Learned, P. J.
There is no doubt of the general principle that the master owes the servant the duty of furnishing suitable machinery; but this is not an absolute duty, nor is the master an insurer to the servant of the safety of the machinery. It is a duty which is satisfied by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence. “ Where injury to an employé results from a defect in the implements furnished, knowledge of the defect must be brought home to the employer, or proof given that he omitted the exercise of proper care to discover it.” Devlin v. Smith, 89 N. Y. 470; Probst v. Delamater, 100 N. Y. at 272, 3 N. E. Rep. 184; Arnold v. Canal Co., 6 N. Y. St. Rep. 368; Cahill v. Hilton, 106 N. Y. 512, 13 N. E. Rep. 339. So this same rule is expressed in Fuller v. Jewett, 80 N. Y. at 53, where it is said that the duty of the master is relative, not absolute. He is only bound to exercise due care to that end. In the case of Jones v. Railroad Co., 22 Hun, 284, where the deceased was killed by a fall from a broken rung on a car, the doctrine is again stated. And it may be noticed that when that case was again before the court, in 28 Hun, 364, (affirmed 92 N. Y. 628,) the condition of the rung at a time previous to the accident was shown, that the jury might infer therefrom the negligence of the defendant. [606]*606How, in this case there is no evidence that the brace was off when the plaintiff mounted the car. There is no evidence that it had become loosened before that time. Still less is there evidence that there had been anything in its appearance to attract attention. The brace is held to the car by two bolts. A conjecture might be made that before the accident the bolts had become loose, or the nuts Unscrewed, and that the siulde.n wrench given by plaintiff pulled the brace off. But this would be mere conjecture. The mere fact that the next day it was found in the foot-board, or even the inference that it came off at the time of the accident, is not enough to show defendant’s negligence. How it happened that the next day the brace was found on the step we cannot tell. That may have happened from plaintiff’s pulling the brake-shaft over in his fall. Or, again, the brace may have become loosened on the way from Schenectady, for there is some evidence that all the cars were in order on the way. At any rate, there is none to the contrary. If this were so, then defendant would have had no notice of the defect, and there would have been no evidence of want of proper care to discover it. The plaintiff urges that there were two men whose business it was to inspect the cars as they came in, and that such inspection was carelessly performed. But the very circumstances show their duty was not to make a thorough examination of all parts of the car. The train was to be distributed, and, as this distribution was being made, these two men looked at the ears to see if any defect was .appatent which should cause them to be sent to the repair-shop or the freight-yard. The testimony is simply that King, who is the foreman of the repair-shop, having a shop in the freight-yard, had two men to look over the cars,— •one on each side,—to inspect the train as it came into the yard. I-Iow thorough an inspection is then to be made, does not appear. Whether that inspection was thorough or not does not determine the question of defendant’s negligence, because the question remains, what inspection ought to have been made, under the circumstances, of this particular part of the car? We are not to assume that reasonable care requires that every part of a freight-car should be inspected with such and such frequency. How often reasonable care requires the brace of a brake-shaft to be inspected, is a matter upon which nothing is shown in the case. It may be a part of the machinery which ■seldom wears out or becomes loose, or it may be a part which frequently gets •out of order. These and other considerations may enter into the question of negligence. To support his view the plaintiff cites the Vosburgh Case, 94 N. Y. 374. That was the case of a bridge improperly constructed in the first place, where defects were obvious to a skilled inspector. The court said that it was not reasonable care to buy an unsafe and defective bridge, and not to have it inspected. There is no proof that this brace was originally unsafe. The plaintiff also cites Durkin v. Sharp, 88 N. Y. 227. That was the case of injury arising from defect in a track. The court was asked by defendant ■to charge that it was not liable if the track had been inspected by competent inspectors and adjudged good. The court refused, and this was held correct. To excuse defendant from paying damages as for an injury by a defect which ■had been proved, the defendant must show a careful inspection. If the previous existence of a defective brace had been proved in this case, and the defendant had sought to excuse itself on the ground of careful inspection, there would have been some analogy. But the defendant in this case insists that no defect has been shown to have existed for any time; still less, for such a time .as would charge defendant with notice of it. And it must be noticed in re.gard to the matter of inspection that the duty must vary accordingly as the thing to be inspected is more or less liable to wear out, and is more or less perilous, when worn, to the employes and others. Kailroad companies make a partial inspection of wheels of passenger cars at every stopping-place. Ho ■one would demand that they should inspect the whole car. The brace which is claimed to have caused the. accident is not exposed to much strain or wear.
[607]*607It is the height of the car, distant from the place on the brake-shaft where the chain is wound; and therefore the strain of the brake must be less than it is on the stirrup. Besides this, it is in full sight of the brakeman,—just above his feet, and open to his observation. The plaintiff himself says that he saw this and the other parts of the brake machinery, and saw no defect. The case of Bailey v. Railroad Co., 49 Hun, 377, 3 N. Y. Supp. 585, is quite similar to the present, except that in that cause the cause of the accident was proved beyond doubt. In that case the plaintiff was endeavoring to set a brake, when the brake-shaft and handle came up in his hands and threw him from the car. It was proved that the pin in the bottom of the brake-shaft was gone; but there was no evidence to show when it was broken or lost, or that defendant knew of its absence, or that there was any omission to inspect the car. The court held that there should have been a nonsuit.
We have so far considered this case on the supposition that the brace which held the brake-shaft was loose, or perhaps off, when plaintiff took hold of the wheel, and that that circumstance caused- his fall. But even this is not satisfactorily proved. The plaintiff was not trying to set the brake. Hence, there would be no strain, or little strain, on the wheel from the pressure of the brake. He says he pulled on the wheel, and it caught a little. There is no evidence that looseness of the brace would have made the wheel catch. Then he pulled a little harder, and gave a jerk, turned it half way around, and it flew back, and he got overbalanced, and the brake-shaft went one side. Except the fact that the brake-shaft went to one side, there is nothing that we discover in the circumstances which would be caused by the looseness of the brace. The plaintiff says that he does not know whether he put the dog into the ratchet, and that if he did not the wheel would naturally go back when his hand slipped.
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Learned, P. J.
There is no doubt of the general principle that the master owes the servant the duty of furnishing suitable machinery; but this is not an absolute duty, nor is the master an insurer to the servant of the safety of the machinery. It is a duty which is satisfied by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence. “ Where injury to an employé results from a defect in the implements furnished, knowledge of the defect must be brought home to the employer, or proof given that he omitted the exercise of proper care to discover it.” Devlin v. Smith, 89 N. Y. 470; Probst v. Delamater, 100 N. Y. at 272, 3 N. E. Rep. 184; Arnold v. Canal Co., 6 N. Y. St. Rep. 368; Cahill v. Hilton, 106 N. Y. 512, 13 N. E. Rep. 339. So this same rule is expressed in Fuller v. Jewett, 80 N. Y. at 53, where it is said that the duty of the master is relative, not absolute. He is only bound to exercise due care to that end. In the case of Jones v. Railroad Co., 22 Hun, 284, where the deceased was killed by a fall from a broken rung on a car, the doctrine is again stated. And it may be noticed that when that case was again before the court, in 28 Hun, 364, (affirmed 92 N. Y. 628,) the condition of the rung at a time previous to the accident was shown, that the jury might infer therefrom the negligence of the defendant. [606]*606How, in this case there is no evidence that the brace was off when the plaintiff mounted the car. There is no evidence that it had become loosened before that time. Still less is there evidence that there had been anything in its appearance to attract attention. The brace is held to the car by two bolts. A conjecture might be made that before the accident the bolts had become loose, or the nuts Unscrewed, and that the siulde.n wrench given by plaintiff pulled the brace off. But this would be mere conjecture. The mere fact that the next day it was found in the foot-board, or even the inference that it came off at the time of the accident, is not enough to show defendant’s negligence. How it happened that the next day the brace was found on the step we cannot tell. That may have happened from plaintiff’s pulling the brake-shaft over in his fall. Or, again, the brace may have become loosened on the way from Schenectady, for there is some evidence that all the cars were in order on the way. At any rate, there is none to the contrary. If this were so, then defendant would have had no notice of the defect, and there would have been no evidence of want of proper care to discover it. The plaintiff urges that there were two men whose business it was to inspect the cars as they came in, and that such inspection was carelessly performed. But the very circumstances show their duty was not to make a thorough examination of all parts of the car. The train was to be distributed, and, as this distribution was being made, these two men looked at the ears to see if any defect was .appatent which should cause them to be sent to the repair-shop or the freight-yard. The testimony is simply that King, who is the foreman of the repair-shop, having a shop in the freight-yard, had two men to look over the cars,— •one on each side,—to inspect the train as it came into the yard. I-Iow thorough an inspection is then to be made, does not appear. Whether that inspection was thorough or not does not determine the question of defendant’s negligence, because the question remains, what inspection ought to have been made, under the circumstances, of this particular part of the car? We are not to assume that reasonable care requires that every part of a freight-car should be inspected with such and such frequency. How often reasonable care requires the brace of a brake-shaft to be inspected, is a matter upon which nothing is shown in the case. It may be a part of the machinery which ■seldom wears out or becomes loose, or it may be a part which frequently gets •out of order. These and other considerations may enter into the question of negligence. To support his view the plaintiff cites the Vosburgh Case, 94 N. Y. 374. That was the case of a bridge improperly constructed in the first place, where defects were obvious to a skilled inspector. The court said that it was not reasonable care to buy an unsafe and defective bridge, and not to have it inspected. There is no proof that this brace was originally unsafe. The plaintiff also cites Durkin v. Sharp, 88 N. Y. 227. That was the case of injury arising from defect in a track. The court was asked by defendant ■to charge that it was not liable if the track had been inspected by competent inspectors and adjudged good. The court refused, and this was held correct. To excuse defendant from paying damages as for an injury by a defect which ■had been proved, the defendant must show a careful inspection. If the previous existence of a defective brace had been proved in this case, and the defendant had sought to excuse itself on the ground of careful inspection, there would have been some analogy. But the defendant in this case insists that no defect has been shown to have existed for any time; still less, for such a time .as would charge defendant with notice of it. And it must be noticed in re.gard to the matter of inspection that the duty must vary accordingly as the thing to be inspected is more or less liable to wear out, and is more or less perilous, when worn, to the employes and others. Kailroad companies make a partial inspection of wheels of passenger cars at every stopping-place. Ho ■one would demand that they should inspect the whole car. The brace which is claimed to have caused the. accident is not exposed to much strain or wear.
[607]*607It is the height of the car, distant from the place on the brake-shaft where the chain is wound; and therefore the strain of the brake must be less than it is on the stirrup. Besides this, it is in full sight of the brakeman,—just above his feet, and open to his observation. The plaintiff himself says that he saw this and the other parts of the brake machinery, and saw no defect. The case of Bailey v. Railroad Co., 49 Hun, 377, 3 N. Y. Supp. 585, is quite similar to the present, except that in that cause the cause of the accident was proved beyond doubt. In that case the plaintiff was endeavoring to set a brake, when the brake-shaft and handle came up in his hands and threw him from the car. It was proved that the pin in the bottom of the brake-shaft was gone; but there was no evidence to show when it was broken or lost, or that defendant knew of its absence, or that there was any omission to inspect the car. The court held that there should have been a nonsuit.
We have so far considered this case on the supposition that the brace which held the brake-shaft was loose, or perhaps off, when plaintiff took hold of the wheel, and that that circumstance caused- his fall. But even this is not satisfactorily proved. The plaintiff was not trying to set the brake. Hence, there would be no strain, or little strain, on the wheel from the pressure of the brake. He says he pulled on the wheel, and it caught a little. There is no evidence that looseness of the brace would have made the wheel catch. Then he pulled a little harder, and gave a jerk, turned it half way around, and it flew back, and he got overbalanced, and the brake-shaft went one side. Except the fact that the brake-shaft went to one side, there is nothing that we discover in the circumstances which would be caused by the looseness of the brace. The plaintiff says that he does not know whether he put the dog into the ratchet, and that if he did not the wheel would naturally go back when his hand slipped. The plaintiff does not know how far the brake-shaft went to one side. How, as that brake-shaft was fastened at the stirrup, under the car, and passed through the foot-board, about three feet below the top of the car, the wheel at the top of the brake-shaft could not move to one side much more than the excess of the size of the hole in the foot-board over the size of the brake-shaft. There is no proof how large the hole in the foot-board was. A witness says that it let the brake “wobble.” But this hole was not intended to hold the brake-shaft. That was done by the brace. So that the fact that the brake-shaft would “wobble” in that hole is no evidence of negligence. The plaintiff says that the wheel flew back and threw him to the south. And it may be that his claim is that just at that time the brace became loose, and thus the wheel flew back and the brake-shaft went to the side, and his hand slipped, and he fell. But even that would not account for the catching of the brake-shaft which made it necessary for him to give the jerk. That seems to have had something to do with the unfortunate result. If, however, the brace was off and lying on the foot-board when he mounted upon it, then it would seem to have been difficult for him not to see the defect.
We have thus far examined this case on the assumption that the jury found that plaintiff did not fall from car 3,913. We have now to consider the correctness of that finding. It is not disputed that the car from which plaintiff fell was the second car from the engine, as the train came into the freight-yard from Schenectady, and that the first was a coal-car. In distributing, the order was reversed so that the coal-car was last. Chamberlain, a brakeman, had mounted the coal-car and saw plaintiff fall. Half an hour afterwards he pointed out the car to Palmer, a brakeman. The next day, about 6 R. m., Palmer testifies that he identified the car then standing on the Kelly track,— unloaded, having contained feed,—and saw the brace was loose on the ratchet. He identified the car by the number, which he does not now remember, and by the>words “Broken Track Transfer,” which he says were on this car, and others. Lawrence, then a yard-man, came up about the time of the accident, and was told which the car was from which plaintiff fell. It was next to the [608]*608coal-car. About 45 minutes after he was by the Kelly track, and sawa car which he identified by its general appearance as that from which plaintiff fell. He saw a brakeman try the brake, and it was loose. This constitutes the plaintiff’s evidence on this point. On defendant’s part, Kelderhouse, the rear brakeman on the train, saw plaintiff fall, and states that the number of the car was 3,913 and that the brake was in order. Gleason, the conductor of the train, states that the number of the car was 3,913, and produced his original report, made the day of the accident, showing this number. McIntosh, the head brakeman of the train, testifies that the brakes of the first five cars were in good order and that he left the three head brakes set, which would include the car from which plaintiff fell. Flood, a car-repairer, testifies that he repaired 3,913 and it was in good order July 14, 1883. Harmon, an assistant yard-master, testifies that the car next to the coal-car was marked “King.” King testifies that he was foreman of car repairs; that he was at the yard the next morning. Oar .3,913 was on repair (or Barney) track, boarded with material for him. That the brake was in good order. Cox, an inspector, testifies to the same as to this car, though he does not remember the number. This is a brief statement of the testimony. It will be seen that Lawrence only identifies the car by general appearance; Palmer by the number, now forgotten, and by marks which were common to this and other cars. On the other hand, the testimony and the record of the conductor Gleason, and the testimony of Kilderhouse, which is less valuable, establishes the number of the second car. McIntosh proves that the brakes of the first five cars were in good order, and that, after getting into the yard, he left the three head-brakes set. Harmon testifies that the second car was marked “King;” and King finds car 3,913 on the Barney track for him the next morning. On the whole, we think,that on this point of the identity of the car the verdict is against the weight of evidence. On the first point discussed we are of opinion that no> negligence on the part of defendant was shown. Judgment and order reversed, new trial granted, costs to abide event.
Landon, J. I concur, and add that the employé.who makes inspection incurs the risks of the employment, to the extent of the danger resulting from the defects which his inspection is intended to detect and provide against.
Ingalls, J., concurs.