JUDGE LINDSAY
delivered the opinion op the court.
By chapter 2,270 of Session Acts of 1869 the charter of the city of Covington was so amended as to provide that “ whenever the owner or owners of the larger part of the front feet of the ground between any certain points fronting and abutting on any of the streets, alleys, market-spaces, and other public places within said city, shall petition the city council in writing for the improvement of such street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or any part thereof between said points, if said street, alley, market-space, or public place has not theretofore been improved, or if, having been improved or repaired, said petition shall ask that the same may be rebuilt or improved in some other and different manner, said council shall have full power and authority to order, contract for, and procure the improvement or reimprovement of the street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or part thereof, embraced in said petition, by grading, curbing, and paving the same with Nicolson pavement, or with any other materials, in any other manner, as may be petitioned for as aforesaid, at the cost of the owner or owners of all lots and parts of lots fronting and abutting on such street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or portion thereof, so improved..............And when any of the improvements authorized by this act shall have been completed and accepted by the council, said council shall assess and levy the cost thereof as a tax upon all the lots and parts of lots fronting and abutting upon the street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or part thereof, so improved, equally according to front feet, which tax shall have the same force and effect and be collected in the same manner as other taxes levied to pay for street improvements and repairs are now collected by law; and a lien is hereby given in favor of said city upon all said lots and parts of lots to secure the payment of the costs of said improvements, etc., [496]*496which lien shall attach from the time said improvements, etc., are ordered to be made. Provided, that said council is hereby given the same power and authority, without any petition from owners of ground fronting and abutting upon that portion of Madison Street that lies north of Twelfth Street, by a vote of all the members of said counoil elect and in office, to order, contract for, and procure the improvement, renewal, or repair of said portion of Madison Street, or any part thereof, with Nicolson pavement, or any other material, in any manner said council may ordain, at the cost and expense of the owner or owners of the ground fronting and abutting thereon, that is given by this act to said council to procure the improvement and reimprovement of other streets, alleys, market-spaces, and other public places when the same shall have been petitioned for.”
Under this act the city council, by an ordinance adopted by the unanimous vote of the members elect and in office, procured that portion of Madison Street between the north line of Eleventh Street and the south line of Ninth Street, and between the south line of Ninth Street and a line drawn from the south-east corner of Madison and Cooper (or Pike) Streets to the south-west corner of Madison and Pike Streets, to be repaved with Nicolson pavement. The owners of the larger portion of the front feet abutting on that part of the street so improved did not petition the council to procure the improvement to be made, but it seems remonstrated against any such action being taken in the premises.
The appellants, with many others of the property-owners, refusing to pay the amounts assessed against their lots, suits were instituted against them in the Kenton Circuit Court to enforce the statutory liens claimed to exist in favor of the city of Covington under and by virtue of the act from which we have heretofore quoted. ' Judgments were rendered in favor of the contractor, and the property-owners have appealed.
Testing the act in question by the principles enunciated by [497]*497this court in the two leading cases of the City of Lexington v. McQuillan’s heirs (9 Dana, 513) and the City of Louisville v. Hyatt et al. (2 B. Monroe, 177), we conceive there can be no doubt as to its constitutionality, except in so far as it applies to that portion of Madison Street lying north of Twelfth Street. It is true the act does not divide the city into squares, constituting subordinate municipalities for the improvement of the streets, as did the charters of the cities of Lexington and Louisville, but permits the lot-owners themselves to create such subdivisions or street districts by the selection of certain points upon any given street. But this difference does not, in our opinion, prevent the application of the principles relied upon by the court as sustaining the constitutionality of these charters. But, as will be readily perceived, there is a substantial difference between the provisions of these charters and the proviso in the act in question, made to apply solely to a portion of Madison Street.
The municipal authorities of the cities of Lexington and Louisville were empowered to improve their streets at the cost of the lot-owners, when they were petitioned by the owners of the greater part of the ground fronting on any square, or without the petition of such owners by the unanimous vote of the members composing such city councils.
The amendment to the charter of Covington confers upon the city council the power to improve the streets or alleys, etc., or parts thereof, with Nicolson pavement, at the cost of the property-owners, “whenever the owner or owners of the larger part of the front feet of the ground” fronting on the proposed improvement shall petition therefor, and in no other state of case. This limitation applies to every street, alley, market-space, and public place in the city, except a designated portion of Madison Street, which seems to be the leading thoroughfare in the city — a great public highway, in the improvement and repair of which the general public are more [498]*498■vitally interested than in any other street in the city. To compel the property-owners upon this street to improve and keep it in repair, upon terms similar to those applied to the owners of property on other .streets in the city, might of itself be regarded as imposing upon them an undue proportion of the public burdens. But so long as such burdens are so imposed as to keep within what may be legitimately deemed a tax and not a mere spoliation, it is a hardship against which the courts can afford no relief. Perfect equality in the imposition of local taxation can not be attained, but uniformity in the manner of assessment, and approximate equality in the amount of the exactions, are certainly within the range of possibility; and such uniformity and approximate equality were by this court, in the case of McQuillan’s heirs, held to be essential to the constitutionality of such taxation.
The proviso in the act under consideration of necessity destroys uniformity of street taxation in the city of Covington. It places the lot-owners on the northern portion of Madison Street at the mercy of a unanimous council, and leaves it within the power of the owners of the greater number of front feet abutting on every other street, alley, etc., to prevent the improvement of such street, etc., with “Nicolson pavement” at their individual expense by merely failing to petition therefor.
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JUDGE LINDSAY
delivered the opinion op the court.
By chapter 2,270 of Session Acts of 1869 the charter of the city of Covington was so amended as to provide that “ whenever the owner or owners of the larger part of the front feet of the ground between any certain points fronting and abutting on any of the streets, alleys, market-spaces, and other public places within said city, shall petition the city council in writing for the improvement of such street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or any part thereof between said points, if said street, alley, market-space, or public place has not theretofore been improved, or if, having been improved or repaired, said petition shall ask that the same may be rebuilt or improved in some other and different manner, said council shall have full power and authority to order, contract for, and procure the improvement or reimprovement of the street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or part thereof, embraced in said petition, by grading, curbing, and paving the same with Nicolson pavement, or with any other materials, in any other manner, as may be petitioned for as aforesaid, at the cost of the owner or owners of all lots and parts of lots fronting and abutting on such street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or portion thereof, so improved..............And when any of the improvements authorized by this act shall have been completed and accepted by the council, said council shall assess and levy the cost thereof as a tax upon all the lots and parts of lots fronting and abutting upon the street, alley, market-space, or other public place, or part thereof, so improved, equally according to front feet, which tax shall have the same force and effect and be collected in the same manner as other taxes levied to pay for street improvements and repairs are now collected by law; and a lien is hereby given in favor of said city upon all said lots and parts of lots to secure the payment of the costs of said improvements, etc., [496]*496which lien shall attach from the time said improvements, etc., are ordered to be made. Provided, that said council is hereby given the same power and authority, without any petition from owners of ground fronting and abutting upon that portion of Madison Street that lies north of Twelfth Street, by a vote of all the members of said counoil elect and in office, to order, contract for, and procure the improvement, renewal, or repair of said portion of Madison Street, or any part thereof, with Nicolson pavement, or any other material, in any manner said council may ordain, at the cost and expense of the owner or owners of the ground fronting and abutting thereon, that is given by this act to said council to procure the improvement and reimprovement of other streets, alleys, market-spaces, and other public places when the same shall have been petitioned for.”
Under this act the city council, by an ordinance adopted by the unanimous vote of the members elect and in office, procured that portion of Madison Street between the north line of Eleventh Street and the south line of Ninth Street, and between the south line of Ninth Street and a line drawn from the south-east corner of Madison and Cooper (or Pike) Streets to the south-west corner of Madison and Pike Streets, to be repaved with Nicolson pavement. The owners of the larger portion of the front feet abutting on that part of the street so improved did not petition the council to procure the improvement to be made, but it seems remonstrated against any such action being taken in the premises.
The appellants, with many others of the property-owners, refusing to pay the amounts assessed against their lots, suits were instituted against them in the Kenton Circuit Court to enforce the statutory liens claimed to exist in favor of the city of Covington under and by virtue of the act from which we have heretofore quoted. ' Judgments were rendered in favor of the contractor, and the property-owners have appealed.
Testing the act in question by the principles enunciated by [497]*497this court in the two leading cases of the City of Lexington v. McQuillan’s heirs (9 Dana, 513) and the City of Louisville v. Hyatt et al. (2 B. Monroe, 177), we conceive there can be no doubt as to its constitutionality, except in so far as it applies to that portion of Madison Street lying north of Twelfth Street. It is true the act does not divide the city into squares, constituting subordinate municipalities for the improvement of the streets, as did the charters of the cities of Lexington and Louisville, but permits the lot-owners themselves to create such subdivisions or street districts by the selection of certain points upon any given street. But this difference does not, in our opinion, prevent the application of the principles relied upon by the court as sustaining the constitutionality of these charters. But, as will be readily perceived, there is a substantial difference between the provisions of these charters and the proviso in the act in question, made to apply solely to a portion of Madison Street.
The municipal authorities of the cities of Lexington and Louisville were empowered to improve their streets at the cost of the lot-owners, when they were petitioned by the owners of the greater part of the ground fronting on any square, or without the petition of such owners by the unanimous vote of the members composing such city councils.
The amendment to the charter of Covington confers upon the city council the power to improve the streets or alleys, etc., or parts thereof, with Nicolson pavement, at the cost of the property-owners, “whenever the owner or owners of the larger part of the front feet of the ground” fronting on the proposed improvement shall petition therefor, and in no other state of case. This limitation applies to every street, alley, market-space, and public place in the city, except a designated portion of Madison Street, which seems to be the leading thoroughfare in the city — a great public highway, in the improvement and repair of which the general public are more [498]*498■vitally interested than in any other street in the city. To compel the property-owners upon this street to improve and keep it in repair, upon terms similar to those applied to the owners of property on other .streets in the city, might of itself be regarded as imposing upon them an undue proportion of the public burdens. But so long as such burdens are so imposed as to keep within what may be legitimately deemed a tax and not a mere spoliation, it is a hardship against which the courts can afford no relief. Perfect equality in the imposition of local taxation can not be attained, but uniformity in the manner of assessment, and approximate equality in the amount of the exactions, are certainly within the range of possibility; and such uniformity and approximate equality were by this court, in the case of McQuillan’s heirs, held to be essential to the constitutionality of such taxation.
The proviso in the act under consideration of necessity destroys uniformity of street taxation in the city of Covington. It places the lot-owners on the northern portion of Madison Street at the mercy of a unanimous council, and leaves it within the power of the owners of the greater number of front feet abutting on every other street, alley, etc., to prevent the improvement of such street, etc., with “Nicolson pavement” at their individual expense by merely failing to petition therefor. The manifest injustice and the glaring inequality of taxation growing out of this discrimination can be seen at a glance, and is clearly demonstrated by the testimony before us.
The superiority of streets improved with “Nicolson pavement” over the ordinary macadamized or bowldered streets has had the effect of attracting to North Madison Street a very large portion of travel and transportation, especially of heavy freights, which would -naturally have passed over parallel streets and passways. The result is the increased wear of Madison Street and the preservation of these parallel pass-ways; and in proportion as the street taxation upon those [499]*499owning property upon the streets thus preserved is decreased the burdens upon the lot-owners on North Madison become the more exorbitant and oppressive.
A law imposing taxation on the general public, the evident intent and legitimate result of which is to equalize the burden so far as practicable, will not be held as violative of the fundamental law merely because that desirable end may not be attained. But when, as in this case, the most probable if not the necessary consequence of the law is to produce the most oppressive inequality, and to compel a small minority of tax-payers to provide at their sole expense an improvement of general utility and public interest, the construction of which costs more than double as much as the character of such improvements in general use, and from which, when constructed, the general public derives almost as much advantage as themselves, it assumes the character of an attempted exercise of- “ arbitrary power” over the property of this minority ; it becomes, in the constitutional sense, a talcing and appropriation of their private property to the public use without compensation, and it can not be sustained so. long as the safeguards placed around the citizen by our fundamental law are respected and upheld. No such power over the property of the citizen can be constitutionally exercised by any department of our state government; and whenever it is attempted it is the imperative duty of the judiciary to interpose in behalf of those whose constitutional rights are .being thereby prejudicially affected.
As held in the case of City of Louisville v. Hyatt, a mere doubt of legislative power “is not enough to justify judicial resistance;” but when, as in this case, the want of such-power is susceptible of demonstration, we 'can not hesitate so to declare, notwithstanding our reluctance to take issue with a co-ordinate department of the state government.
In Hyatt’s case this court admitted that it had never been perfectly satisfied as to the constitutional validity of the power [500]*500involved and considered in the case of McQuillan’s heirs, but sustained it “because they were not able to perceive clearly, or to prove satisfactorily, that the legislature in enacting the eleventh section of the charter of Lexington transcended the boundaries of legislative power prescribed by the supreme organic law of the state;” and herein lies, as we think, the difference between,that case and this.
The charters of Lexington and Louisville were upheld because the city governments were vested with similar powers of taxation over all the real estate in their respective munici - palities; and if doubts were entertained whether or not, under these powers, such uniformity and equality of taxation as is contemplated by the constitution could or would likely be secured, it would be a gross perversion of every rule of constitutional construction to apply the principles upon which the decisions in those cases were based to a law which upon its face repels all idea of uniformity or equality.
Nor can the supposed tax be sustained under the powers conferred by the act of February 3, 1864. (Session Acts, 1863-64, page 306.) Although that act, in general terms, authorized the streets, alleys, etc., in the city of Covington to be improved, reimproved, or repaired, in whole or in part, “in any manner deemed advisable,” at the expense of the owners of the property fronting thereon,'yet when the entire act is considered it is evident that the improvements contemplated were such as were in general use at that time. The streets, alleys, etc., might be macadamized or paved with “bowlder or any other sort of stone,” but the property-owners could not be taxed to make “Nicolson” or other kinds of wooden pavements. This act was so understood and construed by the city authorities, and hence their application to the General Assembly for the passage of the act of March 16, 1869. It was so construed by the General Assembly, and hence by the second section of the act of 1869 it is provided that “this act is in [501]*501addition to the powers now conferred by the charter of said city and the amendments thereto, and shall not be construed as repealing or in any way affecting the same as now in force.”' The last act did, as it was intended it should, confer the additional power of improving and reimproving, the streets with “Nicolson pavements,” and left unaffected the existing power to “macadamize” or pave the streets, alleys, etc., with “ bowlders or other sort of stone.” These conclusions render it unnecessary to examine the other questions involved in this appeal.
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to dismiss appellee’s petition so far as it seeks to subject the property of appellant to the payment of any part of the cost of the construction of the Nicolson pavement in front of his lots, and for such other proceedings as may be proper.