Lyon, J.
The law favors settlements, and courts will not open or disturb them but for very cogent reasons. Hence, when parties have mutually stated an account of their dealings with each other, and have adjusted balances on the basis of it, nothing short of clear and satisfactory evidence of fraud or mistake will justify the falsifying or surcharging of such account. Marsh v. Case, 30 Wis., 531; Klauber v. Wright, herewith decided. The evidence in this case is very voluminous. It has been carefully examined. We shall not attempt to review it, or even to state it in detail. . In the view we have taken of the case it is unnecessary to do either. Eeference to those portions of it bearing most directly upon the propositions upon which our judgment is based, must suffice. The defendant admits and testifies that the entries in the books mentioned in the several findings of fact do not show the true character of the transactions which gave rise to them; but he claims and testifies that they do represent actual transactions of the firm; that they are correct in amount, and do not disturb or change the true balance of any account contained in the books. This is his explanation of these entries. At different times he had purchased what he calls cheap liquors; that is, as we understand the term, liquors upon which the duties or the internal revenue taxes due the government had not been paid. These purchases were necessarily made very privately. Tie did not know the name of his vendor, only that he was called “ Cheap Harry.” The liquor was received into the store in the night. Only the most confidential employees of the firm were let into the secret, and these no further than was absolutely necessary. To avoid the scrutiny of government officers and detectives, who during the time of these operations were especially alert ‘to detect frauds on the revenue, it became necessary to exclude from the books of the firm all traces of these illicit transac[284]*284tions. At the same time it was deemed essential that entries of them in some form should be made in the books of the firm. So, instead of opening an account with “ Cheap Harry,” or with “ illicit liquor,” and entering therein these purchases, he entered them as stated in the findings of fact.
The outlines of this system may be illustrated thus: The defendant makes a purchase of “Cheap Harry,” amounting say to $1,000, and pays him that sum in cash belonging to the firm. It will not do to charge this sum to merchandise account, and credit cash account therefor, without naming the person or firm of whom the purchase was made, and to whom the money was paid. The expert who examines the books in the interest of the government may manifest some curiosity on that subject. Neither will it be safe to enter the merchandise as received from, or the price as paid to, “ Cheap Harry,” for the detectives may know too much about him. Hence, to overcome these probable difficulties, he credits the Urbana Wine Company (with which the firm has dealings) with the merchandise which that company never delivered, and charges it with a corresponding sum in cash which it never received. It is obvious that, when the merchandise account is charged with the purchase, and the sum paid “ Cheap Harry,” in fact, but fictitiously charged to the Urbana Wine Company, is entered to the credit of cash, all the balances will be precisely the same as though the actual transaction, and that alone, had been truly entered in the books. The illustration here given does hot show the actual facts of the fictitious entries testified to by the defendant. He testifies that, for greater confusion, the amounts paid for illicit liquor were divided in some cases, and entered under different dates; that some of them were manipulated so that they were filtered through the bills-payable account, and that other fictions were introduced to get upon the books credits to himself for money which he advanced to pay for some of these secret purchases. For example, the item of $224.91, charged to him by the circuit court, [285]*285is entered in the books as a credit “by error,” and the $115 item “ by merchandise.” These two items, and the credit of $143.25 also charged against him by the court, he testifies, represent money paid by him out of his individual funds for “ cheap liquor,” which went into the stock of the firm. He further testifies that the plaintiff Kinney was cognizant of all these irregular transactions, but the latter denies that he knew anything about them until long after they occurred. The testimony leaves no doubt whatever of the fact that the plaintiff Hoyt had no knowledge' or suspicion that the firm was dealing in illicit liquors.
It seems quite clear that, had the defendant opened in the firm books an account with “ Cheap Harry,” and entered therein all these contraband purchases, making the corresponding entries in merchandise and cash accounts, and omitting all of the fictitious entries, the balances of all of -the accounts _ would have been precisely the same. Also, that if he purchased for the firm the several amounts of liquor of “ Cheap Harry ” which he testifies he did, and paid on account thereof, out of his individual funds, the sums which he placed to his credit by the fictitious entries, the balances are correct, notwithstanding the falsification of the accounts. The most important question to be determined is, therefore, Did the defendant make those contraband purchases on account of the firm? Or, rather, is his positive testimony that he did so, and that the liquor so purchased went into the general stock of the firm, clearly and satisfactorily impeached? Eegard being had to the rule of evidence stated early in this opinion, the latter is the more accurate statement of the question. The defendant confessedly was engaged in defrauding the government of its lawful revenue, and to conceal the fraud he falsified and confused the account books of the firm. He did so without the consent or knowledge of one of his partners, at least. His position invites the closest scrutiny of his testimony. Me think there are apparent discrepancies in some of his state-[286]*286merits — perhaps not very important; and be seems to have failed in some of the explanations of them which he professed to be able to make, and attempted to make. It may be, however, that his explanations would be satisfactory to an expert in the art of book-keeping. Unfortunately this court, as at present constituted, contains no such expert. These apparent discrepancies, and the defendant’s failure to explain them, were marshaled by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs, and forcibly pressed upon the attention of the court in his very able argument of the case. Indeed, these are chiefly relied upon to support the judgment of the circuit court.
Were this an action to settle the accounts of the partners with the firm, and were the testimony of the defendant entirely uncorroborated, we should hesitate, as at present advised, to disturb an account stated by the court, in which the amounts of these fictitious entries were charged to the defendant. But we have no such case here. The court is not called upon to state accounts of the transactions and dealings of the several partners with the firm, and to adjust balances; but to falsify and surcharge the accounts thereof which the partners themselves have stated, and to overturn balances which they have voluntarily adjusted. We have seen that very different rules of evidence prevail in the two cases.
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Lyon, J.
The law favors settlements, and courts will not open or disturb them but for very cogent reasons. Hence, when parties have mutually stated an account of their dealings with each other, and have adjusted balances on the basis of it, nothing short of clear and satisfactory evidence of fraud or mistake will justify the falsifying or surcharging of such account. Marsh v. Case, 30 Wis., 531; Klauber v. Wright, herewith decided. The evidence in this case is very voluminous. It has been carefully examined. We shall not attempt to review it, or even to state it in detail. . In the view we have taken of the case it is unnecessary to do either. Eeference to those portions of it bearing most directly upon the propositions upon which our judgment is based, must suffice. The defendant admits and testifies that the entries in the books mentioned in the several findings of fact do not show the true character of the transactions which gave rise to them; but he claims and testifies that they do represent actual transactions of the firm; that they are correct in amount, and do not disturb or change the true balance of any account contained in the books. This is his explanation of these entries. At different times he had purchased what he calls cheap liquors; that is, as we understand the term, liquors upon which the duties or the internal revenue taxes due the government had not been paid. These purchases were necessarily made very privately. Tie did not know the name of his vendor, only that he was called “ Cheap Harry.” The liquor was received into the store in the night. Only the most confidential employees of the firm were let into the secret, and these no further than was absolutely necessary. To avoid the scrutiny of government officers and detectives, who during the time of these operations were especially alert ‘to detect frauds on the revenue, it became necessary to exclude from the books of the firm all traces of these illicit transac[284]*284tions. At the same time it was deemed essential that entries of them in some form should be made in the books of the firm. So, instead of opening an account with “ Cheap Harry,” or with “ illicit liquor,” and entering therein these purchases, he entered them as stated in the findings of fact.
The outlines of this system may be illustrated thus: The defendant makes a purchase of “Cheap Harry,” amounting say to $1,000, and pays him that sum in cash belonging to the firm. It will not do to charge this sum to merchandise account, and credit cash account therefor, without naming the person or firm of whom the purchase was made, and to whom the money was paid. The expert who examines the books in the interest of the government may manifest some curiosity on that subject. Neither will it be safe to enter the merchandise as received from, or the price as paid to, “ Cheap Harry,” for the detectives may know too much about him. Hence, to overcome these probable difficulties, he credits the Urbana Wine Company (with which the firm has dealings) with the merchandise which that company never delivered, and charges it with a corresponding sum in cash which it never received. It is obvious that, when the merchandise account is charged with the purchase, and the sum paid “ Cheap Harry,” in fact, but fictitiously charged to the Urbana Wine Company, is entered to the credit of cash, all the balances will be precisely the same as though the actual transaction, and that alone, had been truly entered in the books. The illustration here given does hot show the actual facts of the fictitious entries testified to by the defendant. He testifies that, for greater confusion, the amounts paid for illicit liquor were divided in some cases, and entered under different dates; that some of them were manipulated so that they were filtered through the bills-payable account, and that other fictions were introduced to get upon the books credits to himself for money which he advanced to pay for some of these secret purchases. For example, the item of $224.91, charged to him by the circuit court, [285]*285is entered in the books as a credit “by error,” and the $115 item “ by merchandise.” These two items, and the credit of $143.25 also charged against him by the court, he testifies, represent money paid by him out of his individual funds for “ cheap liquor,” which went into the stock of the firm. He further testifies that the plaintiff Kinney was cognizant of all these irregular transactions, but the latter denies that he knew anything about them until long after they occurred. The testimony leaves no doubt whatever of the fact that the plaintiff Hoyt had no knowledge' or suspicion that the firm was dealing in illicit liquors.
It seems quite clear that, had the defendant opened in the firm books an account with “ Cheap Harry,” and entered therein all these contraband purchases, making the corresponding entries in merchandise and cash accounts, and omitting all of the fictitious entries, the balances of all of -the accounts _ would have been precisely the same. Also, that if he purchased for the firm the several amounts of liquor of “ Cheap Harry ” which he testifies he did, and paid on account thereof, out of his individual funds, the sums which he placed to his credit by the fictitious entries, the balances are correct, notwithstanding the falsification of the accounts. The most important question to be determined is, therefore, Did the defendant make those contraband purchases on account of the firm? Or, rather, is his positive testimony that he did so, and that the liquor so purchased went into the general stock of the firm, clearly and satisfactorily impeached? Eegard being had to the rule of evidence stated early in this opinion, the latter is the more accurate statement of the question. The defendant confessedly was engaged in defrauding the government of its lawful revenue, and to conceal the fraud he falsified and confused the account books of the firm. He did so without the consent or knowledge of one of his partners, at least. His position invites the closest scrutiny of his testimony. Me think there are apparent discrepancies in some of his state-[286]*286merits — perhaps not very important; and be seems to have failed in some of the explanations of them which he professed to be able to make, and attempted to make. It may be, however, that his explanations would be satisfactory to an expert in the art of book-keeping. Unfortunately this court, as at present constituted, contains no such expert. These apparent discrepancies, and the defendant’s failure to explain them, were marshaled by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs, and forcibly pressed upon the attention of the court in his very able argument of the case. Indeed, these are chiefly relied upon to support the judgment of the circuit court.
Were this an action to settle the accounts of the partners with the firm, and were the testimony of the defendant entirely uncorroborated, we should hesitate, as at present advised, to disturb an account stated by the court, in which the amounts of these fictitious entries were charged to the defendant. But we have no such case here. The court is not called upon to state accounts of the transactions and dealings of the several partners with the firm, and to adjust balances; but to falsify and surcharge the accounts thereof which the partners themselves have stated, and to overturn balances which they have voluntarily adjusted. We have seen that very different rules of evidence prevail in the two cases. Moreover, the testimony of the defendant is materially corroborated by that of two other witnesses, Ghent and Ericke, who were employed by the firm when the alleged transactions took place. Ghent testified that he received the liquors purchased of “ Cheap Harry,” which, it is claimed, are represented by the fictitious entries in the account of the Urbana Wine Company, and that he drew $1,000 from the bank on the check of the firm delivered to him by the defendant, and paid tlie amount to the vendor for such liquors. Ericke testifies that he clandestinely took into the store liquors purchased of the same man several times, and paid for them with money furnished by the defendant, and that the money so received and paid out by him corre[287]*287sponds substantially in amount witb the other fictitious entries in tbe boobs mentioned in tbe findings of fact; also that these transactions occurred about tbe time such entries bear date. If tbis testimony is true, it is probably a fair presumption tbat the money furnished Ericke by the defendant was bis individual funds. Had it belonged to the firm, it seems tbat tbe credit given therefor to the defendant would have disturbed the cash balances. We discover no such disturbance therein. The testimony of these witnesses seems to have been candidly given, and the record discloses nothing (unless it be the fact that Ghent is a brother-in-law of the defendant) which can justly excite any distrust of the honesty of either witness.
There is some other proof which tends to corroborate and strengthen their testimony, and the defendant’s theory of the case. When the defendant sold out to Toombs, or about that time, an invoice of stock was made. It satisfactorily appears that certain packages were entered therein as not invoiced. The defendant and Ghent both testify to the fact, and that these were part of the contraband purchases. This inventory was left in the possession of the plaintiffs, and was in their hands long after the defendant ceased to have access thereto. The plaintiffs were called upon to produce it, but they failed to do so, and denied all knowledge of it. A witness, who acted as a referee in an action between plaintiff's and Toombs, testified that this inventory was before him a year or more after the defendant sold out; that it was contained in a book; and we understand him to identify a book which the plaintiffs produced on the trial of this action as the one which then contained it. It was missing therefrom when the book was so produced. Several leaves had been cut out of it. Again, the defendant and Ghent both testify that opposite an entry under date of March 15, 1875, in the book known as the petty cashbook (which entry, it is claimed, represented the payment of the $1,000 by Ghent to “ Cheap Harry ”), the defendant made some memorandum showing the entry fictitious, and referring [288]*288bis partners to him for an explanation. This boob was also left with the plaintiffs, and was produced by them on the tidal. But the leaf which contained the entry and the alleged memorandum had been cut from the booh, and was not produced. Considerable testimony was introduced on behalf of the plaintiffs for the purpose of showing that no such memorandum was ever written there. But the mutilation of both the inventory book and petty cash-book, in portions which were claimed to contain important evidence for the defendant, is not satisfactorily explained. We may give the plaintiffs the full benefit of their denial of any knowledge of such mutilations, yet it is their misfortune that they were committed while the books were in their exclusive possession. Perhaps the maxim omnia frmsumxmtur contra spoliatorem should not be applied to them in its full rigor; yet under the circumstances they should be required to disprove the existence of the alleged entries by evidence more clear and convincing than we find in this record, or the positive testimony of their existence should be taken as true.
If there were entries in the inventory of packages as not invoiced, it is very significant, inasmuch as it does not appear that there was any uninvoiced merchandise in the stock except that purchased of “ Cheap Harry.” Again, if the petty cashbook contained the memorandum claimed, it is a strong circumstance to show that although the defendant was defrauding the government, he was not disposed to defraud his partners.
Further discussion or statement of the case seems unnecessary. Enough has been said to explain the grounds upon which our judgment is based. It must be held that the evidence of the alleged fraud of the defendant is not sufficient to justify the court in surcharging his account with the firm, which was the basis of the settlement of the parties.
By the Court.— Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to the circuit court to dismiss the complaint.