Page, for the appellee, was stopped by the Court, whose opinion was delivered by
Huston, J.
— The material facts are as follows: — On the 20th of September, 1826, Howell put into the hands of the sheriff a Fieri Facias, returnable the 4th of December, 1826. On the 31st of September, 1826, the sheriff made a levy, by going to the house and seizing part of the personal property in the name of the whole. Next day, a schedule of all the personal property' was given to him, and annexed to the writ. No person was left to take charge of the goods, The plaintiff told the sheriff' to let the goods remain in the defendant’s hands at my, (the plaintiff’s) risk. On the 9 th of December, 1826, the plaintiff gave the sheriff orders to'sell. On the 16th of December, 1826, the goods were sold. But in the meantime, another plaintiff had obtained a judgment, and on the 6th of December, 1826,. issued an execution, which was put into the hands of the sheriff, with directions to levy and sell immediately. A new sheriff had come into office since the former levy. On the flth of December, [284]*2841826, this second execution was levied. The sheriff did not know of the former levy at that time, but in the evening, when he went to put a man in the house, he found one there by the former sheriff. The second levy, as endorsed, mentions the former levy, and that the property is claimed by it. The sale was under both executions, and the question is, to whom the money belongs. The District Court awarded it to the first execution.
I do not refer particularly to this case, nor mean to censure the gentleman who argued this cause, but say, that the constant recurrence in matters of long and every day practice, and of frequent decision, to the practice of other countries; and the censure more than implied, that our practice, where it differs from that of England, must be wrong, is to me, rather painful.
The usages of every nation are founded on what is most convenient and useful to themselves; unless where they admit they are incapable of thinking and acting for themselves.
At the first settlement of this country, and in many parts of it yet, money is scarce* and more so at some seasons of the year than at others; personal property consisted of necessary articles of household furniture, necessary implements of a trade, or husbandry, and the necessary horses and cattle on the farm; each had as much of this property as was absolutely necessary, and few wanted more, or if they did want it, very few were able to purchase it, and pay cash for it. If sold on execution, it was almost ruin to the debtor, and produced small relief to the creditor, for it sold almost for nothing: often, if advertised, no bidder attended. The fear of ruin from a sale, made the defendant use every exertion; harvest came, and he thrashed and sold his crop, or he sold lumber, or he borrowed, or in all these ways he paid the debt. This was better for both parties; and from a state of things, of which this is not a highly coloured picture, grew the usage of not proceeding to a sale at once, when an execution was put into the hands, of the sheriff' or constable. Necessity, in the first instance, and mutual benefit, began and matured it.
I deny the assertion of Judge Washington, that if the plaintiff directs the sheriff to delay the sale, one day avoids his levy as much as a year. Literally, and in all cases, he did not mean that; his meaning must have been, that if the levy is designed as a fraud and cover, it is void at once, and from the instant it is made.
There are expressions that go to show, that the indulgence given-in this country, is peculiar to household furniture. This doctrine is only known in cities, and is not long known any where. Levy v. Wallis, 4 Dall. 167, was stock on a farm; and the implements of husbandry, and tools of a tradesman, are as often left for a considerable space after levy, as any other kind of property; so, horses and cattle, because* to remove and keep them, is expensive. Store goods, or articles which the defendant keeps expressly for sale, will probably be sold if left; such may be bound by stricter rules.
[285]*285Property was not moved from the possession of the defendant, because it increased expense, and increased hardship, without any benefit; nay, to the injury of the creditor. If the horses or the ploughs were taken from the defendant, the crop, which would pay the plaintiff, could not be raised. There was no risk in leaving them with the defendant; it was, and it is, unknown in the country, that a man, having a family, shall run away and leave them because of debt, or secrete property, to the injury of a sheriff who has levied on it, and trusted to his honesty, that it will be found at the day of sale. Add to this, that in more than half the cases in which executions are levied on personal property, the money is paid without a sale. I speak of the country, but suspect the case is nearly the same in the city. On this state of things, who will say, the delay of a few days to sell, is fraudulent or unlawful, or in any way objectionable? None but those who do not know the situation and course of business immediately around them, or who cannot think or feel.
In this case there is no fraud stated, and nothing from which to infer it. The declaration, that the goods might be safely left in the defendant’s hands, till sold, has no effect; nor has any other declaration, or act of the plaintiff, if it does not go to prove, that the levy was made to cover the goods for the defendant. Mere expressions of compassion, of friendship, or of kindness, or of confidence, do not destroy or affect the plaintiff’s rights; nor will an express order to delay the sale for a few days, within which the defendant expects to get the money, or within which he can haul in his crop, of till one of his family is off the bed of sickness, destroy, or even affect his rights.
In Doty v. Turner, 8 Johns. Rep. 16, the execution was delivered on the 2d of June. The instructions of the attorney were, that the plaintiff did not wish to distress the defendant, but wished a levy made to secure his debt: That if the property was suffered to remain in the hands of the defendant, the sheriff would not be considered liable in case the property was squandered. The levy was made and nothing more done, nor any other instructions given, until after the return of the execution, nor till after the receipt of another Fieri Facias, at the suit of another plaintiff, which was levied on the same property. The property was sold, and the sheriff returned these facts specially. The defendant was father-in-law of the plaintiff in the first execution. The.plaintiff in the first execution sued the sheriff, and the court decided, that he was entitled to the money. There was no agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant, that the execution should sleep in the sheriff’s hands. If a long time had elapsed between the first and second execution, it might have been left to the jury as a presumption of fraud. Fraud is the only ground on which a delay to sell can be impeached. Whipple v. Foot, 2. Johns. Rep. 418.
In 11 Johns. Rep. 110, the execution was levied, and the sheriff [286]*286directed not to sell. This was in June, 1807. In May, 1808, another execution came into the sheriff’s hands. In Jlugust,
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Page, for the appellee, was stopped by the Court, whose opinion was delivered by
Huston, J.
— The material facts are as follows: — On the 20th of September, 1826, Howell put into the hands of the sheriff a Fieri Facias, returnable the 4th of December, 1826. On the 31st of September, 1826, the sheriff made a levy, by going to the house and seizing part of the personal property in the name of the whole. Next day, a schedule of all the personal property' was given to him, and annexed to the writ. No person was left to take charge of the goods, The plaintiff told the sheriff' to let the goods remain in the defendant’s hands at my, (the plaintiff’s) risk. On the 9 th of December, 1826, the plaintiff gave the sheriff orders to'sell. On the 16th of December, 1826, the goods were sold. But in the meantime, another plaintiff had obtained a judgment, and on the 6th of December, 1826,. issued an execution, which was put into the hands of the sheriff, with directions to levy and sell immediately. A new sheriff had come into office since the former levy. On the flth of December, [284]*2841826, this second execution was levied. The sheriff did not know of the former levy at that time, but in the evening, when he went to put a man in the house, he found one there by the former sheriff. The second levy, as endorsed, mentions the former levy, and that the property is claimed by it. The sale was under both executions, and the question is, to whom the money belongs. The District Court awarded it to the first execution.
I do not refer particularly to this case, nor mean to censure the gentleman who argued this cause, but say, that the constant recurrence in matters of long and every day practice, and of frequent decision, to the practice of other countries; and the censure more than implied, that our practice, where it differs from that of England, must be wrong, is to me, rather painful.
The usages of every nation are founded on what is most convenient and useful to themselves; unless where they admit they are incapable of thinking and acting for themselves.
At the first settlement of this country, and in many parts of it yet, money is scarce* and more so at some seasons of the year than at others; personal property consisted of necessary articles of household furniture, necessary implements of a trade, or husbandry, and the necessary horses and cattle on the farm; each had as much of this property as was absolutely necessary, and few wanted more, or if they did want it, very few were able to purchase it, and pay cash for it. If sold on execution, it was almost ruin to the debtor, and produced small relief to the creditor, for it sold almost for nothing: often, if advertised, no bidder attended. The fear of ruin from a sale, made the defendant use every exertion; harvest came, and he thrashed and sold his crop, or he sold lumber, or he borrowed, or in all these ways he paid the debt. This was better for both parties; and from a state of things, of which this is not a highly coloured picture, grew the usage of not proceeding to a sale at once, when an execution was put into the hands, of the sheriff' or constable. Necessity, in the first instance, and mutual benefit, began and matured it.
I deny the assertion of Judge Washington, that if the plaintiff directs the sheriff to delay the sale, one day avoids his levy as much as a year. Literally, and in all cases, he did not mean that; his meaning must have been, that if the levy is designed as a fraud and cover, it is void at once, and from the instant it is made.
There are expressions that go to show, that the indulgence given-in this country, is peculiar to household furniture. This doctrine is only known in cities, and is not long known any where. Levy v. Wallis, 4 Dall. 167, was stock on a farm; and the implements of husbandry, and tools of a tradesman, are as often left for a considerable space after levy, as any other kind of property; so, horses and cattle, because* to remove and keep them, is expensive. Store goods, or articles which the defendant keeps expressly for sale, will probably be sold if left; such may be bound by stricter rules.
[285]*285Property was not moved from the possession of the defendant, because it increased expense, and increased hardship, without any benefit; nay, to the injury of the creditor. If the horses or the ploughs were taken from the defendant, the crop, which would pay the plaintiff, could not be raised. There was no risk in leaving them with the defendant; it was, and it is, unknown in the country, that a man, having a family, shall run away and leave them because of debt, or secrete property, to the injury of a sheriff who has levied on it, and trusted to his honesty, that it will be found at the day of sale. Add to this, that in more than half the cases in which executions are levied on personal property, the money is paid without a sale. I speak of the country, but suspect the case is nearly the same in the city. On this state of things, who will say, the delay of a few days to sell, is fraudulent or unlawful, or in any way objectionable? None but those who do not know the situation and course of business immediately around them, or who cannot think or feel.
In this case there is no fraud stated, and nothing from which to infer it. The declaration, that the goods might be safely left in the defendant’s hands, till sold, has no effect; nor has any other declaration, or act of the plaintiff, if it does not go to prove, that the levy was made to cover the goods for the defendant. Mere expressions of compassion, of friendship, or of kindness, or of confidence, do not destroy or affect the plaintiff’s rights; nor will an express order to delay the sale for a few days, within which the defendant expects to get the money, or within which he can haul in his crop, of till one of his family is off the bed of sickness, destroy, or even affect his rights.
In Doty v. Turner, 8 Johns. Rep. 16, the execution was delivered on the 2d of June. The instructions of the attorney were, that the plaintiff did not wish to distress the defendant, but wished a levy made to secure his debt: That if the property was suffered to remain in the hands of the defendant, the sheriff would not be considered liable in case the property was squandered. The levy was made and nothing more done, nor any other instructions given, until after the return of the execution, nor till after the receipt of another Fieri Facias, at the suit of another plaintiff, which was levied on the same property. The property was sold, and the sheriff returned these facts specially. The defendant was father-in-law of the plaintiff in the first execution. The.plaintiff in the first execution sued the sheriff, and the court decided, that he was entitled to the money. There was no agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant, that the execution should sleep in the sheriff’s hands. If a long time had elapsed between the first and second execution, it might have been left to the jury as a presumption of fraud. Fraud is the only ground on which a delay to sell can be impeached. Whipple v. Foot, 2. Johns. Rep. 418.
In 11 Johns. Rep. 110, the execution was levied, and the sheriff [286]*286directed not to sell. This was in June, 1807. In May, 1808, another execution came into the sheriff’s hands. In Jlugust, 1S08, the plaintiff in the first execution told the sheriff not to sell, unless pressed by younger executions. In September, the property was sold, and the money awarded to the second execution. But here there were express directions by the first plaintiff not to sell. In 17 Johns. Rep. 274, a Fieri Facias was delivered on the 13th of October, 1817, with directions to make a levy on the property of the defendant, but to do nothing until ordered, unless crowded by younger executions, but by no means to let the execution lose its preference. On the 5th of May, 1818, another execution came to the hands of the sherifi', returnable the 16th of May. On the 6th of July, 1818, the sheriff sold, and the proceeds were awarded to the second execution. The court say, according to the decisions of that court, which have followed the English decisions, the first execution is to be considered as dormant, and constructively fraudulent. 'The evidence warrants the inference, that the first execution was not issued to collect the debt, but partly, at least, to cover the defendant’s property for his use. And they add, the sheriff has no discretionary power in this respect; the law determines the preference. This last, taken in its full extent, I deny.
As to the law and practice in England, in respect to expedition in cases of levy, I suspect it is not precisely what some suppose. It is so different from our practice, that I do. not know what it is. The sheriff makes a bill of sale to the plaintiff, say all the books. What course is then pursued I know not, and I care not. The law once was, that if the sheriff had executed his writ before the return day, he was safe, and it is so yet in this country. If, after levy, the property is lost or wasted, he is liable; if found at the day of sale, he is not liable. As to what length of time may elapse after a levy, and before a sale, I know of no fixed rule. If, from the declarations of the plaintiff, it is apparent the levy is made not to collect the money, but to protect the goods of the defendant from other creditors, it is, as to those others, fraudulent. This may be inferred from circumstances, or in some cases, from great length of time; and where fraud is found, the levy loses its preference. The circumstances of the case, the prospect of a sale if attempted, or of payment without a sale; circumstances of distress in a defendant’s family, (for humanity is not contrary to law in this state,) may all be considered. It has never been held, that the plaintiff saying, he did not wish the defendant distressed; or, that the defendant was honest, and would not secrete his goods, and that the sheriff might levy on them, and safely leave them in the defendant’s custody; nor saying to the sheriff, you must have my money at the return day of the writ, but I do not object to any indulgence you can give the defendant in the mean time; or saying, levy and get my money, but you need not move the horses and wagon, or sell them, till the man has hauled in his crop, which is ready, or nearly ready; [287]*287or saying, levy on all, but do not sell till his wife is recovered from ber illness, is fraud, or ought alone to be considered as evidence of fraud.
Judgment affirmed.