Davison, J.
This was an action upon a bill of exchange for 718 dollars. The bill is dated Cincinnati, July the 14th, 1854. It was drawn by the Ironton Rolling Mill Company, payable to themselves at Reynolds’s Bank, Lafayette, Indiana, at six months. It was accepted by Hubler and F'alley, who were the defendants below, and indorsed by the company to the appellees, who were the plaintiffs.
The defendants answered the complaint — First. By a general denial. Secondly. That the plaintiffs are not the real parties in interest. Upon the filing of the answer, the Court, over the defendants’ objection, permitted the complaint to be amended by substituting the names Richard B. Pullen, and Thomas S. Brown, for those of Robert Pullen and Joseph S. Pullen — the last two being names in which the suit was originally instituted. Thereupon, the defendants moved for a continuance; but their motion was overruled. They then, by leave, &c., filed additional paragraphs to their answer, as follows: Thirdly. That other parties, and not the plaintiffs, are the real parties in interest. Fourthly. That the defendants have fully paid the bill [274]*274sued on. They also filed interrogatories directed to the plaintiffs, requiring them to answer, “ Whether the defendants, or one of them, had not paid the plaintiffs money which is not credited on the bill sued on; and if so, how much?” The record shows an order of the Court directing the interrogatories to be answered, though it does not appear that they were accompanied by affidavit. And upon the calling of the cause for. trial, the .defendants moved for a rule on the plaintiffs to answer the interrogatories; but their motion was not sustained.
Issues were made on the second and third defenses; but to the fourth there was no reply. The cause was submitted to the Court for trial, and final judgment given for the plaintiffs.
The first inquiry relates to the amendment of the complaint, whereby the Court allowed the substitution of names different from those in which the suit was originally brought.
The code says, “ The Court may at any time, in its discretion, and upon such terms as may be deemed proper, for the furtherance of justice, direct the name of any party to be added or struck out; a mistake in name, &c., to be corrected; * * * * when the amendment does not substantially change the claim or defense.” 2 R. S. p. 48. This provision evidently embraces the amendment under consideration. The action of the Court in giving leave to amend, seems to have been in furtherance of justice, and not in prejudice of the defendants’ rights.
But they insist that the amendment, though it may have been properly allowed, entitled them to a continuance. We are not of that opinion. By the mere change of names, the cause of action stated in the complaint could not be substantially varied. Moreover, the application for the continuance should have been supported by an affidavit, showing distinctly in what respect the defendants were, by the amendment, prejudiced in their preparation for trial. 2 R. S. p. 48.
Again, the refusal of the Court to grant a rule on the plaintiffs to answer the interrogatories, is assigned for error [275]*275It is enacted that, “ either party may propound interrogatories to be filed with the pleadings, &c., and require the opposite .party to answer the same under oath. All interrogatories must be answered within the time limited, &c.; and the Court may enforce the answer by attachment or otherwise, &c. Provided, that in the absence of such opposite party, the filing of the interrogatories shall not work a continuance of the cause, unless it be shown to the Court by affidavit, that the party who files the interrogatories expects to elicit facts by the answer, material to him on the trial,” &c. Acts, of 1855, p. 59. The proviso does not apply to the present inquiry, because the record does not show the absence of the plaintiffs. ’ It must, therefore, be presumed that they were present during the trial.
We have decided that a mere failure to answer such interrogatories, was no cause to delay the trial; that the party requiring such answer, should take the proper steps to enforce it. Lent v. Knott, 7 Ind. R. 230.—Rice v. Derby, id. 649. In this instance, however, the plaintiffs failed to answer the interrogatories, though an order directing such answer was made when they were filed. The plaintiffs were, therefore, in default; and it is not for them to complain that no further steps were taken to enforce an answer until the calling of the cause for trial.
We think the motion to grant a rule should have been sustained.
It remains to be inquired whether the failure of the plaintiffs to reply to the defense of payment, is ground for the reversal of the judgment.
The appellees contend that payment of the bill in suit could have been given in evidence under the general denial; and hence; the omission of a reply to the fourth paragraph of the answer was not essential to a full trial of the cause. The code provides that, “all defenses, except the mere denial of the facts alleged by the plaintiff, shall be specially pleaded.” 2 R. S. p. 42, s. 66. This evidently means facts which the plaintiff, to sustain his action, is bound to prove. The complaint, it is true, ordinarily avers, that.the instrument sued on has not been paid; still, proof [276]*276of that averment is not required, and, therefore, it is not put in issue by a general denial. Under the New York code, which contains a provision similar to the one above quoted, it has been decided that “ every matter of fact which goes to defeat the cause of action, and which the plaintiff is not under the necessity of proving, in order to make out his case, must be alleged in the answer.” And further, it has been held, “that there is no way in which the defendant can avail himself of the defense of payment without pleading it.” See Van Santv. Pl. pp. 406, 407, 455, and authorities there cited
G. A. Wood and _D. P. Vinton, for the appellants.
E. H. Brackett and J. O’Brian, for the appellees.
We are of opinion that it was not competent for the defendants to give evidence of payment under the general denial; and there being no reply to the fourth defense, there was, in effect, a trial without an issue, which has been often adjudged erroneous.
Per Curiam. —
The judgment is reversed with costs. Cause remanded, &c.
Per Johnson, J., in Stoddart v. Onondaga Annual Conference, 12 Barb. S. C. 575. Mr. Van Santvoord says that “The phraseology in which this proposition is clothed may, perhaps, suggest criticism. Its meaning, however, I apprehend is, that every fact which the plaintiff, in the first instance, is under the necessity of proving to sustain his action, or every matter of fact which must or may be alleged in a good complaint, is the proper subject of denial; but that all other matters, that is to say, matters which do not go merely to controvert a fact, or the facts
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Davison, J.
This was an action upon a bill of exchange for 718 dollars. The bill is dated Cincinnati, July the 14th, 1854. It was drawn by the Ironton Rolling Mill Company, payable to themselves at Reynolds’s Bank, Lafayette, Indiana, at six months. It was accepted by Hubler and F'alley, who were the defendants below, and indorsed by the company to the appellees, who were the plaintiffs.
The defendants answered the complaint — First. By a general denial. Secondly. That the plaintiffs are not the real parties in interest. Upon the filing of the answer, the Court, over the defendants’ objection, permitted the complaint to be amended by substituting the names Richard B. Pullen, and Thomas S. Brown, for those of Robert Pullen and Joseph S. Pullen — the last two being names in which the suit was originally instituted. Thereupon, the defendants moved for a continuance; but their motion was overruled. They then, by leave, &c., filed additional paragraphs to their answer, as follows: Thirdly. That other parties, and not the plaintiffs, are the real parties in interest. Fourthly. That the defendants have fully paid the bill [274]*274sued on. They also filed interrogatories directed to the plaintiffs, requiring them to answer, “ Whether the defendants, or one of them, had not paid the plaintiffs money which is not credited on the bill sued on; and if so, how much?” The record shows an order of the Court directing the interrogatories to be answered, though it does not appear that they were accompanied by affidavit. And upon the calling of the cause for. trial, the .defendants moved for a rule on the plaintiffs to answer the interrogatories; but their motion was not sustained.
Issues were made on the second and third defenses; but to the fourth there was no reply. The cause was submitted to the Court for trial, and final judgment given for the plaintiffs.
The first inquiry relates to the amendment of the complaint, whereby the Court allowed the substitution of names different from those in which the suit was originally brought.
The code says, “ The Court may at any time, in its discretion, and upon such terms as may be deemed proper, for the furtherance of justice, direct the name of any party to be added or struck out; a mistake in name, &c., to be corrected; * * * * when the amendment does not substantially change the claim or defense.” 2 R. S. p. 48. This provision evidently embraces the amendment under consideration. The action of the Court in giving leave to amend, seems to have been in furtherance of justice, and not in prejudice of the defendants’ rights.
But they insist that the amendment, though it may have been properly allowed, entitled them to a continuance. We are not of that opinion. By the mere change of names, the cause of action stated in the complaint could not be substantially varied. Moreover, the application for the continuance should have been supported by an affidavit, showing distinctly in what respect the defendants were, by the amendment, prejudiced in their preparation for trial. 2 R. S. p. 48.
Again, the refusal of the Court to grant a rule on the plaintiffs to answer the interrogatories, is assigned for error [275]*275It is enacted that, “ either party may propound interrogatories to be filed with the pleadings, &c., and require the opposite .party to answer the same under oath. All interrogatories must be answered within the time limited, &c.; and the Court may enforce the answer by attachment or otherwise, &c. Provided, that in the absence of such opposite party, the filing of the interrogatories shall not work a continuance of the cause, unless it be shown to the Court by affidavit, that the party who files the interrogatories expects to elicit facts by the answer, material to him on the trial,” &c. Acts, of 1855, p. 59. The proviso does not apply to the present inquiry, because the record does not show the absence of the plaintiffs. ’ It must, therefore, be presumed that they were present during the trial.
We have decided that a mere failure to answer such interrogatories, was no cause to delay the trial; that the party requiring such answer, should take the proper steps to enforce it. Lent v. Knott, 7 Ind. R. 230.—Rice v. Derby, id. 649. In this instance, however, the plaintiffs failed to answer the interrogatories, though an order directing such answer was made when they were filed. The plaintiffs were, therefore, in default; and it is not for them to complain that no further steps were taken to enforce an answer until the calling of the cause for trial.
We think the motion to grant a rule should have been sustained.
It remains to be inquired whether the failure of the plaintiffs to reply to the defense of payment, is ground for the reversal of the judgment.
The appellees contend that payment of the bill in suit could have been given in evidence under the general denial; and hence; the omission of a reply to the fourth paragraph of the answer was not essential to a full trial of the cause. The code provides that, “all defenses, except the mere denial of the facts alleged by the plaintiff, shall be specially pleaded.” 2 R. S. p. 42, s. 66. This evidently means facts which the plaintiff, to sustain his action, is bound to prove. The complaint, it is true, ordinarily avers, that.the instrument sued on has not been paid; still, proof [276]*276of that averment is not required, and, therefore, it is not put in issue by a general denial. Under the New York code, which contains a provision similar to the one above quoted, it has been decided that “ every matter of fact which goes to defeat the cause of action, and which the plaintiff is not under the necessity of proving, in order to make out his case, must be alleged in the answer.” And further, it has been held, “that there is no way in which the defendant can avail himself of the defense of payment without pleading it.” See Van Santv. Pl. pp. 406, 407, 455, and authorities there cited
G. A. Wood and _D. P. Vinton, for the appellants.
E. H. Brackett and J. O’Brian, for the appellees.
We are of opinion that it was not competent for the defendants to give evidence of payment under the general denial; and there being no reply to the fourth defense, there was, in effect, a trial without an issue, which has been often adjudged erroneous.
Per Curiam. —
The judgment is reversed with costs. Cause remanded, &c.
Per Johnson, J., in Stoddart v. Onondaga Annual Conference, 12 Barb. S. C. 575. Mr. Van Santvoord says that “The phraseology in which this proposition is clothed may, perhaps, suggest criticism. Its meaning, however, I apprehend is, that every fact which the plaintiff, in the first instance, is under the necessity of proving to sustain his action, or every matter of fact which must or may be alleged in a good complaint, is the proper subject of denial; but that all other matters, that is to say, matters which do not go merely to controvert a fact, or the facts in the complaint, must be set up affirmatively in the answer, and the proposition, in a general sense, it is thought, may be sustained on both principle and authority.” Van Santv. Pl. 407. See 6 How. Pr. R. 298; Fay v. Grimsteed, 10 Barb. S. C. 321; Houghton v. Townsend, 8 How. Pr. R. 441; Catlin v. Gunter, 1 Duer, 253; Livingston v. Finkle, 8 How. Pr. R. 486.
“ Ho defense which does not controvert any material allegation of the complaint, can be given in evidence under a general or special traverse.” Per Selden, J., in Benedict v. Seymour, 6 How. Pr. R. 298; Van Santv. Pl. 416. “ Those allegations only in a complaint are to be deemed material, which the plaintiff must prove on the trial, in order to maintain his action; and it is upon these only that an issue can be taken by specific denial.” Van Santv. Pl. 416; Garvey v. Fowler, 5 Sandf. 54.
In Edson v. Dillage, 8 How. Pr. R. 273, “denials of non-payment and indebtedness were adjudged frivolous, and ordered to be struck out.” “Ho now matter, it was said, would be admissible in evidence under them. The defend[277]*277ant could not prove payment or any other imaginable defense, because not set up in the answer. The making of the note being admitted, aud no new fact being set up in the answer why the defendant ought not to pay it, his liability to pay it is a legal conclusion which he cannot escape. Mere general denials of indebtedness are, therefore, not available for any purpose.” Van Santv. Pl. 410, 411. See, also, Drake v. Cockroft, 10 How. Pr. R. 277; 1 Abbott’s Pr. R. 263; Houghton v. Townsend, 8 How. Pr. R. 441. Payment as an entire defense must be pleaded. Patterson v. Taylor, 7 Barb. S. C. 250, Hand, J.; Van Santv. Pl. 455. See, also, Van Santv. Pl. 469, 470, where it is said that those defenses which admit that there was a sufficient contract, or cause of action, but avoid it by subsequent matter, or show that the cause of action has been discharged, should always, in order to entitlé the defendant to give evidence of his defense, be specially alleged in his answer. Release, parol discharge, alteration in terms of contract by consent, non-performance by plaintiff of condition precedent, contract become illegal or impossible to be performed, insolvent discharge of the defendant, accord and satisfaction, tender, arbitrament, former recovery or trial and judgment on the same demand, higher security given, statute of limitations, set-off or counter-claim of any description, payment, and performance, are specified as defenses of this kind.