Fuller, P. J.
This appeal is from an order overruling a motion for a new trial, and from a judgment in favor of the defendant entered in an action based upon the following written instrument: “$250.00. Custer City, S. D., May 8th, 1894. No. 482. The treaserer of the town of Custer City will pay to Odo Reder, or bearer, two hundred fifty and no-ioo dollars out of sinking funds in the town treasury not otherwise appropriated. Payable Dec. 1, 1896. For part of second payment of internal improvements. Oliver Fisher, President of Board. [Seal.] J. F. Smith, Town Clerk.” This instrument was duly registered and presented for payment on the 5th da)' of June, 1894, and indorsed, “Not paid for want of funds.” The case being tried without a jury, the court determined “that the defendant is a municipal corporation organized under the laws of the Territory of Dakota, now State of South Dakota; (2) that on the 8th day of May, 1894, the defendant, as such corporation, through its proper officers, issued the instrument sued on in this action for the sum of $250; (3) that the plaintiff in this case purchased the said instrument; (4) that the said instrument was so issued by the said defendant for the purpose of purchasing a site in Custer City, S. D., and erecting thereon a building, which property, after its completion, was to cost $3,000, and was to be donated to the Akron Mining and Milling company, a corporation of the State of Ohio, to be used by them in the manufacture of lubricants; (5) that the instrument on its face does not show that it is oiher than an ordinary town warrant, but the record of the board of trustees of defendant does show that the said instrument was issued for an illegal purpose, and for a purpose beyond the power of the said board of trustees of said town of Custer City, S. D.”
Counsel for appellant contends that all evidence admitted over his objection is inadmissible, for the reason that the subject of the [60] action is a negotiable instrument in the hands of an innocent purchaser, and subject to no such defense. As to form, this obligation may be regarded a negotiable instrument, such as a bill, note, or ordinary commercial paper; and. yet the statute does not, either expressly or by implication, enable the holder to exclude inquiry as to legality, for the reason that a municipal corporation cannot invest such instrument with the character of commercial paper, so as to give it immunity, in the hands of a bona ñde holder, from any defense existing between the immediate parties. The power conferred on municipal corporations to contract debts for the making of internal improvements, and to levy taxes with which to pay the same, is not sufficient to confer authority to execute an instrument possessing all the attributes of negotiability, according to the law merchant. To thus shield such obligation, in the hands of a transferee, from any defense existing against the original holder, would be contrary to public policy, and in violation of the purpose and intent of our statute law. Judge Dillon thus concludes a most interesting discussion of the inability of such corporations, in the absence of express power, to issue negotiable paper; “No municipal or public corporation has the right to invest any instrument it may issue, whatever its form, with that supreme and dangerous attribute of commercial paper which insulates the holder for value from defenses and equities which attach to its inception. This point ought to be guarded by the courts with the utmost vigilance and resolution.” 1 Dill. Mun. Corp. par. 126. At page 435, 1 Daniel, Neg. Inst, that eminent author says: “There is no doubt, however, that public corporations may have the power conferred on them to execute bills, notes, checks, and indeed, all varieties of negotiable instruments. But the better opinion is that such power does not exist, unless expressed or clearly implied. The ordinary orders, warrants, cer[61] tificates of. indebtedness, and obligations to pay issued by municipal corporations, if negotiable in form, will, in general, enable the holder to sue in his own name. But they are not negotiable instruments, so as to exclude inquiry into the legality of their issue, or preclude defenses which are available as against the original payee.” This doctrine is supported by elementary authority of acknowledged weight, and sustained by the almost uniform decisions of the highest courts. Claiborne Co. v. Brooks, 111 U. S. 400, 4 Sup. Ct. 489, 28 L. Ed. 470: Knapp v. Mayor, etc., 39 N. J. Law 394; Police Jury v. Britton, 15 Wall, 566, 21 L. Ed. 251.
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Fuller, P. J.
This appeal is from an order overruling a motion for a new trial, and from a judgment in favor of the defendant entered in an action based upon the following written instrument: “$250.00. Custer City, S. D., May 8th, 1894. No. 482. The treaserer of the town of Custer City will pay to Odo Reder, or bearer, two hundred fifty and no-ioo dollars out of sinking funds in the town treasury not otherwise appropriated. Payable Dec. 1, 1896. For part of second payment of internal improvements. Oliver Fisher, President of Board. [Seal.] J. F. Smith, Town Clerk.” This instrument was duly registered and presented for payment on the 5th da)' of June, 1894, and indorsed, “Not paid for want of funds.” The case being tried without a jury, the court determined “that the defendant is a municipal corporation organized under the laws of the Territory of Dakota, now State of South Dakota; (2) that on the 8th day of May, 1894, the defendant, as such corporation, through its proper officers, issued the instrument sued on in this action for the sum of $250; (3) that the plaintiff in this case purchased the said instrument; (4) that the said instrument was so issued by the said defendant for the purpose of purchasing a site in Custer City, S. D., and erecting thereon a building, which property, after its completion, was to cost $3,000, and was to be donated to the Akron Mining and Milling company, a corporation of the State of Ohio, to be used by them in the manufacture of lubricants; (5) that the instrument on its face does not show that it is oiher than an ordinary town warrant, but the record of the board of trustees of defendant does show that the said instrument was issued for an illegal purpose, and for a purpose beyond the power of the said board of trustees of said town of Custer City, S. D.”
Counsel for appellant contends that all evidence admitted over his objection is inadmissible, for the reason that the subject of the [60] action is a negotiable instrument in the hands of an innocent purchaser, and subject to no such defense. As to form, this obligation may be regarded a negotiable instrument, such as a bill, note, or ordinary commercial paper; and. yet the statute does not, either expressly or by implication, enable the holder to exclude inquiry as to legality, for the reason that a municipal corporation cannot invest such instrument with the character of commercial paper, so as to give it immunity, in the hands of a bona ñde holder, from any defense existing between the immediate parties. The power conferred on municipal corporations to contract debts for the making of internal improvements, and to levy taxes with which to pay the same, is not sufficient to confer authority to execute an instrument possessing all the attributes of negotiability, according to the law merchant. To thus shield such obligation, in the hands of a transferee, from any defense existing against the original holder, would be contrary to public policy, and in violation of the purpose and intent of our statute law. Judge Dillon thus concludes a most interesting discussion of the inability of such corporations, in the absence of express power, to issue negotiable paper; “No municipal or public corporation has the right to invest any instrument it may issue, whatever its form, with that supreme and dangerous attribute of commercial paper which insulates the holder for value from defenses and equities which attach to its inception. This point ought to be guarded by the courts with the utmost vigilance and resolution.” 1 Dill. Mun. Corp. par. 126. At page 435, 1 Daniel, Neg. Inst, that eminent author says: “There is no doubt, however, that public corporations may have the power conferred on them to execute bills, notes, checks, and indeed, all varieties of negotiable instruments. But the better opinion is that such power does not exist, unless expressed or clearly implied. The ordinary orders, warrants, cer[61] tificates of. indebtedness, and obligations to pay issued by municipal corporations, if negotiable in form, will, in general, enable the holder to sue in his own name. But they are not negotiable instruments, so as to exclude inquiry into the legality of their issue, or preclude defenses which are available as against the original payee.” This doctrine is supported by elementary authority of acknowledged weight, and sustained by the almost uniform decisions of the highest courts. Claiborne Co. v. Brooks, 111 U. S. 400, 4 Sup. Ct. 489, 28 L. Ed. 470: Knapp v. Mayor, etc., 39 N. J. Law 394; Police Jury v. Britton, 15 Wall, 566, 21 L. Ed. 251.
There being no recitals in the warrant to the effect that all or ■any of the requirements of the law with reference to its issuance have been complied with, there is no merit in the contention of counsel that respondent is estopped from attempting to establish its want of power. The defense relied upon, if good as against the person to whom the warrant was issued, is available in this action, and it therefore becomes necessary to determine whether the facts found by the court are sustained by the evidence. It appears from the record that, on the 7th day of April, 1894, the resident owners of five-eighths of the taxable property of the town petitioned the board of trustees as follows: “That you at once call a meeting of your members for the purpose of letting contracts for certain internal improvements which are, by the citizens of said town, necessary to make; that, in the opinion of your petitioners, the sum 'of $3,000 will be necessary to meet the requirements of said outlay; that said amount can be expended to the great benefit of the said town; and your petitioners will ever pray.” Attached to such petition is an affidavit verifying the genuineness of the signatures, and, while the petition is somewhat ambiguous, we are disposed to regard it sufficient, under Section 1048 of the Compiled Laws, to advise the board [62] of trustees that a sufficient number of qualified persons was desirous of incurring a municipal debt of $3,000 for a specified purpose. After the formal selection of a site on which to erect the improvement in question, and at a meeting regularly called, the following action was taken by the board of trustees upon the petition above mentioned : “Whereas, a petition signed by the citizen owners of five-eighths of the taxable property of the town of Custer City, S. D., as provided for in Section 1048 of the Compiled Laws of 1887, South Dakota, praying that this board make certain internal improvements in said town, and that the sum of $3,000 in city warrants be expended in making said improvements, has been presented to this board, and said petition has been considered and granted; and whereas, the committee appointed to select and recommend a suitable site for said improvements have made a favorable report, and have recommended a suitable site therefor — therefore be it resolved by the board of trustees of the town of Custer City, S. D., that said board of trustees enter into á contract with some reliable and responsible person to erect a building on said site, to be used for an electric light plant and other purposes; and that said town pay therefor a sum not to exceed $3,000 in Custer City warrants. Be it further, resolved, that a sinking fund be created by this board for the liquidation of the said principal debt, and for the payment of the interest that may accrue thereon, and that a levy be made as provided by law and Section 1048, Comp. Laws 1887, Dakota.” In strict conformity with a contract made pursuant to law on the 8th day of May, 1894, the payee named in the warrant erected a building, which was duly accepted by the town of Custer City, and there is nothing to indicate that he knew or had any reasonable ground to suspect that such building would ever be donated to the Akron Mining & Milling Company; nor does the evidence show that it was thus disposed [63] of. As a matter' of fact, the undisputed testimony is that the building was erected for the purpose of being used by the town as an electric light plant, and no steps were taken towards a transfer of the property until long after the structure was completed and the warrant made the basis of this suit was issued in settlement therefor. The officers of the municipality are presumed.to have done their duty in the execution of the warrant, and the burden or impeaching such instrument rests upon respondent. As the evidence fails to show that the property has ever been transferred, or that appellant ever knew that it was to be used for a purpose other than that of an electric light plant, the court’s findings, so far as the same are adverse to appellant, are not sustained by the record.
We are satisfied that respondent has failed to show a want of legal authority to make the contract for the erection of the building, by reason of which the obligation was created, and that all proceedings with reference thereto were had in substantial compliance with the statute. The judgment appealed from is therefore reversed, and the case remanded for further proceedings not at variance herewith.