The opinion of the Court was drawn by
Appleton, C. J.
It is in proof that Stephen Neal, [311]*311from whom both parties derive their title, was decreed to be non compos and incapable of managing his own affairs, and was placed under guardianship by the Judge of Probate for this county, at a Court holden by him on the third Tuesday of April, 1834.
The disability thus imposed was removed by the same Judge, at a Court holden by him on the first Tuesday of the following September, on the ground that his intellect was so far restored that he was capable of managing his own affairs.
Upon the death of Stephen Neal, in 1836, his estate, real and personal, descended to Lydia Dennett, his sole heir, by whom the demanded premises were conveyed to the demandant by deed dated July 15, 1858.
The tenant has the elder title. On July 27, 1835, Stephen Neal conveyed the land in controversy to Samuel E. Crocker, from whom, by various mesne conveyances, the title passed to the tenant. The validity of this deed from Neal to Crocker was contested on the ground that the grant- or was not of sound mind at the time of its execution.
A verdict was rendered by the jury affirming the validity of the deed in question, and the case is now before us on exceptions to the rulings or refusals to rule of the presiding Justice, and upon a motion for a new trial. The questions presented have been argued very elaborately and with great ability.
(1.) The copy of the deed from Stephen Neal to Samuel E. Crocker, dated July 17, 1835, was admissible under the 26th rule of this Court. 37 Maine, 576.
The design of. the statute of March 17, 1862, c. 112, was to extend the use of office copies to all cases, whether touching the realty or not, " where the original deeds would be admissible” and "neither the party offering such office copy, nor the party opposing, is a party to the deed, or claims as heir, or justifies as servant of the grantee or his heirs.” The deed was properly received, as neither party is within any of these exceptions.
[312]*312The evidence is all reported. It shows that the only title of the tenant was derived from and under this deed. It was entirely immaterial whether the deeds by which the title was conveyed to the tenant, were introduced then or at a subsequent time — and this is abundantly apparent. The plaintiff, therefore, could in no way have been injured by the admission of the deed at the particular time it was received.
(2.) The final judgment and decree of the Supreme Court of Probate, setting aside the will of Stephen Neal, dated Oct. 19, 1835, was rightfully excluded. It was rendered months subsequent to the deed to Crocker. The tenant was neither party nor privy to that judgment. Neither party claimed through nor under the will of Neal. The tenant could not avail himself of the will to negative the demand-ant’s rights, because it had never received probate. He was a stranger to all these proceedings. "It is also a most obvious principle of justice that no man ought to be bound by proceedings to which he was a stranger.” 1 Grreenl. Ev., § 522.
(3.) The record, showing the appointment of a guardian to Stephen Neal, in June, 1836, was. clearly inadmissible. Whether he was then sane or insane could not affect the tenant’s title. Neither party claimed under these proceedings. They were long subsequent to the conveyance from Neal to Crocker. They were res inter alios — as to all which the tenant was a stranger and not to be affected thereby.
(4.) The plaintiff can in no way have suffered from the exclusion of the 12th and 16th interrogatories and answers in the deposition of Bradford. The answers are to the effect that he (Neal) did not appear to know how to make change.
But, substantially, the same interrogatory was proposed when the direct examination was resumed, and this interrogatory and the answer thereto were received.
Assuming, therefore, the evidence admissible, which may be regarded as a matter of grave doubt, still the facts at[313]*313tempted to be proved by the excluded questions and answers, are established as far as the witness could do it. To the inquiry " whether, when you gave him back change he counted it or paid any attention to the amount you gave him ?” the witness-answered, "I could not remember. He might sometimes or might not.”
To the other interrogatory proposed and excluded, the witness answers, that he cannot tell, but presumes the fact may be as is assumed in the interrogatory. But the presumptions of a witness, as to the existence or non-existence of facts, arc not admissible as evidence. Besides, the fact inquired about, is impliedly proved by the evidence admitted without objection.
(5.) The remark of Mrs. Dennett, as to the amount for which the mortgage was to be given, was immaterial to the issue. The question at issue was the sanity of Stephen Neal. The casual remark of the wife, as to the mortgage, whether it should be given for more or less, was entirely irrelevant, so far as relates to that inquiry.
(6.) In reference to the experts, the presiding Judge uses the following language. "You have heard a long interrogatory read to both of these experts, and they unhesitatingly state that, if all the facts were true, said Neal was laboring under senile dementia, or insanity. It is for you to say whether these facts are true or not. If you are satisfied they are not true, then their opinion goes for nothing.” To these remarks no exception can reasonably be taken. It is obvious enough, that the assumed facts upon which the opinion of the experts is based, must be established — for it is only to the extent of the facts proved, that there is any basis upo,i which their judgment can rest. If none of the facts assumed are proved, then there could be no foundation for their opinion.
The Judge further added, —"suppose the defendant had read a question to the experts embracing what his witnesses had testified to, their opinion might have been that he was of sound mind. So you will perceive, if the question had [314]*314not been asked until after the testimony of the defence had been given, they might not have answered it as they did. If their opinion had been asked after the evidence was all in on both sides, so that it could have been based upon all the testimony in the case, it might have been different.” These suggestions involve no question nor rule of law. They give no rule for the guidance of the jury as matter of law. They embrace no error of law or mistake of fact. They are suppositions merely, of .the correctness of which the Judge gives no opinion. The jury could not know to what extent the introduction of new elements for their consideration might change or modify the judgment of the experts, and the Judge so remarked.
The concluding remark, that " the plaintiff must satisfy them that the facts in his hypothetical questions are substantially true, to entitle their opinion to much weight,” was unobjectionable. If not substantially true, upon what would their opinion be formed? The facts not proved but assumed iii the interrogatery and by the experts, as existing, might' be those deemed by those experts as of controlling importance.
(7.) The counsel for the demandant requested the presiding Judge to instruct the jury, 1st," to find and decide the fact whether, on the day of the execution of Stephen Neal’s deed to Samuel E.
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The opinion of the Court was drawn by
Appleton, C. J.
It is in proof that Stephen Neal, [311]*311from whom both parties derive their title, was decreed to be non compos and incapable of managing his own affairs, and was placed under guardianship by the Judge of Probate for this county, at a Court holden by him on the third Tuesday of April, 1834.
The disability thus imposed was removed by the same Judge, at a Court holden by him on the first Tuesday of the following September, on the ground that his intellect was so far restored that he was capable of managing his own affairs.
Upon the death of Stephen Neal, in 1836, his estate, real and personal, descended to Lydia Dennett, his sole heir, by whom the demanded premises were conveyed to the demandant by deed dated July 15, 1858.
The tenant has the elder title. On July 27, 1835, Stephen Neal conveyed the land in controversy to Samuel E. Crocker, from whom, by various mesne conveyances, the title passed to the tenant. The validity of this deed from Neal to Crocker was contested on the ground that the grant- or was not of sound mind at the time of its execution.
A verdict was rendered by the jury affirming the validity of the deed in question, and the case is now before us on exceptions to the rulings or refusals to rule of the presiding Justice, and upon a motion for a new trial. The questions presented have been argued very elaborately and with great ability.
(1.) The copy of the deed from Stephen Neal to Samuel E. Crocker, dated July 17, 1835, was admissible under the 26th rule of this Court. 37 Maine, 576.
The design of. the statute of March 17, 1862, c. 112, was to extend the use of office copies to all cases, whether touching the realty or not, " where the original deeds would be admissible” and "neither the party offering such office copy, nor the party opposing, is a party to the deed, or claims as heir, or justifies as servant of the grantee or his heirs.” The deed was properly received, as neither party is within any of these exceptions.
[312]*312The evidence is all reported. It shows that the only title of the tenant was derived from and under this deed. It was entirely immaterial whether the deeds by which the title was conveyed to the tenant, were introduced then or at a subsequent time — and this is abundantly apparent. The plaintiff, therefore, could in no way have been injured by the admission of the deed at the particular time it was received.
(2.) The final judgment and decree of the Supreme Court of Probate, setting aside the will of Stephen Neal, dated Oct. 19, 1835, was rightfully excluded. It was rendered months subsequent to the deed to Crocker. The tenant was neither party nor privy to that judgment. Neither party claimed through nor under the will of Neal. The tenant could not avail himself of the will to negative the demand-ant’s rights, because it had never received probate. He was a stranger to all these proceedings. "It is also a most obvious principle of justice that no man ought to be bound by proceedings to which he was a stranger.” 1 Grreenl. Ev., § 522.
(3.) The record, showing the appointment of a guardian to Stephen Neal, in June, 1836, was. clearly inadmissible. Whether he was then sane or insane could not affect the tenant’s title. Neither party claimed under these proceedings. They were long subsequent to the conveyance from Neal to Crocker. They were res inter alios — as to all which the tenant was a stranger and not to be affected thereby.
(4.) The plaintiff can in no way have suffered from the exclusion of the 12th and 16th interrogatories and answers in the deposition of Bradford. The answers are to the effect that he (Neal) did not appear to know how to make change.
But, substantially, the same interrogatory was proposed when the direct examination was resumed, and this interrogatory and the answer thereto were received.
Assuming, therefore, the evidence admissible, which may be regarded as a matter of grave doubt, still the facts at[313]*313tempted to be proved by the excluded questions and answers, are established as far as the witness could do it. To the inquiry " whether, when you gave him back change he counted it or paid any attention to the amount you gave him ?” the witness-answered, "I could not remember. He might sometimes or might not.”
To the other interrogatory proposed and excluded, the witness answers, that he cannot tell, but presumes the fact may be as is assumed in the interrogatory. But the presumptions of a witness, as to the existence or non-existence of facts, arc not admissible as evidence. Besides, the fact inquired about, is impliedly proved by the evidence admitted without objection.
(5.) The remark of Mrs. Dennett, as to the amount for which the mortgage was to be given, was immaterial to the issue. The question at issue was the sanity of Stephen Neal. The casual remark of the wife, as to the mortgage, whether it should be given for more or less, was entirely irrelevant, so far as relates to that inquiry.
(6.) In reference to the experts, the presiding Judge uses the following language. "You have heard a long interrogatory read to both of these experts, and they unhesitatingly state that, if all the facts were true, said Neal was laboring under senile dementia, or insanity. It is for you to say whether these facts are true or not. If you are satisfied they are not true, then their opinion goes for nothing.” To these remarks no exception can reasonably be taken. It is obvious enough, that the assumed facts upon which the opinion of the experts is based, must be established — for it is only to the extent of the facts proved, that there is any basis upo,i which their judgment can rest. If none of the facts assumed are proved, then there could be no foundation for their opinion.
The Judge further added, —"suppose the defendant had read a question to the experts embracing what his witnesses had testified to, their opinion might have been that he was of sound mind. So you will perceive, if the question had [314]*314not been asked until after the testimony of the defence had been given, they might not have answered it as they did. If their opinion had been asked after the evidence was all in on both sides, so that it could have been based upon all the testimony in the case, it might have been different.” These suggestions involve no question nor rule of law. They give no rule for the guidance of the jury as matter of law. They embrace no error of law or mistake of fact. They are suppositions merely, of .the correctness of which the Judge gives no opinion. The jury could not know to what extent the introduction of new elements for their consideration might change or modify the judgment of the experts, and the Judge so remarked.
The concluding remark, that " the plaintiff must satisfy them that the facts in his hypothetical questions are substantially true, to entitle their opinion to much weight,” was unobjectionable. If not substantially true, upon what would their opinion be formed? The facts not proved but assumed iii the interrogatery and by the experts, as existing, might' be those deemed by those experts as of controlling importance.
(7.) The counsel for the demandant requested the presiding Judge to instruct the jury, 1st," to find and decide the fact whether, on the day of the execution of Stephen Neal’s deed to Samuel E. Crocker, said Neal was non compos mentis, or of unsound mind, which terms and phrases mean the same thing, viz., that he had not sufficient intelligence and understanding to manage his affairs and transact business in a proper and provident manner,” — and, 2d, that "this is the fact you are to decide and find, viz., whether he had sufficient intelligence and- understanding to transact business in a proper and provident manner, for, if he had not, he was of unsound mind, and said deed to Crocker was void, and the plaintiff is entitled to recover.”
The substance of this request is, that every man who fails to manage his affairs " in a proper and provident manner,” " is non compos mentis, or of unsound mind.” Many sane [315]*315men, some of transcendent ability but of speculative tendencies, manage their affairs neither in a proper nor a prudent manner. The definition of a non compos, proposed, has, at any rate, the merit of originality. It varies in most important essentials from the law, as laid down by the jurists, to whose decision the counsel for the‘plaintiff has referred us. "We find,” remarks Mr. Senator Yerplank, in Steward v. Lispenard, 26 Wend., 255, "that, from Fitzherbert to Blackstone, the phrase non compos mentis is used by the greatest authorities of the common law as synonymous with that of non sane mind and memory — the unsound mind of modern phraseology and our own statute books. But the same line of unvarying authorities shows that, in legal intent, the natural defect of mind, thus absolutely shutting persons from the ordinary rights of society, does not consist in a limited degree of intelligence, but in the entire absence of what, in the philosophy of olden times, was termed " discourse of reason.” The idiot was one, according to Fitzherbert, "who has not any use of reason, has no understanding to tell his age, who is his father or mother, what shall be his profit or loss.” F. N. B., 233; Comyn’s Dig., Tit. Idiot. And the same old rigid rule is repeated two centuries afterwards, by Blackstone; — "A man is not an idiot if he hath any glimmering of reason, so that he can tell his parents, his age, or the like common matters.” 1 Black. Com., 304. In the same understanding of language Lord Hardwick, in ex parte Barnsby, 3 Atk., 167, says, "non compos mentis, or since the proceedings have been in English, of unsound mind, (which means the same thing,) are legal terms of a definite signification, understood by courts of law, importing not weakness of understanding but a total deprivation of reason.” Men may be sane, who are neither sagacious nor successful, and who transact their business in an improper and improvident manner.
The authorities cited by the counsel for the plaintiff are to the effect that the deed of an insane man is voidable and not void. The insane man, when restored to his right mind, [316]*316may affirm the contract he made when insane. Allis v. Billing, 6 Met., 415; Arnold v. Richmond Iron Works, 1 Gray, 434; Gibson v. Soper, 6 Gray, 282.
These requested instructions were properly withheld.
(8.) The counsel complain of the following remarks of the presiding Judge; — "Courts of law cannot weigh in scales, more than they can the everlasting hills, what is the amount of intelligence necessary to make a contract. The law can. fix no particular standard of intelligence necessary to make a contract.” It is not the business of the Court to weigh the intellectual capacities of parties to contracts to determine whether they are of unsound mind or not. That is the province of the jury. These remarks mainly refer to the difficulty of fixing with precision the exact line where sanity ends and insanity begins — a difficulty sufficiently apparent to all, and fully appreciated by the Court in the cases to which we have been referred. "The common law,” remarks Woodworth, J., in Jackson v. King, 4 Cow., 218, "seems not to have drawn any discriminating line by which to determine how great must be the imbecility of mind to render a contract void, or how much intellect must remain to uphold it. The difficulty of making such discrimination is apparent.”
But these remarks were not given nor do they purport to be given as a rule of law. That is specifically given in what follows.
(9.) The instruction as to the degree of intelligence necessary to render the deed valid was in these words : — "The rule I give you is this, the grantor must be of sound mind and have legal competency. No degree of physical or mental imbecility can avoid his deed if he have legal competency. Legal competency to act is the possession of mental capacity sufficient to transact business with intelligence and an intelligent understanding of what he was doing.”
"Lord Coke defines non compos mentis "to be, a person who was of good and sound memory, and by the visitation of God had lost it,” or "he that by sickness, grief or other [317]*317accident, wholly loseth his understanding.” Beverly’s case, 4 Coke, 123; Co. Lit., 247, a. The deeds of all such persons are void; for, the terms "non compos,” of unsound mind, are legal terms and import a total deprivation of sense,” observes Woodworth, J., in Jackson v. King. But one, who can " transact business with intelligence and an intelligent understanding of what he was doing,” can hardly be deemed of unsound mind.
In a case of alleged insanity, it was held that, to prove a person sane, it was not necessary that he should be shown competent to "manage his business with judgment and discernment,” but that it was sufficient to show that he " knew what he was about.” Moffitt v. Witherspoon, 10 Iredell, 185. " We,” remarks Nash, J., in delivering the opinion of the Court, "do not agree with his Honor in his declarations to the jury, upon the mental capacity of Ann Donahoe, as to the rule by which they were to ascertain the fact. He charged, that Ann Donahoe was deemed in law capable of making a contract, until the contrary was proved. This is correct, so far as this case is concerned.” He then proceeds, in judging of the sufficiency of her intellect, "it was not sufficient, that she should be able, merely, to answer familiar questions, but to manage her business, with judgment and discernment.” We do not consider the rule so laid down to be correct. If all persons are to be judged incapable of making contracts, who do hot manage their business with judgment and discernment, "we apprehend there are many more disqualified by law than are now considered so. We know no better rule upon this subject, than that laid down by Lord Coke, that the person must be able to understand what he is about. To the same effect is the language of Chief Justice Taylor, in the case of Armstrong and Arrington against Short, 1 Harr., 11.”
(10.) The instructions as to the effect of the Probate proceeding were in accordance with the law as set forth in Hovey v. Harmon, 49 Maine, 269. Stephen Neal, while under guardianship, was incapacitated from contracting. [318]*318After the decree by which he was relieved from guardianship, his contracts would be valid so long as he was of sound mind.
(11.) It is needless to examine the various instructions given, or requested to be given, in relation to the law of disseizin and adverse possession — because the presiding Judge peremptorily instructed the jury that, if the plaintiff had successfully impeached the deed from Neal to Crocker, " he was entitled to recover.” The instruction referred to required a verdict at the hands of the jury if this deed was ' impeached. More the plaintiff could not ask. Assume all the requested instructions of the plaintiff to have been coxrect, he could not have been harmed by the omission to give them for the obvious reasou that the instruction given was more favorable to him than the ones requested. It was equivalent to a peremptory ruling that no title was acquired by adverse possession — thus superseding all necessity of considering that question.
As the verdict of the jury was for the tenant, they must have found the deed from Neal to Crocker valid, and that his title passed thereby to Crocker. If so, no question of betterments could arise for the tenant was seized of the fee.
The plaintiff could not have been benefitted if the requested instructions had been given, nor was he harmed by those given, whether erroneous or not, for the contingency of their materiality did not arise.
(12.) The plaintiff claims that the deed of Neal to Crock-er was void by reason of the mental imbecility of the grantor at the time of its execution, and that, having acquired the title of his heir, that he can avoid it — and that the verdict of the jury affirming the deed should be set aside as against evidence.
The land in controvei’sy was sold to Crocker for $4000 in 1835, and he aixd his grantees have ever since remaixxed in possession of the same. The evidence introduced tends to show that the px’ice was a reasonable one at the time. In-deed, had it not been for the great public improvements [319]*319made since, the erection of which probably never entered into the mind of either grantor or grantee, there can be little doubt that the price paid, and interest and taxes, could not have been realized from its sale. The bargain was made when speculation was rife. There is nothing indicating unfairness in the price — regard being had to the time when the sale was made. The estate of Neal has reaped the benefit of this sale. The proceeds are in the hands of the heir or they have been expended for the benefit of the estate. The price paid is retained. The estate thus sold is sought to be recovered from the possession of a bona fide purchaser without notice.
• It has been seen that the instructions given were correct. The evidence was conflicting. The presumption of law is in favor of sanity. The burthen was on the plaintiff to establish the fact of insanity. This he has failed to do to the satisfaction of that tribunal to which the law has assigned the duty of determining, amid controverted facts, which are true and which are false. The inquiry is not what our judgment would have been upon the proof. After a long, laborious and impartial trial, after seeing and hearing the witnesses and observing their appearance and manner, the jury have established the validity of the conveyance in controversy — and we find in the evidence no such proof of fraud, corruption, gross partiality or mistake as imperatively requires us to set aside the verdict as against evidence.
Exceptions and motion overruled.
Judgment on the verdict.
Rice, Davis, Walton and Dickerson, JJ., concurred.