MANNING, J.,
after stating tbe case: Tbe statute above quoted makes four requirements: (a) a petition from one-fourth of tbe freeholders within tbe proposed district; (b) tbe endorsement of this petition by the county board of education; (c) tbe bolding of an election in tbe district upon this question; (d) tbe vote of a majority of tbe qualified voters in favor of tbe tax.
It is not alleged that any of these requirements of tbe statute have not been complied with, nor is there any allegation that tbe tax, tbe collection of which is sought to be enjoined, is levied or assessed for an illegal or unauthorized purpose, or tbat it is [577] illegal or invalid, or that tbe assessment is illegal or invalid. Tbe county board of education is not made a party to tbis action. All irregularities alleged in tbe complaint relate to tbe location of tbe lines of tbis special-tax district.
Tbe statute vests tbe power of determining tbe boundaries of a district solely in tbe county board of education. There is no suggestion anywhere of misconduct or any impropriety on tbe part of any member of tbe board of education. None of tbe things complained of were done or are alleged to have been done by tbe board of education. The charges made refer to individuals, advocate's of tbe special district, but in no way officially connected with the establishment of tbe same.
It appears that tbe petition for tbe establishment of tbis district was circulated among tbe freeholders and was well known to tbe plaintiffs herein. Tbis petition bad to be presented to tbe board of education and receive its endorsement. Tbe time of the-meeting of the board of education is fixed by law. If there were objections to tbe endorsement of tbis petition by tbe -board of education, it was tbe duty of those objecting thereto to appear before tbe board of education and state their objections. It would be manifestly unfair to tbe board of education for plaintiffs to attack tbis action as unwise and unjust, when they bad bad tbe opportunity and tbe occasion to make known to tbe board tbe reasons why such action would be unwise and bad failed to do so. If the board bad refused to give them a fair and impartial bearing, tbe courts would have been open to them for relief upon tbe charges of fraud or misconduct; but they cannot stand by in silence, while tbe board tabes such action as, in tbe light of facts before it, seems wise, and then make complaint. They ought not to remain quiescent until tbe will of tbe qualified voters has been expressed, tbe verdict of tbe polls entered against them, and then apply to tbe court for tbe aid of its equitable power. Covington v. Rockingham, 93 N. C., 134; Wilson v. Green, 135 N. C., 351. Tbe only matters alleged which can affect tbe proper creation of tbe district are contained in paragraph three of tbe complaint, where it is alleged that tbe district is not “as compact in form as practicable, and tbe convenience and necessities of tbe patrons were not consulted.” These charges relate to certain provisions in section 4129 of tbe Re-visa! Tbe wording of tbis section is as follows: “Tbe county board of education shall divide tbe townships into convenient school districts, as compact in form as practicable. It shall con-[578] suit the convenience and necessities of eacb race in setting the boundaries of tbe school district.” It will be seen that this section bears upon the division of the various townships into the usual school districts and makes no reference to special-tax .districts. We think that the Legislature set out in section 4115 all of the requirements essential to a special-tax district; but, admitting that section 4129 should be construed as applying to all districts, whether ordinary or special districts, we still think that the court has no right or power to annul this district upon these grounds. Necessarily, the questions of compactness and convenience must be addressed to somebody’s judgment and discretion. The statutes unequivocally delegate this duty to the county board of education.
The only absolute st'andard of compactness would be a circle, with the schoolhouse in the center. Such would be a physical impossibility. All other opinions of compactness would be relative and not capable of exact definition. The only absolute standard- of convenience would be a schoolhouse at every man’s door, which, of course, is out of the question. These things are of necessity relative to and dependent upon many other circumstances and conditions, all of which have fluctuating values in the determination of-what is best. The lay of the land, streams, roads, mountains and many other things must all be considered and given their proper influence. Conditions in adjoining districts, even, ought sometimes to control, since it may and does happen that a change in one district, apparently advisable for that district, would be on the whole unwise, because it would necessitate injurious changes in adjoining districts. There are 7,707 districts in the State, and it is highly probable that in each of these there are one or more persons who with some degree of reason think that, from the standpoint of convenience'and compactness, the district is not correctly laid off. For the courts to undertake to pass upon such matters would be manifestly .unwise. The county board of education is supposed to have acquired, by observation, study and experience, a knowledge of the varying needs of the county, which no court could hope to obtain by a mere examination of witnesses. There is no principle better established than that the courts will not interfere to control the exercise of discretion on the part of any officer to whom has been legally delegated the right and duty to exercise that discretion.
The leading case in our reports is probably that of Broadnax v. Groom, in 64 N. C., 244. This case is specially applicable, for that it was an action to enjoin the collection of a tax for building bridges, upon the ground that the commissioners were about to [579] expend practically all of tbe tax levy to build a bridge “where none had ever before been — not connected with any public road, and otherwise unnecessary, inconvenient and extravagantly expensive.” Pearson, J., in writing the opinion of the Court, says: “So the case before us is within the power of the county commissioners. How can this Court undertake to control its exercise? Can we say such a bridge does not need repairs, or that in building a new bridge it should be erected, as heretofore, upon posts, so as to be cheap, but warranted to last for some years, or that it is better policy to locate it a mile or so above, at a heavier outlay at the start, but such as will insure permanence and be cheaper in the long run? In short, this Court is not capable of controlling the exercise of power on the part of the.General Assembly or of the county authorities, and it cannot assume to do so without putting itself in antagonism as well to the General Assembly as to the county authorities and erecting a despotism of five men which is opposed to the fundamental principles of our government and the usage of all times past. For the exercise of powers conferred by the Constitution the people must rely upon the honesty of the members of the General Assembly and of the persons elected to fill places of trust in the several counties. This Court has no power, and is not capable if it had the power, of controlling the exercise of power conferred by the Constitution upon the legislative department of the government or upon the county authorities.”
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MANNING, J.,
after stating tbe case: Tbe statute above quoted makes four requirements: (a) a petition from one-fourth of tbe freeholders within tbe proposed district; (b) tbe endorsement of this petition by the county board of education; (c) tbe bolding of an election in tbe district upon this question; (d) tbe vote of a majority of tbe qualified voters in favor of tbe tax.
It is not alleged that any of these requirements of tbe statute have not been complied with, nor is there any allegation that tbe tax, tbe collection of which is sought to be enjoined, is levied or assessed for an illegal or unauthorized purpose, or tbat it is [577] illegal or invalid, or that tbe assessment is illegal or invalid. Tbe county board of education is not made a party to tbis action. All irregularities alleged in tbe complaint relate to tbe location of tbe lines of tbis special-tax district.
Tbe statute vests tbe power of determining tbe boundaries of a district solely in tbe county board of education. There is no suggestion anywhere of misconduct or any impropriety on tbe part of any member of tbe board of education. None of tbe things complained of were done or are alleged to have been done by tbe board of education. The charges made refer to individuals, advocate's of tbe special district, but in no way officially connected with the establishment of tbe same.
It appears that tbe petition for tbe establishment of tbis district was circulated among tbe freeholders and was well known to tbe plaintiffs herein. Tbis petition bad to be presented to tbe board of education and receive its endorsement. Tbe time of the-meeting of the board of education is fixed by law. If there were objections to tbe endorsement of tbis petition by tbe -board of education, it was tbe duty of those objecting thereto to appear before tbe board of education and state their objections. It would be manifestly unfair to tbe board of education for plaintiffs to attack tbis action as unwise and unjust, when they bad bad tbe opportunity and tbe occasion to make known to tbe board tbe reasons why such action would be unwise and bad failed to do so. If the board bad refused to give them a fair and impartial bearing, tbe courts would have been open to them for relief upon tbe charges of fraud or misconduct; but they cannot stand by in silence, while tbe board tabes such action as, in tbe light of facts before it, seems wise, and then make complaint. They ought not to remain quiescent until tbe will of tbe qualified voters has been expressed, tbe verdict of tbe polls entered against them, and then apply to tbe court for tbe aid of its equitable power. Covington v. Rockingham, 93 N. C., 134; Wilson v. Green, 135 N. C., 351. Tbe only matters alleged which can affect tbe proper creation of tbe district are contained in paragraph three of tbe complaint, where it is alleged that tbe district is not “as compact in form as practicable, and tbe convenience and necessities of tbe patrons were not consulted.” These charges relate to certain provisions in section 4129 of tbe Re-visa! Tbe wording of tbis section is as follows: “Tbe county board of education shall divide tbe townships into convenient school districts, as compact in form as practicable. It shall con-[578] suit the convenience and necessities of eacb race in setting the boundaries of tbe school district.” It will be seen that this section bears upon the division of the various townships into the usual school districts and makes no reference to special-tax .districts. We think that the Legislature set out in section 4115 all of the requirements essential to a special-tax district; but, admitting that section 4129 should be construed as applying to all districts, whether ordinary or special districts, we still think that the court has no right or power to annul this district upon these grounds. Necessarily, the questions of compactness and convenience must be addressed to somebody’s judgment and discretion. The statutes unequivocally delegate this duty to the county board of education.
The only absolute st'andard of compactness would be a circle, with the schoolhouse in the center. Such would be a physical impossibility. All other opinions of compactness would be relative and not capable of exact definition. The only absolute standard- of convenience would be a schoolhouse at every man’s door, which, of course, is out of the question. These things are of necessity relative to and dependent upon many other circumstances and conditions, all of which have fluctuating values in the determination of-what is best. The lay of the land, streams, roads, mountains and many other things must all be considered and given their proper influence. Conditions in adjoining districts, even, ought sometimes to control, since it may and does happen that a change in one district, apparently advisable for that district, would be on the whole unwise, because it would necessitate injurious changes in adjoining districts. There are 7,707 districts in the State, and it is highly probable that in each of these there are one or more persons who with some degree of reason think that, from the standpoint of convenience'and compactness, the district is not correctly laid off. For the courts to undertake to pass upon such matters would be manifestly .unwise. The county board of education is supposed to have acquired, by observation, study and experience, a knowledge of the varying needs of the county, which no court could hope to obtain by a mere examination of witnesses. There is no principle better established than that the courts will not interfere to control the exercise of discretion on the part of any officer to whom has been legally delegated the right and duty to exercise that discretion.
The leading case in our reports is probably that of Broadnax v. Groom, in 64 N. C., 244. This case is specially applicable, for that it was an action to enjoin the collection of a tax for building bridges, upon the ground that the commissioners were about to [579] expend practically all of tbe tax levy to build a bridge “where none had ever before been — not connected with any public road, and otherwise unnecessary, inconvenient and extravagantly expensive.” Pearson, J., in writing the opinion of the Court, says: “So the case before us is within the power of the county commissioners. How can this Court undertake to control its exercise? Can we say such a bridge does not need repairs, or that in building a new bridge it should be erected, as heretofore, upon posts, so as to be cheap, but warranted to last for some years, or that it is better policy to locate it a mile or so above, at a heavier outlay at the start, but such as will insure permanence and be cheaper in the long run? In short, this Court is not capable of controlling the exercise of power on the part of the.General Assembly or of the county authorities, and it cannot assume to do so without putting itself in antagonism as well to the General Assembly as to the county authorities and erecting a despotism of five men which is opposed to the fundamental principles of our government and the usage of all times past. For the exercise of powers conferred by the Constitution the people must rely upon the honesty of the members of the General Assembly and of the persons elected to fill places of trust in the several counties. This Court has no power, and is not capable if it had the power, of controlling the exercise of power conferred by the Constitution upon the legislative department of the government or upon the county authorities.”
This case has been frequently cited with approval by this Court. Wilson v. Charlotte, 74 N. C., 759; London v. Wilmington, 78 N. C., 111; Ashcraft v. Lee, 79 N. C., 35; Evans v. Commissioners, 89 N. C., 158; Vaughan v. Commissioners, 117 N. C., 434; Herring v. Dixon, 122 N. C., 422; Stratford v. Greensboro, 124 N. C., 132; Black v. Commissioners, 129 N. C., 125; Wadsworth v. Concord, 133 N. C., 394; Bank v. Commissioners, 135 N. C., 245; Glenn v. Commissioners, 139 N. C., 418; Rosenthal v. Goldsboro, 149 N. C., 134; Board of Education v. Commissioners, 150 N. C., 124.
In Board of Education v. Commissioners, 150 N. C., 121, Mr. Justice Hoke says: “It is recognized doctrine that the writ of. mandamus is the appropriate remedy to enforce the performance of duty on the part of the county officials, when the duty in question is both peremptory and explicit, but that such a writ will not be granted to compel the performance of an act involving the exercise of judgment and discretion on the part of the official to whom its performance is committed.”
It would seem that where a board cannot be compelled to act [580] by mandamus, it cannot be restrained from acting by injunction. The doctrine is well stated in High on Injunctions, see. 1240: “An important modification of the doctrine of equitable interference with the proceedings of municipal corporations is found in the limitations and restrictions which are placed upon the jurisdiction in all' cases where it is sought to interfere with or control the judgment or discretion of. municipal bodies upon matters properly entrusted to them by law. A municipal corporation being a political body, clothed with certain legislative and discretionary powers, equity is ordinarily averse to interfere by injunction with the exercise of those powers at the suit of a private citizen. And no principle of equity jurisdiction is better established than that courts of equity will not sit in review on the proceedings of subordinate political or municipal tribunals, and that where matters are left to the discretion of such bodies the exercise of that discretion in good faith is conclusive, and will not, in the absence of fraud, be disturbed. And the fact that the court would have exercised the discretion in a different manner will not warrant it in departing from the rule.”
In United States v. California, 148 U. S., 43, the Court says: “It is an universal principle that where a power or jurisdiction is delegated to any public officer or tribunal over the subject-matter, and its exercise is confined to his or their discretion, the acts so done are binding and valid as to the subject-matter, and individual rights will not be disturbed collaterally, for anything done in the exercise of that discretion within the authority and power conferred. The only question which can arise between an individual claiming a right under the acts done and the public or any person denying its validity, are power in the official or fraud in the party.”
A case directly in point is Trustees v. Directors, 190 Ill., 390, where it is held that the decision of a county superintendent of schools in favor of forming a new school district will not be interfered with by injunction, upon the ground that such a district was unnecessary.
Another interesting case is Lane v. Morrill, 51 N. H., 422, where it is held that an injunction will not be granted to restrain the organization of a school district which is being made by the proper authorities, where the gravamen of the bill is that officials have acted upon illegal and improper evidence upon the hearing of the application for the formation of the district.
In Roth v. Marshall, 158 Pa., 272, the rule and the reason are so forcefully stated that we quote the opinion at some length: “The subject of controversy in this case is the location of a dis[581] trict schoolhouse. Eeduced to its simplest terms, the question raised is whether the exercise of official discretion of a board of school directors shall be supervised and directed, by a court of equity. If so, the selection of teachers and text books, the fixing of the rate for the levy of school and building taxes, the arrangement of the course of study, together with other similar duties, will be hereafter done subject to the opinion of the courts. The administration of the school laws will in that case depend on the discretion of a chancellor, whose decrees will be enforced by injunction or mandatory order. Such a conclusion would do violence to the school laws and to the well-settled rules that fix the limits of official discretion. If an officer neglects or refuses to enter upon the discharge of the duty which the law imposes on him, the courts will quicken or compel action by a writ of mandamus. If he goes beyond what the law requires, attempts that which is ultra vires, or abuses his discretion in any manner, the courts will restrain him by injunction. The ground intermediate between these extremes is the legitimate range of official discretion, within which the officer on whom the law had cast a duty may determine the manner of its performance.”
In the text of the Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 25, p. 32, it is said: “The primary authority to lay off territory into school districts is in the Legislature, and this without the assent of the inhabitants. But such power may be delegated to a subordinate body or officer.”
In our State this power is delegated to the county board of education, and, being clothed by the Legislature with power to determine the very questions presented to the court, the action of the board within the limits of the power conferred is no more subject to review than the act of the Legislature itself.
Again, it will be well to observe that the board established a special-tax district, subject to the approval of the people at the polls. When the citizens voted, they voted not only for the tax, but for the district. Hence the question presented is in its analysis a political one, to be fought out on the hustings. The courts have always refused to enter into this domain. State v. Stanton, 73 U. S., 50; Cyc., 8, 845; Ward v. Commissioners, 146 N. C., 536.
While we are constrained by the reasons given and the authorities cited, for which we are indebted to the able and conclusive argument in the brief of defendant’s counsel, from which we have quoted at length, to hold the courts powerless to interfere and aid the plaintiffs, we cannot refrain from condemning any attempt to gerrymander a special-tax school district. The map [582] of this district as established, attached to the record, shows that such an attempt was successfully made, but the affidavits disclose that no map was presented to the county board of education or the county commissioners, and we cannot believe they would have sanctioned it if they had been better informed. In the effort to secure better facilities and more enlarged opportunities for educating the children of a community, the overzealous overstep the limitations of prudence, even ip a cause so praiseworthy, and create and engender strife and bitterness, which retard rather than advance the cause of education in such communities. The wisdom and sound judgment of the county boards are expected to correct such tendencies, and in every case, before final action, they should become familiar with every detail, so that strife and bitterness may, as far as possible, be eliminated and the education of the children of the communities under their charge be advanced in quiet, good feeling and justice. In so far as the boards of education fail to accomplish this, they fail to meet the high responsibilities imposed upon them. There is in his Honor’s ruling
No error.