to the consequences,
the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such circumstances are likely to
exist.”
{¶24} As an initial matter, this Court is mindful that a sufficiency challenge calls for an
evidence-based inquiry. In support of his sufficiency challenge, Ravida highlights that the trial
court failed to specify a mens rea element in its written decision finding Ravida guilty. With
respect to that concern, we note that the transcript indicates the trial court’s comments at the end
of trial were consistent with a finding that Ravida acted recklessly. Specifically, the trial court
stated on the record that the conditions under which the AHRB agreed to issue the zoning permit
were clear and Ravida erected the fence in a manner indicating that he “thought it would be better
to ask for forgiveness than permission.” Regardless of the manner in which the trial court worded
its written decision, however, this Court remains mindful that a sufficiency analysis requires a
determination of whether the evidence was legally sufficient to support the finding of guilt by the
trier of fact. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997).
{¶25} Here, the evidence presented by the City demonstrated that Ravida acted recklessly
in erecting the fence in a manner that violated the conditions of the zoning certificate and site plan.
The City presented ample evidence that the conditions upon which the AHRB issued the zoning
permit were made clear to Ravida. Ravida would not have been able to obtain a zoning permit
unless he agreed to the setback requirements and the prohibition against wire mesh fencing in the
front yard. After obtaining the permit, Ravida proceeded to erect his fence in a manner that 11
disregarded those agreed upon conditions. Ravida also failed to take measures to remedy the issues
in the timeframe specified by the City. This evidence, when construed in the light most favorable
to the City, was sufficient to demonstrate that Ravida acted recklessly in violating H.C.O.
1212.02(b)(9)/(10).
{¶26} Ravida’s third assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
THE COMPLAINT IS PLAINLY VOID FOR FAILING TO ALLEGE RECKLESSNESS.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR IV
RAVIDA’S CONVICTION IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
{¶27} In his first assignment of error, Ravida argues that the trial court committed plain
error by not sua sponte dismissing the complaint on the basis that it did not specify a mens rea
element. In his fourth assignment of error, Ravida argues that his conviction was against the
weight of the evidence. In light of this Court’s resolution of Ravida’s second assignment of error,
this Court declines to address Ravida’s first assignment of error as it is premature. Furthermore,
this Court declines to address Ravida’s fourth assignment of error as it has been rendered moot.
App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
III.
{¶28} Ravida’s second assignment of error is sustained. Ravida’s third assignment of
error is overruled. This Court declines to address Ravida’s first and fourth assignments of error.
The judgment of the Stow Municipal Court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and the cause is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with this decision. 12
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and cause remanded.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Stow Municipal Court,
County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this
journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period
for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to
mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the
docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed equally to both parties.
DONNA J. CARR FOR THE COURT
STEVENSON, J. CONCURS.
FLAGG LANZINGER, J. DISSENTING.
{¶29} I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. At the arraignment, the trial court
explained the potential penalties for the offense to Ravida. Ravida also confirmed he watched a 13
video that “went through the options of guilty, not guilty, no contest, as well as [his] right to a
lawyer, and if [he could not] afford one, one w[ould] be appointed to represent [him].” In
discussing this video, the trial court also noted “there’s always a danger of or disadvantage in
proceeding without talking to an attorney before resolving a matter.” The trial court asked Ravida
if he understood this, and Ravida confirmed that he did.
{¶30} The video Ravida watched at his arraignment is not part of the record on appeal.
As this Court has acknowledged, “[i]n the absence of a complete record or a substitute statement
of the evidence as permitted by App.R. 9(C) and (D), an appellate court must presume regularity
in the trial court’s proceedings and accept the validity of its judgment.” State v. Weideman, 2024-
Ohio-5152, ¶ 7 (9th Dist.), quoting Skycasters, LLC v. Kister, 2021-Ohio-4154, ¶ 19 (9th Dist.).
The absence of the video or a substitute under App.R. 9(C) or (D) requires this Court to speculate
as to the information Ravida received at his arraignment regarding the waiver of his right to
counsel. See State v. Byall, 2019-Ohio-3132, ¶ 25 (9th Dist.) (acknowledging that a speculative
argument “is not akin to affirmatively demonstrating error on appeal.”). Moreover, once a
defendant properly waives his right to counsel, a trial court is not required to obtain additional
waivers of that right at subsequent stages of the proceedings. See State v. Jackson, 2019-Ohio-
2933 (1st Dist.). Not only is this not required, it is impractical.
{¶31} In light of the foregoing, I would presume regularity in the proceedings and would
overrule Ravida’s second assignment of error. I would then address Ravida’s remaining
assignments of error. For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
APPEARANCES:
ANDREW KARAS, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
SARA FAGNILLI, Attorney at Law, for Appellee.