Bowie, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellants, bjr their petition, filed in the Orphans’ Court of Caroline County, on the 14th of September, 1872, alleged that Frances A. Yanstavern of said county, had then lately departed this life intestate, being at the time of her death, possessed of a large and valuable personal estate, then in said county, and indebted to the petitioners, in a large sum ; that the deceased left a husband, Wm. S. Vanstavern, and three children, one of whom was Ellen T. Hubbard, the petitioner, and two others, William and Charles M. Barcus, the latter a non-resident.
The petitioners prayed, that the said Wm. 8. Yanstavern, the husband, and Wm. Barcus, the son, be summoned to show cause, why letters of administration should not be granted the petitioners, or some others, in case of refusal on the part of the defendants, to administer. The defendants appeared and answered, but without oath, averring that the deceased’s estate consisted of a few articles of household furniture etc., which devolved upon her surviving husband, by operation of law, without administration.
They denied that the deceased was indebted at the time of her death, to the appellants; and further averred that the deceased being at the time of her death, a married woman, and leaving a husband surviving her, who is still [178]*178living, all the personal property the deceased possessed, if it consisted of specific articles, acquired since the adoption of the Code of Public General Laws of 1860, devolved on the husband for life by virtue of sec. 2, Art. 45, thereof, without the intervention of an administrator; and if possessed at the time of deceased’s marriage, (which occurred in 1857,) or acquired after, and before the adoption of the Code of 1860, the same by virtue of the marriage and her death, became absolutely, in the absence of any contract or deed of settlement to the contrary, the property of the surviving husband.
That if the estate of the deceased consisted of choses in action, in existence before or subsequent to the Code, they devolved on the husband, by operation of law, if he reduced them to possession during his life, and that the appellants’ remedy, if the deceas'ed was indebted to them, was in Equity — the Orphans’ Court having no authority in law, to grant letters in such a case.
No replication was filed to the answers, but the petitioners examined Ennalls Hubbard, one of the petitioners, on interrogatories, who deposed, that he was acquainted with the deceased; “she had right smart of personal property, and considerable debts due her;” that she was indebted to the witness in the sum of $3300, principal, and he believed, she owed his wife, between $200 and $300,
Whereupon, the Orphans’ Court, on the same day passed an order, reciting that the petition, answers and testimony of Ennalls Hubbard, being duly considered, it was adjudged and decreed, that the petition filed by Ennalls Hubbard and wife, be dismissed with costs to the respondents, — “ the Court considering that no administration can be had upon the estate of Frances A. Yanstavern, during the life of her surviving husband.”
From which order the appeal is taken.
■ It is not necessary to decide in this case whether, under, any circumstances, administration can be granted by the [179]*179Orphans’ Court, on the estate of a married woman dying intestate, her husband surviving, hut confining ourselves to the facts presented by the record, to determine whether the order appealed from was correct.
Although the answers do not expressly admit the intestacy of the deceased, and it has not been proved, it is necessarily implied from the nature of the defence, and the reasons assigned by the Court below for their order ; we shall therefore assume, it is admitted.
The testimony of the petitioner, the only witness examined in the case, taken in connection with the interrogatories, and in its popular sense, must be understood as meaning, that the deceased owned at the time of her death, and died possessed of, personal property acquired after the adoption of the Code, (if acquired before, it would have been her husband’s,) and had owing to her, debts of considerable amount, and was indebted to the petitioner in large sums of money. The husband, by virtue of the common law, or the English statutes which existed and were applicable to our colonial condition, prior to the adoption of the State Constitution, had the exclusive right to administer on the personal estate of his deceased wife.
By the Act of Assembly of 1798, ch. 101, entitled an Act for amending and reducing into one system the laws and regulations concerning last wills and testaments, the duties of executors, administrators, etc., sub-ch. 5, sec. 8, it was enacted, “if the intestate he a married woman it shall not, as heretofore, he necessary for her husband to take out letters of administration, but all her chases in action shall devolve upon her husband, in the same manner as if he had taken out such letters; provided, that if he shall not, in his lifetime, reduce the said dioses in action into possession, or obtain judgment thereon, the said cho-ses in action shall devolve on her representatives, and administration may be granted accordingly.”
[180]*180The husband being at common law, jure 'mariti, owner of all the personal and real chattels of his wife in possession, the letters of administration were only necessary to enable him to reduce into possession, or recover, her dioses in action; and to these he became entitled absolutely, if reduced into possession in his lifetime, prior or subsequent to the death of his wife.
According to the English law, if the husband omitted as administrator of his wife, to reduce her dioses in action into possession, or recover judgment upon them, and letters of administration after his death were granted to the next of kin of the wife, such administrator was considered in equity as trustee for the representative of ■the husband. Vide 1 Williams on Executors, 860.
The Code of Public General Laws, condensing the previous legislation, on the rights of husband and wife, in Art. 45, secs. 1 and 2, declares “the property, real and personal, belonging to a woman at the time of her marriage, and all property which she may acquire or receive after her marriage, shall be protected from the debts of her husband, and not in any way liable for the payment thereof, and such property she shall hold for her separate use, with power of devising the same, as fully as if she were a feme sole, or may convey the same by a joint deed, with her husband;” “provided, that if she die intestate, leaving children, her husband shall have a life estate in her property, real and personal, but if she die intestate, leaving no children, her husband shall have a life estate in her real property, and her personal property shall vest in him absolutely.”
The laws thus condensed in the Code, totally changed the rules of the common law, as to the rights of the husband in the personal property of the wife. In the case of Crane vs. Cough, 4 Md., 316, this Court said, “No rule is better established, than that at common law personal property accruing to the wife during coverture, including.dioses in action, vests in the husband.”
[181]
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Bowie, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellants, bjr their petition, filed in the Orphans’ Court of Caroline County, on the 14th of September, 1872, alleged that Frances A. Yanstavern of said county, had then lately departed this life intestate, being at the time of her death, possessed of a large and valuable personal estate, then in said county, and indebted to the petitioners, in a large sum ; that the deceased left a husband, Wm. S. Vanstavern, and three children, one of whom was Ellen T. Hubbard, the petitioner, and two others, William and Charles M. Barcus, the latter a non-resident.
The petitioners prayed, that the said Wm. 8. Yanstavern, the husband, and Wm. Barcus, the son, be summoned to show cause, why letters of administration should not be granted the petitioners, or some others, in case of refusal on the part of the defendants, to administer. The defendants appeared and answered, but without oath, averring that the deceased’s estate consisted of a few articles of household furniture etc., which devolved upon her surviving husband, by operation of law, without administration.
They denied that the deceased was indebted at the time of her death, to the appellants; and further averred that the deceased being at the time of her death, a married woman, and leaving a husband surviving her, who is still [178]*178living, all the personal property the deceased possessed, if it consisted of specific articles, acquired since the adoption of the Code of Public General Laws of 1860, devolved on the husband for life by virtue of sec. 2, Art. 45, thereof, without the intervention of an administrator; and if possessed at the time of deceased’s marriage, (which occurred in 1857,) or acquired after, and before the adoption of the Code of 1860, the same by virtue of the marriage and her death, became absolutely, in the absence of any contract or deed of settlement to the contrary, the property of the surviving husband.
That if the estate of the deceased consisted of choses in action, in existence before or subsequent to the Code, they devolved on the husband, by operation of law, if he reduced them to possession during his life, and that the appellants’ remedy, if the deceas'ed was indebted to them, was in Equity — the Orphans’ Court having no authority in law, to grant letters in such a case.
No replication was filed to the answers, but the petitioners examined Ennalls Hubbard, one of the petitioners, on interrogatories, who deposed, that he was acquainted with the deceased; “she had right smart of personal property, and considerable debts due her;” that she was indebted to the witness in the sum of $3300, principal, and he believed, she owed his wife, between $200 and $300,
Whereupon, the Orphans’ Court, on the same day passed an order, reciting that the petition, answers and testimony of Ennalls Hubbard, being duly considered, it was adjudged and decreed, that the petition filed by Ennalls Hubbard and wife, be dismissed with costs to the respondents, — “ the Court considering that no administration can be had upon the estate of Frances A. Yanstavern, during the life of her surviving husband.”
From which order the appeal is taken.
■ It is not necessary to decide in this case whether, under, any circumstances, administration can be granted by the [179]*179Orphans’ Court, on the estate of a married woman dying intestate, her husband surviving, hut confining ourselves to the facts presented by the record, to determine whether the order appealed from was correct.
Although the answers do not expressly admit the intestacy of the deceased, and it has not been proved, it is necessarily implied from the nature of the defence, and the reasons assigned by the Court below for their order ; we shall therefore assume, it is admitted.
The testimony of the petitioner, the only witness examined in the case, taken in connection with the interrogatories, and in its popular sense, must be understood as meaning, that the deceased owned at the time of her death, and died possessed of, personal property acquired after the adoption of the Code, (if acquired before, it would have been her husband’s,) and had owing to her, debts of considerable amount, and was indebted to the petitioner in large sums of money. The husband, by virtue of the common law, or the English statutes which existed and were applicable to our colonial condition, prior to the adoption of the State Constitution, had the exclusive right to administer on the personal estate of his deceased wife.
By the Act of Assembly of 1798, ch. 101, entitled an Act for amending and reducing into one system the laws and regulations concerning last wills and testaments, the duties of executors, administrators, etc., sub-ch. 5, sec. 8, it was enacted, “if the intestate he a married woman it shall not, as heretofore, he necessary for her husband to take out letters of administration, but all her chases in action shall devolve upon her husband, in the same manner as if he had taken out such letters; provided, that if he shall not, in his lifetime, reduce the said dioses in action into possession, or obtain judgment thereon, the said cho-ses in action shall devolve on her representatives, and administration may be granted accordingly.”
[180]*180The husband being at common law, jure 'mariti, owner of all the personal and real chattels of his wife in possession, the letters of administration were only necessary to enable him to reduce into possession, or recover, her dioses in action; and to these he became entitled absolutely, if reduced into possession in his lifetime, prior or subsequent to the death of his wife.
According to the English law, if the husband omitted as administrator of his wife, to reduce her dioses in action into possession, or recover judgment upon them, and letters of administration after his death were granted to the next of kin of the wife, such administrator was considered in equity as trustee for the representative of ■the husband. Vide 1 Williams on Executors, 860.
The Code of Public General Laws, condensing the previous legislation, on the rights of husband and wife, in Art. 45, secs. 1 and 2, declares “the property, real and personal, belonging to a woman at the time of her marriage, and all property which she may acquire or receive after her marriage, shall be protected from the debts of her husband, and not in any way liable for the payment thereof, and such property she shall hold for her separate use, with power of devising the same, as fully as if she were a feme sole, or may convey the same by a joint deed, with her husband;” “provided, that if she die intestate, leaving children, her husband shall have a life estate in her property, real and personal, but if she die intestate, leaving no children, her husband shall have a life estate in her real property, and her personal property shall vest in him absolutely.”
The laws thus condensed in the Code, totally changed the rules of the common law, as to the rights of the husband in the personal property of the wife. In the case of Crane vs. Cough, 4 Md., 316, this Court said, “No rule is better established, than that at common law personal property accruing to the wife during coverture, including.dioses in action, vests in the husband.”
[181]*181By operation of the Code, the husband surviving his wife, who dies intestate, leaving children, becomes a tenant for life of her property, real and personal; if she dies intestate without children, he is tenant for life of the realty, and absolute owner of the personalty, if reduced into possession, during his life. It will he observed that the sections of the Article above cited, make no distinction between chattels, personal or real, in possession, and chosen in action; all are included in the general term “personal property.”
Article 45 Code, entitled, “Husband and Wife,” makes no provision for the assertion of the husband’s rights over the property of deceased wife, as modified by it, iu cases of intestacy of the wife, except in the twelfth and last sections, where it said, “a husband bringing an action to recover in right of Ms -wife, after her death, may declare, specially setting forth in the usual manner, how the debt or right accrued to his wife, and stating further, that by marriage the debt or right devolved on him.” Which is equivalent to the 8th section of sub-ch. 5, of 1798, hereinbefore cited, declaring it shall not be necessary for the husband to takeout letters of administration, but all her dioses in action shall devolve upon him, etc. In Article 93 of the Code, Title — “Testamentary Law,” sub-title, Administration, section 32, the 8th section of 1798, sub-chapter 5, is re-enacted in totidem verbis; so that it is twice virtually declared in our statute law, that where the intestate is a married woman, it shall not be necessary for her husband to take out administration, but all her dioses in action shall devolve on her husband, in the same manner as if he had taken out such administration, provided, that if he shall not in his lifetime reduce the dioses in action into possession, etc., the same shall devolve on her representatives, and administration may be granted accordingly. The apparent inconsistency between the 32nd section of Article 93, and the final clause of the 2ud [182]*182section of Article 45, was brought to the attention of this Court in the case of Stockett, adm’r of Bird vs. Bird’s adm’r, 18 Md., 484. In that case it appeared that Ellen Bird, the wife, died a few hours before her husband, intestate, and without children ; the administrator of the husband found a number of notes, payable to Ellen Bird, among the effects of Ellen, and others, among the papers of the husband, but not reduced into possession, or judgments recovered on them by the husband in his lifetime. The question was, whether the choses in action belonged to the administrator of the wife, or the administrator of the husband. On the part of the latter it was claimed that under the last clause of the 2nd section of Article 45, they belonged absolutely to the husband, but the Court held that Articles 45 and 98 were to be construed in pári materia, that, the general intention expressed in .the former Article, was qualified by the particular intention of the latter, which was to be considered as an exception to it, and that the choses in action of the wife, not reduced into possession by the husband, etc.,» did not pass to his administrator, but to the administrator of the wife, for the benefit of her distributees.
(Decided June 25th, 1873.)
In this case, the husband being still in being, has full power to sue for, collect and reduce into possession, all claims held by him in right of his wife.
It is not our province to determine in this case, how far the choses in action or personal property devolved on the husband by the laws above cited, are liable to the creditors of the deceased, or what form of remedy, if any, they should pursue.
Finding no error in the order appealed from, the same will be affirmed.
Order affirmed, with costs.