Rel: July 25, 2025
Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.
ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS SPECIAL TERM, 2025 _________________________
CL-2025-0064 _________________________
Howard Ross
v.
West Wind Condominium Association
Appeal from Madison Circuit Court (CV-24-143)
MOORE, Presiding Judge.
Howard Ross appeals from a judgment entered by the Madison
Circuit Court ("the trial court") dismissing his action against West Wind
Condominium Association ("West Wind"). We reverse and remand. CL-2025-0064
Procedural History
The parties have previously appeared before this court. See Ross v.
West Wind Condo. Ass'n, [Ms. CL-2023-0829, Feb. 7, 2025] ___ So. 3d ___
(Ala. Civ. App. 2025) ("Ross"); Ross v. West Wind Condo. Ass'n, 216 So.
3d 438 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016); and Ross v. West Wind Condo. Ass'n, 153
So. 3d 29 (Ala. Civ. App. 2012), rev'd, 153 So. 3d 43 (Ala. 2014), on
remand, 153 So. 3d 52 (Ala. Civ. App. 2014). We take judicial notice of
the records in those previous appeals, in addition to the record in appeal
number CL-2025-0078, which appeal was dismissed by an order entered
on April 3, 2025, because it arose from a nonfinal judgment. See City of
Mobile v. Matthews, 220 So. 3d 1061, 1063-64 & n.3 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016)
(explaining the circumstances under which an appellate court can take
judicial notice of its own records in a different appeal).
On September 5, 2024, Ross initiated the present action by filing in
the trial court a complaint, which bears the heading "action to clear title,"
in which he asserted, among other things, that Unit J at the West Wind
condominium community had been conveyed to him on July 24, 1998;
that, on February 15, 2008, West Wind had recorded a foreclosure deed
for Unit J to itself and, subsequently, to its president, Joseph London III,
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without having given notice to Ross as required; and that, on January 2,
2015, the trial court had entered an order in case number CV-08-596.80
("the first foreclosure action") that held that the foreclosure by West Wind
had been wrongful, vacated the deed to London, and reinstated
ownership and possession of Unit J to Ross. Ross further asserted that,
on August 2, 2021, West Wind had initiated an action against Ross in the
Madison District Court for delinquent dues for Unit J ("the damages
action"), that Ross had appealed the decision of the Madison District
Court to the trial court, and that the trial court had granted a stay of
execution of the Madison District Court's judgment on January 15, 2023.1
Ross next asserted in his complaint that, while the damages action
was pending, West Wind had initiated an action against London in the
trial court, which was assigned case number CV-22-901183 ("the London
foreclosure action"), in which West Wind sought to foreclose on Unit J
without naming Ross as a defendant or giving him notice of its action;2
1In Ross, this court addressed Ross's appeal from the trial court's
judgment in the damages action, which was assigned case number CV- 22-146 in the trial court. That appeal remained pending at the time the present action was initiated.
2A copy of West Wind's complaint in the London foreclosure action
appears in this court's record in Ross. The complaint, which was filed on 3 CL-2025-0064
that Ross had discovered the London foreclosure action after a default
judgment had been entered against London, who, according to Ross, had
no interest in Unit J; and that Ross had filed a motion to intervene in the
London foreclosure action following the entry of the default judgment,
which motion had been denied.3 Ross further alleged that West Wind
had subsequently conducted a private auction of Unit J, that it had issued
itself a deed for Unit J from London for $17,870, and that the trial court
had subsequently entered a judgment ratifying the sale in the London
foreclosure action. Ross next asserted that, after it entered the judgment
ratifying the sale in the London foreclosure action, the trial court entered
October 27, 2022, names London as a defendant and identifies him as the record owner of Unit J; additionally, it identifies as fictitiously named defendants "any and all persons and/or entities claiming an interest in the property made the subject of [West Wind's] complaint whose names are otherwise unknown to [West Wind] at this time, but will be added by amendment upon reasonable discovery thereof." Ross is not named in the complaint.
3In Ross, West Wind filed a copy of the trial court's March 31, 2023,
order denying Ross's motion to intervene in the London foreclosure action.
4 CL-2025-0064
a judgment in the damages action declaring Ross the owner of Unit J and
directing him to pay $29,267.29 to West Wind.4
Ross requested in his complaint that the trial court "clear his title
to Unit J by vacating the foreclosure sale [in the London foreclosure
action] to West Wind and any other subsequent deeds of Unit J" as well
as "any other relief that is just and appropriate in this matter."
On October 15, 2024, West Wind filed a motion to dismiss Ross's
complaint for failure to state a cause of action upon which relief could be
granted. See Rule 12(b)(6), Ala. R. Civ. P. West Wind asserted, among
other things, that, on October 27, 2022, West Wind had initiated the
London foreclosure action seeking judicial foreclosure of Unit J and that
it had caused a title search to be performed on Unit J, which, it asserted,
showed London as the record owner of the property; that, on March 28,
2023, the trial court entered an order in the London foreclosure action
allowing the foreclosure of Unit J to proceed; that, on March 29, 2023,
Ross filed a motion to intervene and a motion to reconsider the default
4The trial court entered its judgment in the damages action on September 19, 2023. The record before this court in Ross contains that judgment, which states, in pertinent part, that "the evidence produced showed that [Ross] owned in building 2940 Unit J" and that "there is no question regarding [Ross's] ownership of the units at issue." 5 CL-2025-0064
judgment in the London foreclosure action, but that both motions had
been denied by the trial court;5 that, on April 26, 2023, Ross recorded
with the Office of the Judge of Probate of Madison County a final order
that had been entered in the first foreclosure action, which, according to
West Wind, "explicitly states that the parties shall 'execute any
documents necessary in order to effectuate the intent of this order' "; that
no documents had been recorded with the Office of the Judge of Probate
effectuating the order of the court; that, on July 11, 2023, Unit J had been
"properly foreclosed" with West Wind being conveyed Unit J by
foreclosure deed for unpaid condominium assessments, which was
ratified by a judgment of foreclosure entered by the trial court on
September 5, 2023; and that the foreclosure deed and the judgment of
foreclosure were recorded with the Office of the Judge of Probate on
September 15, 2023. West Wind asserted that Ross had "received notice
of the foreclosure sale by publication of same in the Madison County
Record and was present at, and participated in, the foreclosure sale" of
5In Ross, West Wind filed a copy of the trial court's order denying
Ross's motion to intervene in the London foreclosure action; that order states: "The pending Rule 59[, Ala. R. Civ. P.,] motion was filed by a non- party to this case and will not be considered." 6 CL-2025-0064
Unit J, that Ross "made no effort to redeem [Unit J] from the foreclosure
sale," and that "the appeal period for [the London foreclosure action] has
passed." West Wind asserted that Ross's complaint failed to state a cause
of action and that "no such action exists in Alabama." Accordingly, West
Wind sought the dismissal of the action, with prejudice, under Rule
12(b)(6).
On October 23, 2024, Ross filed an amendment "to change the title
of his action … for the purpose of clarifying and removing any confusion
as to his intent." He stated that the "title is now 'Action to Quiet by
Clearing Title.' " The trial court conducted a hearing on West Wind's
motion to dismiss; the record on appeal does not contain a transcript of
that hearing. On November 12, 2024, the trial court entered a judgment
granting West Wind's motion to dismiss the complaint. On December 9,
2024, Ross filed a postjudgment motion; the trial court entered an order
denying that motion on December 30, 2024. On January 27, 2025, Ross
timely filed a notice of appeal to this court.
Standard of Review
"A motion to dismiss filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Ala. R. Civ. P., tests the sufficiency of a complaint to determine if a plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted. Burch v. Birdsong, 181 So. 3d 343, 351 (Ala. Civ. App. 2015).
7 CL-2025-0064
The dismissal of a complaint, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), 'is with prejudice to [a] plaintiff's right to file another action against that defendant.' Ex parte Harrington, 289 So. 3d 1232, 1237 n.7 (Ala. 2019).
" ' "[T]he standard of review of a dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)[, Ala. R. Civ. P.,] is whether the plaintiff has stated a claim whereby relief can be granted under any provable set of facts and under any cognizable theory of law." Henderson v. Early, 555 So. 2d 130, 131 (Ala. 1989).
" ' " 'Where a [motion to dismiss] has been granted and [we are] called upon to review the dismissal of the complaint, we must examine the allegations contained therein and construe them so as to resolve all doubts concerning the sufficiency of the complaint in favor of the plaintiff. In so doing, [we do] not consider whether the plaintiff will ultimately prevail, only whether he has stated a claim under which he may possibly prevail.' "
" 'Armstrong v. Brown Serv. Funeral Home W. Chapel, 700 So. 2d 1379, 1381 (Ala. Civ. App. 1997) (quoting Fontenot v. Bramlett, 470 So. 2d 669, 671 (Ala. 1985)) (citations omitted); see also State ex rel. Solaiman v. Aviki, 694 So. 2d 19, 20 (Ala. Civ. App. 1997).'
"Berryman v. Berryman, 816 So. 2d 43, 45 (Ala. Civ. App. 2001).
" 'Furthermore, " '[i]t is a well-established principle of law in this state that a complaint, like all other
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pleadings, should be liberally construed, Rule 8(f), Ala. R. Civ. P., and that a dismissal for failure to state a claim is properly granted only when it appears beyond a doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts entitling him to relief.' " Seals v. City of Columbia, 575 So. 2d 1061, 1063 (Ala. 1991)(quoting Fontenot [v. Bramlett], 470 So. 2d [669,] 671 [(Ala. 1985)]); see also Winn-Dixie Montgomery, Inc. v. Henderson, 371 So. 2d 899 (Ala. 1979); and Fraternal Order of Police, Strawberry Lodge No. 40 v. Entrekin, 294 Ala. 201, 211, 314 So. 2d 663, 672 (1975) (noting that pleadings are required to give notice and are not required to precisely plead every fact necessary to entitle the pleader to a judgment).'
"Burch, 181 So. 3d at 352."
Ellison v. Stokes, 385 So. 3d 48, 50-51 (Ala. Civ. App. 2023).
Discussion
Ross argues on appeal that the trial court erred in dismissing his
complaint. He asserts that, because he was not named as a defendant in
the London foreclosure action, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter
a judgment of foreclosure that affected Ross's interest in Unit J, that the
trial court's judgment of foreclosure is void, and that the foreclosure deed
to West Wind is also void.
Ross cites in support of his argument, among other cases, our
supreme court's decision in Cathedral of Faith Baptist Church, Inc. v.
9 CL-2025-0064
Moulton, 373 So. 3d 816 (Ala. 2022). In that case, our supreme court
considered evidence indicating that Cathedral of Faith Baptist Church,
Inc. ("Cathedral"), had owned property in Birmingham, where it operated
a church, and that, after the church's services were discontinued, legal
title of the property vested in Lee Shefton Riggins, who was a stockholder
and the chairman of the board of Cathedral. 373 So. 3d at 817-18. Later,
Riggins leased the property to the pastor of Broken Vessel United Church
("Broken Vessel"). Id. at 818. Broken Vessel and its pastor agreed to pay
the commercial-liability insurance that Cathedral maintained, but
Broken Vessel and its pastor later changed the insurance carrier without
the knowledge or consent of Cathedral and Riggins. Id. When the church
building was destroyed by a fire, Broken Vessel's pastor made a claim
regarding the property and its contents, and Riggins later discovered a
property settlement with the insurance carrier that Broken Vessel and
its pastor had agreed to without his knowledge. Id. Riggins also
discovered a general warranty deed that purported to convey title to the
church property from Riggins to Broken Vessel. Id. Cathedral and
Riggins asserted several claims against Broken Vessel and its pastor,
which were later dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) on the basis that
10 CL-2025-0064
the claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Id. Our
supreme court reversed the dismissal of Cathedral and Riggins's claim
regarding the validity of the warranty deed, which it interpreted as a
claim for a declaratory judgment despite the absence of the phrase
"declaratory judgment" on the face of the complaint. Id. at 819-21. Our
supreme court stated, in pertinent part:
"Rule 8(a)[, Ala. R. Civ. P.,] provides:
" '(a) Claims for Relief. A pleading which sets forth a claim for relief, whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall contain (1) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, and (2) a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks. Relief in the alternative or of several different types may be demanded.'
"The primary purpose of notice pleading is to provide defendants adequate notice of the claims against them. Adkison v. Thompson, 650 So. 2d 859 (Ala. 1994). '[P]leadings are to be liberally construed in favor of the pleader.' Id. at 862. Finally,
" 'the dismissal of a complaint is not proper if the pleading contains "even a generalized statement of facts which will support a claim for relief under [Rule 8, Ala. R. Civ. P.]" (Dunson v. Friedlander Realty, 369 So. 2d 792, 796 (Ala. 1979)), because "[t]he purpose of the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure is to effect justice upon the merits of the claim and to renounce the technicality of
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procedure." Crawford v. Crawford, 349 So. 2d 65, 66 (Ala. Civ. App. 1977).'
"Simpson v. Jones, 460 So. 2d 1282, 1285 (Ala. 1984)."
373 So. 3d at 819.
Our supreme court observed that, on the face of the complaint,
Cathedral and Riggins had sought, among other things, "clear title" to
the church property; had denied that Riggins had conveyed the church
property to Broken Vessel and that the signature on the warranty deed
was that of Riggins; and had included in their prayer for relief a request
for a judgment declaring that the warranty deed was "invalid." Id. at
819-20. Thus, our supreme court concluded, "[t]he complaint sufficiently
gave notice that a forged deed was the basis of the complaint and that
the plaintiffs were seeking a judgment declaring the deed invalid on that
basis." Id. at 820. It held, therefore, that the allegations of the complaint,
when construed in favor of Cathedral and Riggins, were sufficient to state
a claim for a declaratory judgment and reversed the judgment dismissing
the claim regarding the validity of the warranty deed. Id.
In the present case, Ross sought to "clear his title" to Unit J and
requested that the foreclosure sale of Unit J to West Wind be vacated. It
is clear from the factual assertions in the complaint that Ross was
12 CL-2025-0064
seeking the vacation of the foreclosure deed and any subsequent deeds
based on his assertion that he had not been named as a party to the
London foreclosure action despite West Wind's knowledge of Ross's
ownership interest in Unit J. Ross asserts on appeal, among other things,
that he was denied due process in the London foreclosure action and that
the trial court did not have personal jurisdiction over him in that action
such that its judgment of foreclosure had no effect as to him. He cites
Campbell v. Taylor, 159 So. 3d 4, 10-11 (Ala. 2014), for the following
proposition:
"When a party is not served or joined in an action and the trial court thus acquires no jurisdiction over it, the judgment is deemed 'void' 'for purpose[s] of Rule 60(b)(4)[, Ala. R. Civ. P.].' Ex parte Wilson Lumber Co., 410 So. 2d 407, 409 (Ala. 1982). See also Ex parte Pate, 673 So. 2d 427, 429 (Ala. 1995) ('If a court lacks jurisdiction of a particular person, or if it denied that person due process, then the court's judgment is void.'), and Horizons 2000, Inc. v. Smith, 620 So. 2d 606, 607 (Ala. 1993) ('A judgment rendered against a defendant in the absence of personal jurisdiction over that defendant is void.')."
In City of Birmingham v. Metropolitan Management of Alabama,
LLC, 350 So. 3d 307 (Ala. 2021), our supreme court considered an appeal
from an order denying a Rule 60(b)(4), Ala. R. Civ. P., motion to vacate a
judgment quieting title to property. In that case, the State of Alabama
had purchased a parcel of property located in Jefferson County at a tax
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sale, and, later, the City of Birmingham ("the City") had purchased a
delinquent demolition assessment against that property. 350 So. 3d at
308. The property was later sold by the State; the managing member of
Metropolitan Management of Alabama, LLC ("Metropolitan"), obtained
title to the property by a tax deed, and he, in turn, conveyed the property
to Metropolitan by a quitclaim deed. Id. Metropolitan commenced an
action to quiet title to the property, naming certain fictitiously named
defendants representing individuals or entities who may have had an
interest in the property, and a judgment was entered quieting title to the
property in Metropolitan and conveying fee-simple title to Metropolitan.
Id. Following the entry of the judgment, Metropolitan's attorney
contacted counsel for the City; Metropolitan asserted that it had
discovered the City's recorded assessment interest after the entry of the
judgment. Id. The City then filed a motion to intervene in the quiet-title
action and a motion to vacate the judgment as void under Rule 60(b)(4);
the motion to vacate was denied. Id.
The City appealed and argued before our supreme court that the
judgment was void because the trial court in that action had lacked
personal jurisdiction to adjudicate the City's interest in the property. Id.
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at 309. It asserted that Metropolitan had constructive knowledge of the
City's interest and of its residence by virtue of the City's recorded deed.
Id. Our supreme court determined that Metropolitan had knowledge of
the City's residence and that its service by publication without first
attempting another means of service failed to comply with Rule 4.3(b),
Ala. R. Civ. P. Id. at 310. It cited Allsopp v. Bolding, 86 So. 3d 952, 957
(Ala. 2011), for the proposition that " '[i]f [a] … judgment is void because
the trial court lacked subject-matter or personal jurisdiction or because
the entry of the judgment violated the defendant's due-process rights,
then the trial court has no discretion and must grant relief under Rule
60(b)(4).' " 350 So. 3d at 311. Our supreme court concluded that the
City's motion had been brought under Rule 60(b)(4); that the substance
of its argument was that the judgment was void; and that, because the
motion was based on the voidness of the judgment, it could be filed at any
time. Id. Accordingly, the order denying the motion to vacate the
judgment was reversed. Id.
In its motion to dismiss and on appeal, West Wind has asserted that
the appeal period in the London foreclosure action "has passed." Like in
City of Birmingham, however, because Ross's allegations in this action
15 CL-2025-0064
challenge the judgment entered in the London foreclosure action and the
resulting foreclosure deed as being void, the action could be brought at
any time. Ross argues on appeal that the trial court's judgment in the
London foreclosure action violated his due-process rights and that the
trial court lacked personal jurisdiction to adjudicate his interest in Unit
J.
In its brief on appeal, West Wind cites Upton v. Mississippi Valley
Title Insurance Co., 469 So. 2d 548, 555 (Ala. 1985), in support of its
assertion that it "had no duty to research any records other than those in
the Office of the Judge of Probate of Madison County, Alabama, for
information pertaining to the property." West Wind's brief, p. 9. We
interpret West Wind's argument in its motion to dismiss and on appeal
as asserting that it could not be charged with constructive notice of Ross's
interest in Unit J such that its failure to name Ross as a defendant in the
London foreclosure action and the resulting foreclosure are valid. At
issue in Upton was whether a title-insurance company had complied with
the policy provisions in a title-insurance policy regarding its obligation to
identify an easement pursuant to its title search related to certain
property. Id. at 554-56. In addressing the argument before it, our
16 CL-2025-0064
supreme court considered Ala. Code 1975, §§ 35-4-51 and -63. Id. at 554.
Section 35-4-51 provides, in pertinent part, that all deeds or other
documents purporting to convey any interest in any real estate shall be
admitted to record in the office of the probate judge of any county and
that their filing for registration shall constitute notice of their contents.
Section 35-4-63 provides that the recording in the proper office of any
conveyance of property that may be legally admitted to record operates
as a notice of the contents of such a conveyance without any
acknowledgment or probate thereof as required by law. Our supreme
court determined in Upton that those statutes constituted "[t]he only law
[it had found] declaring that certain records shall impart constructive
notice of matters relating to land." 469 So. 2d at 555.
Unlike in Upton, the trial court in this case was not called upon to
determine whether West Wind had complied with the terms of an
insurance policy or had otherwise breached a duty pursuant to a contract.
Regarding West Wind's apparent argument that it lacked constructive
notice of Ross's ownership interest in Unit J, Ross argues in his reply
brief on appeal that he presented allegations in his complaint that would
support a finding that West Wind had actual notice of Ross's interest in
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Unit J. In Sumter County Board of Education v. University of West
Alabama, 349 So. 3d 1264, 1265 (Ala. 2021), our supreme court affirmed
that, " '[i]n considering whether a complaint is sufficient to withstand a
motion to dismiss, [an appellate court] must accept the allegations of the
complaint as true.' " (Quoting Creola Land Dev., Inc. v. Bentbrooke
Hous., L.L.C., 828 So. 2d 285, 288 (Ala. 2002).) Ross alleged in his
complaint that West Wind had been a party to the first foreclosure action,
that the trial court had entered a judgment in the first foreclosure action
vacating the deed to Unit J in favor of London and reinstating ownership
of Unit J to Ross, and that West Wind had initiated an action against
Ross on August 2, 2021, for delinquent dues related to Ross's ownership
of Unit J. Neither Upton nor the statutes cited therein stand for the
proposition that West Wind, as a party to the first foreclosure action,
could not be charged with actual or constructive notice of Ross's claimed
interest in Unit J under the circumstances alleged in Ross's complaint.
Accepting the allegations in Ross's complaint as true and resolving
all doubts concerning the sufficiency of the complaint in favor of Ross, we
agree with Ross that he has presented a set of facts that, if proved, could
afford him relief, like in Moulton and City of Birmingham. See Ellison,
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supra. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred in dismissing
Ross's complaint in which he sought a determination that the judgment
in the London foreclosure action and the foreclosure deed for Unit J in
favor of West Wind are void. Our disposition is not to be construed as a
determination that Ross will ultimately prevail but, rather, should only
be construed as a determination that he may possibly prevail. See
Ellison, supra.
Conclusion
The judgment of the trial court dismissing Ross's complaint is
reversed, and the cause is remanded for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Edwards, Hanson, Fridy, and Bowden, JJ., concur.