Day, J.
1. Religious society: real estate: notice of meetings. -I. The position of appellant, that a majority of an unincorporated religious society may direqt and con-fr°l tke disposition of its property, is not controverted by the appellee. It is claimed, however, ruie presupposes due notice to the entire body or its constituents. The weight of the evidence, we think, establishes the fact that such notice was given of each of the meetings at which the association acted with reference to the property in question. The testimony shows that business meetings were invariably held in the evening, and were called by announcement to the children at school and by ringing the bell. The members of the association lived within hearing of the bell, and knew when it rang in the evening that it was for the purpose of convening a business meeting, as no religious exercises were held in the evening.
This notice was given of every meeting held, and in addition thereto a written notification was carried around to most of the members of the association.
None of those who resist the claim of plaintiffs contend that they did not know that the meetings were being held, at which the various acts of the association under [35]*35which plaintiffs claim occurred. Some of them admit that they heard the bell and paid no attention to it. The notice was as complete as to such an association can ever be practicable, and the acts of those assembled pursuant to the notice are binding upon the congregation. Eggleston v. Doolittle, 33 Conn. 396; Horton v. Baptist Church, 34 Vt. 309; McBride v. Porter, 17 Iowa, 203; Angell & Ames on Corp. 501 502, 505; Kings v. Whittaker, 9 B. & C. 648.
3. power to mortage: trustees committee. II. The association being indebted to Max Otto for teaching, at a meeting regularly convened on the 3d day June, 1869, passed a resolution as follows: That William Louis, Peter Statzer and J0lm Hanten are hereby appointed a committee to borrow $500, and that those members of the congregation who hold the priest’s house (block 34, in Iowa City), as trustees of the congregation, shall, for that purpose, execute a mortgage for the above amount, and that said $500 shall be used for paying the school debts. Not being able to borrow this sum, they caused a mortgage to be executed to Otto to secure the indebtedness to him. This, in legal contemplation and effect, is the same as though they had borrowed $500 of Otto, and used the sum obtained in payment to him of the sum due him. At the time this resolution was passed, the ten persons before named had been fully reimbursed the amount of their advancements, and they then held the naked legal title in trust for the congregation, having no interest therein except as members of the congregation. The mortgage to Otto was executed by six of these persons, the remaining four refusing to join in the conveyance. The mortgage recites the fact that the German Catholic congregation of Iowa city is the owner of said block 34, and that the same is held by the ten persons named, as trustees of the congregation, and that the mortgage is made pursuant to a resolution of the congregation authorizing the same.
[36]*36It is claimed by the appellee that this mortgage is invalid because not signed by all the ten persons named as trustees.
It is urged that the mortgage could have no validity unless exeóuted by all the trustees. That no one of them, nor any number of them less than the whole, had any power to act. Many authorities are cited in appellee’s brief in support of this position. See Damon v. Granby, 2 Pick. 352; Copeland v. Mercantile Ins. Co., 6 id. 20; Kupfer et al. v. South Parish in Augusta, 12 Mass. 189; Sutton v. Cole, 3 Pick. 244; People ex rel. v. The Mayor, etc., 25 Wend. 9, 26 id. 634; Commonwealth v. Ipswich, 2 Pick. 70; Wilson v. Townsend, 1 B. & A. 608; Dunlap’s Paley’s Agency, 176, 177; McRae v. Farrow, 4 Hen. & Mumf. 444.
W e are not now considering the sufficiency of a conveyance, executed by a part 'of the trustees, in a court of law, to vest the legal title in the grantee. These trustees held simply the legal title, and were under obligation to dispose of it pursuant to the direction of the congregation. They were vested with no discretion ; they had no judicial powers; they were simply the ministers for carrying into execution the will of the congregation properly expressed. They were under legal obligation to execute the mortgage when directed by the association. Upon their refusal to do so, a court of equity would have compelled compliance. The most that can be said is that there has been a defective execution of the power conferred.
A court of equity looks upon that as done which ought to be done, and will compel the doing of that which is necessary to the preservation of the rights of all parties. As the congregation, the party beneficially interested in the lot, has ordered the same to be mortgaged for a particular purpose, a court of equity has power to declare the mortgage binding, according to the intent of the parties, and to decree a foreclosure thereof.
[37]*375 — power to sell: mortgage.. III. The congregation being indebted for the erection of the new building on block 32, at a meeting held on the 30th December, in 1869, passed the follow- . ,. mg resolutions:
“ That block No. 31 shall be sold to pay the debts which rest on the school-house.
“ That Charles A. Yogt and William Louis attend to the selling of the priest’s house with block 31, to the best interest of our congregation, and they are hereby specially authorized to execute a deed in the name of the German Catholic Congregation; and the said Charles A. Yogt and William Louis shall inform the Rev. Father Brasel, administrator of the diocese thereof.” These parties were unable to sell, because 'a part of the ten persons holding the legal title refused to execute the deed.
They then executed a deed of trust to Hubbard, to secure the various creditors of the association. It is claimed that the power granted to these persons to sell did not authorize them to execute this deed of trust. '
Upon the other hand, appellant claims that the power to sell includes the power to mortgage, citing Williams v. Woodward, 2 Wend. 492; Penn. Ins. Co. v. Austin, 12 Penn. St. 257; 1 Kent, 315. These authorities merely state the proposition without more.
It is believed that the weight of authority is opposed to this view. See Bloomer v. Waldron, 3 Hill, 361. (Citing 1 Sugd. on Powers, 6th Lond. ed., 538; 1 Pow. on Mort. 61, Rand’s ed., and note 1; 3 id. 1033, note a; 2 Chance on Powers, 388, Lond. ed. of 1831; Halderby v. Spofforth, 1 Eng. Jurist, Am. ed. of 1840, 198.) See, also, Waldron v. McComb, 1 Hill, 111; Contant v. Servoss, 3 Barb. 133; Albany Fire Ins. Co. v. Bay, 1 Comst. 9; Cumming v. Williamson, 1 Sandf. Ch. 17; Wood v. Goodridge, 6 Cush. 117; Russel v. Russel, 36 N. Y. 581.
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Day, J.
1. Religious society: real estate: notice of meetings. -I. The position of appellant, that a majority of an unincorporated religious society may direqt and con-fr°l tke disposition of its property, is not controverted by the appellee. It is claimed, however, ruie presupposes due notice to the entire body or its constituents. The weight of the evidence, we think, establishes the fact that such notice was given of each of the meetings at which the association acted with reference to the property in question. The testimony shows that business meetings were invariably held in the evening, and were called by announcement to the children at school and by ringing the bell. The members of the association lived within hearing of the bell, and knew when it rang in the evening that it was for the purpose of convening a business meeting, as no religious exercises were held in the evening.
This notice was given of every meeting held, and in addition thereto a written notification was carried around to most of the members of the association.
None of those who resist the claim of plaintiffs contend that they did not know that the meetings were being held, at which the various acts of the association under [35]*35which plaintiffs claim occurred. Some of them admit that they heard the bell and paid no attention to it. The notice was as complete as to such an association can ever be practicable, and the acts of those assembled pursuant to the notice are binding upon the congregation. Eggleston v. Doolittle, 33 Conn. 396; Horton v. Baptist Church, 34 Vt. 309; McBride v. Porter, 17 Iowa, 203; Angell & Ames on Corp. 501 502, 505; Kings v. Whittaker, 9 B. & C. 648.
3. power to mortage: trustees committee. II. The association being indebted to Max Otto for teaching, at a meeting regularly convened on the 3d day June, 1869, passed a resolution as follows: That William Louis, Peter Statzer and J0lm Hanten are hereby appointed a committee to borrow $500, and that those members of the congregation who hold the priest’s house (block 34, in Iowa City), as trustees of the congregation, shall, for that purpose, execute a mortgage for the above amount, and that said $500 shall be used for paying the school debts. Not being able to borrow this sum, they caused a mortgage to be executed to Otto to secure the indebtedness to him. This, in legal contemplation and effect, is the same as though they had borrowed $500 of Otto, and used the sum obtained in payment to him of the sum due him. At the time this resolution was passed, the ten persons before named had been fully reimbursed the amount of their advancements, and they then held the naked legal title in trust for the congregation, having no interest therein except as members of the congregation. The mortgage to Otto was executed by six of these persons, the remaining four refusing to join in the conveyance. The mortgage recites the fact that the German Catholic congregation of Iowa city is the owner of said block 34, and that the same is held by the ten persons named, as trustees of the congregation, and that the mortgage is made pursuant to a resolution of the congregation authorizing the same.
[36]*36It is claimed by the appellee that this mortgage is invalid because not signed by all the ten persons named as trustees.
It is urged that the mortgage could have no validity unless exeóuted by all the trustees. That no one of them, nor any number of them less than the whole, had any power to act. Many authorities are cited in appellee’s brief in support of this position. See Damon v. Granby, 2 Pick. 352; Copeland v. Mercantile Ins. Co., 6 id. 20; Kupfer et al. v. South Parish in Augusta, 12 Mass. 189; Sutton v. Cole, 3 Pick. 244; People ex rel. v. The Mayor, etc., 25 Wend. 9, 26 id. 634; Commonwealth v. Ipswich, 2 Pick. 70; Wilson v. Townsend, 1 B. & A. 608; Dunlap’s Paley’s Agency, 176, 177; McRae v. Farrow, 4 Hen. & Mumf. 444.
W e are not now considering the sufficiency of a conveyance, executed by a part 'of the trustees, in a court of law, to vest the legal title in the grantee. These trustees held simply the legal title, and were under obligation to dispose of it pursuant to the direction of the congregation. They were vested with no discretion ; they had no judicial powers; they were simply the ministers for carrying into execution the will of the congregation properly expressed. They were under legal obligation to execute the mortgage when directed by the association. Upon their refusal to do so, a court of equity would have compelled compliance. The most that can be said is that there has been a defective execution of the power conferred.
A court of equity looks upon that as done which ought to be done, and will compel the doing of that which is necessary to the preservation of the rights of all parties. As the congregation, the party beneficially interested in the lot, has ordered the same to be mortgaged for a particular purpose, a court of equity has power to declare the mortgage binding, according to the intent of the parties, and to decree a foreclosure thereof.
[37]*375 — power to sell: mortgage.. III. The congregation being indebted for the erection of the new building on block 32, at a meeting held on the 30th December, in 1869, passed the follow- . ,. mg resolutions:
“ That block No. 31 shall be sold to pay the debts which rest on the school-house.
“ That Charles A. Yogt and William Louis attend to the selling of the priest’s house with block 31, to the best interest of our congregation, and they are hereby specially authorized to execute a deed in the name of the German Catholic Congregation; and the said Charles A. Yogt and William Louis shall inform the Rev. Father Brasel, administrator of the diocese thereof.” These parties were unable to sell, because 'a part of the ten persons holding the legal title refused to execute the deed.
They then executed a deed of trust to Hubbard, to secure the various creditors of the association. It is claimed that the power granted to these persons to sell did not authorize them to execute this deed of trust. '
Upon the other hand, appellant claims that the power to sell includes the power to mortgage, citing Williams v. Woodward, 2 Wend. 492; Penn. Ins. Co. v. Austin, 12 Penn. St. 257; 1 Kent, 315. These authorities merely state the proposition without more.
It is believed that the weight of authority is opposed to this view. See Bloomer v. Waldron, 3 Hill, 361. (Citing 1 Sugd. on Powers, 6th Lond. ed., 538; 1 Pow. on Mort. 61, Rand’s ed., and note 1; 3 id. 1033, note a; 2 Chance on Powers, 388, Lond. ed. of 1831; Halderby v. Spofforth, 1 Eng. Jurist, Am. ed. of 1840, 198.) See, also, Waldron v. McComb, 1 Hill, 111; Contant v. Servoss, 3 Barb. 133; Albany Fire Ins. Co. v. Bay, 1 Comst. 9; Cumming v. Williamson, 1 Sandf. Ch. 17; Wood v. Goodridge, 6 Cush. 117; Russel v. Russel, 36 N. Y. 581.
It may be conceded, as declared in 1 Kent, 315, that: “ The intention of the donor -of the power is the great principle that governs in the construction of powers; and [38]*38in furtherance of the object in view, the courts will vary the form of executing the power, and, as the case may require, either enlarge or limit to a general powér, or cut down a general power to a particular purpose.” This rule will not authorize us to adopt the construction contended for by appellant.
The congregation was in debt a large amount, aggregating over $1,900. The discharge of this debt was the object had in view at the time of directing the sale of the block in question. The dischar*ge of the debt would release the members of the congregation from any further concern or solicitude in respect to it, or liability therefor. Instead of making the sale, a deed of trust is executed, which merely creates a lien for the security of the debt, and leaves the congregation still liable therefor. They are placed no nearer a liquidation of their indebtedness than they were before. They are still liable for any balance that may remain due, after exhausting the mortgaged property; they are really placed in a worse condition than before, for by the trust deed a lien is created upon the property, out of which they intended to pay the debt; and their power to manage and conduct the sale of the same is surrendered to the trustees, or the sheriff after foreclosure.
They are involved in the expenses of a foi’eclosure, and are deprived of the means of preventing litigation by a payment of the debt.
The deed of trust authorizes the trustees to sell the property at public sale, if the amount secured is not paid within thirty days.
It seems to us quite clear that the congregation contemplated no such execution of the power at the time they authorized these parties to sell, and that the trust deed was executed by them without authority.
[39]*396. -ratification by parol, estopped [38]*38IY. It is claimed, however*, that the making of this trust deed was subsequently ratified by the congregation. The [39]*39testimony shows that Louis and Vogt reported their action to a meeting of the association, and thg congregation, by - a vote, ratified their action. No record or minute was kept of this action. It was simply a parol ratification of a conveyance of real estate. The case presents no question of estoppel. It is purely one of a parol ratification of an unauthorized conveyance of real estate. '
If such ratification were to be allowed to validate a prior transfer, the title to real property would cease to vest in deed, and the evidence would exist merely in parol.
For a strong authority against the validity of, such ratification, see Blood v. Goodrich, 9 Wend. 68, and the cases cited. The case of Haynes, Hutt & Co. v. Seachrist, 13 Iowa, 455, is one where it was held that the deed of a member of a firm may be ratified in parol by the other member. The doctrine does not extend beyond cases of partnership.
In our opinion the court should have decreed a foreclosure of the mortgage. In dismissing the petition as to the trust deed there is no error.
Y. At a meeting regularly called the congregation determined to devote the property covered by the trust deed to the payment of their debts, and appointed trustees to make sale of it for that purpose. It is not disputed that the congregation is • largely indebted. The trust has not been executed. Under the prayer for general relief, it is competent for a court of equity to exeecute this trust in such way as to effectuate the intention of the parties. The cause will, therefore, be remanded to the district court, with directions to take-an account of the various sums due the respective creditors of the congregation, and to provide for a sale of said premises for the satisfaction thereof in such manner as shall best conserve the interests and protect the rights of all parties.
Reversed.