IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO EASTERN DIVISION
KENNETH HORNER, CASE NO. 2:20-CV-6118 Petitioner, JUDGE EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR. Chief Magistrate Judge Elizabeth P. Deavers v.
WARDEN, BELMONT CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION,
Respondent.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
Petitioner, a state prisoner, brings this petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. This matter is before the Court on the Petition, Respondent’s Motion to Dismiss, and the exhibits of the parties. For the reasons that follow, it is RECOMMENDED that the Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 10) be DENIED and that this action be DISMISSED. I. BACKGROUND Petitioner challenges his continued incarceration as barred by the Eighth Amendment based on the impact of COVID-19. He complains that he is confined, eats, and sleeps within three feet of other prisoners and is at high risk for complications due to COPD, Hepatitis-C, and the denial of the use of an inhaler and stomach medications by prison staff due to COVID-19 cutbacks. Petitioner states that inmates and staff do not wear masks. Petitioner has pursued relief in the state courts through the filing of a petition for post-conviction relief, a motion for judicial release, and a state habeas corpus petition in the Ohio Supreme Court. (ECF No. 9, PAGEID # 115, 132, 141.) He has filed an appeal of the trial court’s November 17, 2020, denial of his petition for post-conviction relief. (ECF No. 126.) His state habeas corpus petition also apparently remains pending in the Ohio Supreme Court. Petitioner seeks immediate release and a preliminary injunction. Respondent has filed a Motion to Dismiss the action for failure to present a cognizable claim for habeas corpus relief. (ECF No. 204.) II. Propriety of Habeas Corpus Relief Respondent maintains that Petitioner’s claim cannot be considered in habeas corpus proceedings because it involves a “conditions of confinement” claim that would properly be
pursued in an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This Court has rejected this argument. (Order, ECF No. 6, PAGEID # 98-100.) The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has held that, where the petitioner requests immediate release from confinement, this claim may properly be addressed in a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under the provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2241. See Walker v. Warden, No. 1:20-cv-302, 2020 WL 6392463, at *1-2 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 2, 2020) (citing Wilson v. Williams, 961 F.3d 829, 838 (6th Cir. 2020)). “[W]here a petitioner claims that no set of conditions would be constitutionally sufficient the claim should be construed as challenging the fact or extent, rather than the conditions, of the confinement.” Wilson v. Williams, 961 F.3d at
838 (citing Adams v. Bradshaw, 644 F.3d 481, 483 (6th Cir. 2011); cf. Terrell v. United States, 564 F.3d 442, 446−48 (6th Cir. 2009)). “[R]elease from confinement. . . is ‘the heart of habeas corpus.’” Id. (citing Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 498 (1973)). See also Aultman v. Shoop, No. 2:20-cv-3304, 2020 WL 4287535, at *1 (S.D. Ohio July 27, 2020) (Plaintiff’s request for immediate release from custody fails to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and must be brought under the provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2241) (citing Wilson, 961 F.3d at 838); Gerald v. Warden, Lebanon Corr. Inst., No. 1:20-cv-603, 2020 WL 8370958, at * 2 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 27, 2020) (concluding that state prisoners’ COVID-19 claims may properly be brought under the provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2241) (citing Van Diver v. Nagy, No. 20-11340, 2020 WL 4696598, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 13, 2020) (other citations omitted), as have other federal district courts in the Sixth Circuit, see Blackburn v. Noble, 479 F.Supp.3d 531, -- (E.D. Ky. 2020) (the provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2241 provides avenue of relief for state prisoners seeking immediate release based on COVID-19) (citing Wilson, 961 F.3d at 838; Malam v. Adducci, 452 F.Supp.3d 643, 649 (E.D. Mich. 2020)); but see Jaeger v. Wainwright, No. 1:19-cv-2853, 2020 WL 3961962, at *3
(N.D. Ohio July 7, 13, 2020) (and cases cited therein) (holding that a habeas action by state prisoners bringing COVID-19 claim must be brought under the provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2254) (citations omitted). Bradley, referred to by the Respondent, does not hold to the contrary. The Sixth Circuit in Bradley the petitioner’s request for a certificate of appealability from the dismissal of a habeas corpus petition filed under the provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2254 raising a COVID-19 claim, declining to construe the action under 28 U.S.C. § 2241: True, the Sixth Circuit recently permitted federal inmates to bring a claim similar to Bradley's under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. See Wilson v. Williams, 961 F.3d 829, 838-39 (6th Cir. 2020). But Bradley petitioned under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, not 28 U.S.C. § 2241, and “our interpretation of § 2241 does not control our interpretation of § 2254.” Bailey v. Wainwright, 951 F.3d 343, 347 (6th Cir. 2020). Nor does anything require “courts to convert § 2254 petitions to petitions under § 2241[.]” Allen v. White, 185 F. App'x 487, 489 (6th Cir. 2006).
Bradley, 2021 WL 688859, at *2. Thus, Bradley, an unreported decision, does not stand for the proposition that Petitioner’s claim cannot be brought in habeas corpus proceedings. III. Exhaustion Respondent indicates that Ohio has no adequate remedy for a state prisoner seeking immediate release under the Eighth Amendment based on COVID-19. (Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 10, PAGEID # 240, 247.) Smith v. DeWine, 476 F.Supp.3d 635, 655 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 3, 2020), outlines the procedure for exhausting administrative remedies on a COVID-19 claim through the prison grievance procedure in an action filed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983: Ohio has established a procedure for resolving inmate complaints. Ohio Admin. Code § 5120-9-31. To properly exhaust a claim seeking relief “regarding any aspect of institutional life that directly and personally affects the [inmate],” an inmate at an ODRC facility must comply with its three-step grievance system. Id. For the first step, the inmate must submit an informal complaint to the staff member or to the direct supervisor of the staff member or to the department most directly responsible over the subject matter with which the inmate is concerned. Id. § 5120-9-31(K)(1). If the inmate is not satisfied with the results at the first step, he may take the second step by filing a formal grievance with the inspector of institutional services at the prison where he is confined. Id. § 5120-9-31(K)(2). That inspector will investigate the matter and issue a written response to the inmate's grievance within fourteen calendar days of receipt. Id. If the inmate is still dissatisfied, he may pursue the third step, which is an appeal to the office of the Chief Inspector of [the] ODRC. Id. § 5120-9-31(K)(3). An inmate does not exhaust his remedies under § 5120-9- 31 until he has received a decision in an appeal to the office of the Chief Inspector. Younker v. Ohio State Univ. Med. Ctr., No. 2:11-cv-00749, 2013 WL 3222902, at *3, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 88963, at *4 (S.D. Ohio June 25, 2013).
Id. at 655.
Federal courts have been divided on whether the exhaustion requirement should apply to COVID-19 Eighth Amendment prison claims in view of the potential danger of the virus and the time sensitive nature of the claim: In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, federal courts are split on the issue of whether administrative remedies are currently available to prisoners. Some courts have considered the irreparable harm and time-sensitive nature prisoners face in light of the virus and find grievance procedures unavailable and thus, exhaustion not required. See e.g., Sowell v. TDCJ, No. H-20-1492, 2020 WL 2113603, at *3, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77809, at *7 (S.D. Tex. May 4, 2020) (“Where the circumstances present an imminent danger to an inmate, TDCJ's time-consuming administrative procedure, which TDCJ may choose to extend at will, presents no ‘possibility of some relief.’ ” (citing Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859)); United States v. Vence-Small, No. 3:18-cr-00031, ––– F.Supp.3d ––––, ––––, 2020 WL 1921590, at *5, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69354, at *12–13 (D. Conn. Apr. 20, 2020) (“In light of these emergency circumstances, some judges have [waived exhaustion requirements,]”) (citing United States v. Russo, 454 F.Supp.3d 270, 272–74 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) and United States v. Haney, 454 F.Supp.3d 316,2020 WL 1821988, at *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. 2020)).
Id. at 656. Regardless, a federal court may dismiss an unexhausted claim on the merits. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2); see Cameron, 815 F. App’x at 983 n.1 (declining to address non-jurisdictional procedural issues where claim fails on the merits). [T]he failure to exhaust does not divest this Court of jurisdiction over their petition. Rockwell v. Yukins, 217 F.3d 421, 423 (6th Cir. 2000). A federal habeas court may consider unexhausted claims where “‘unusual’ or ‘exceptional’ circumstances” exist. Id. (quoting O'Guinn v. Dutton, 88 F.3d 1409, 1412 (6th Cir. 1996) (citing Granberry v. Greer, 481 U.S. 129, 107 S.Ct. 1671, 95 L.Ed.2d 119 (1987))). As other Courts have observed, the current pandemic is an unusual or exceptional circumstance that could allow a federal court to consider the matter at hand. Cameron v. Bouchard, ––– F.Supp.3d ––––, ––––, 2020 WL 2569868, at * 15 (E.D. Mich. May 21, 2020).
Blackburn v. Noble, -- F.Supp.3d --, --, 2020 WL 4758358, at **5 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 17, 2020). For the reasons that follow, Petitioner’s claim does not provide him relief. Exhaustion therefore does not preclude consideration of the issue. IV. Merits The Eighth Amendment requires prison officials to guarantee the safety of and provide adequate medical care to prison inmates. Blackburn v. Noble, 479 F.Supp.3d 511, 539 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 17, 2020) (citing Rhinehart v. Scutt, 894 F.3d 721, 737 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103 (1976)). “[W]hen the State takes a person into its custody and holds him there against his will, the Constitution imposes upon it a corresponding duty to assume some responsibility for his safety and general wellbeing.” Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 32 (1993) (citation omitted). “Deliberate indifference by prison officials to an inmates serious medical needs constitutes ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain’ in violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.” Smith v. DeWine, et al., 476 F.Supp.3d 635, 661 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 3, 2020) (citing Miller v. Calhoun Cnty., 408 F.3d 808, 812 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104)). “To succeed on an Eighth Amendment claim for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, a [petitioner] must prove more than mere negligence on behalf of prison authorities.” Blackburn, 2020 WL 4758358, at *5 (citing Brooks v. Celeste, 39 F.3d 125, 127 (6th Cir. 1994); Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106. “[A] prison official will be
liable only when he or she ‘knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.’” Id. (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994)). The Petitioner must establish both an objective and subjective component in order to obtain relief. Cameron, 815 F. App’x at 984. The objective component requires an inmate to “show that he is incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm.” Id. (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833 (citing Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 35 22 (1993)). This component plainly has been met. This Court agrees with the other district courts across the country [that] have found COVID-19 to be an objectively intolerable risk of harm to prisoners when it enters a prison. “There is no doubt that infectious diseases generally and COVID-19 specifically can pose a risk of serious and fatal harm to prison inmates.” Valentine v. Collier, 956 F.3d 797, 802 (5th Cir. 2020); see also Wilson v. Williams, No. 4:20- cv-794, ––– F.Supp.3d ––––, ––––, 2020 WL 1940882, at *8, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70674, at *19–20 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 22, 2020) (finding petitioners obviously satisfied the objective requirement stating “[a]t this moment a deadly virus is spreading amongst [the prison] population and staff,” which can lead to pneumonia, diminished oxygen, organ failure, and death.); Money, 453 F.Supp.3d at ––––, 2020 WL 1820660 at *18 (noting that that “nobody contests the serious risk that COVID- 19 poses to all inmates and prison staff, and even more to the most vulnerable inmates”); Wilson v. Williams, 961 F.3d 829, 842 (6th Cir. 2020) (finding a substantial risk of serious harm satisfying the objective element of the Eighth Amendment based on the conditions in an Ohio prison in light of COVID-19).
Smith v. DeWine, 476 F.Supp.3d at 662.
The subjective component requires the inmate to show that prison officials knew of and disregarded an excessive risk, thereby acting with deliberate indifference. Smith v. DeWine, 476 F.Supp.3d at 661 (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834, 837-38). It is “‘more blameworthy than negligence,’ akin to criminal recklessness[,]” Cameron, 815 F. App’x at 984 (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835, 839–40), and “‘tantamount to [an] intent to punish.’” Smith v. DeWine, 476 F.Supp.3d at 661 (citing Broyles v. Corr. Med. Servs., Inc., 478 F. App'x 971, 975 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Horn v. Madison Cnty. Fiscal Court, 22 F.3d 653, 660 (6th Cir. 1994)). Thus,
prison officials who know of “a substantial risk to inmate health or safety may be found free from liability if they responded reasonably to the risk, even if the harm ultimately was not averted.” Wilson, 961 F.3d at 840 (citing Farmer, at 844). The key inquiry is whether prison officials responded reasonably to the risk. Id. (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844). The World Health Organization (“WHO”) has declared the novel Coronavirus or COVID-19 a global pandemic. See Smith v. DeWine, 476 F.Supp.3d at 643. COVID-19 spreads between individuals in close contact through respiratory droplets and possibly through touching an object containing the virus and then touching one's mouth, nose, or eyes. . . . On March 9, 2020, the Governor acknowledged the presence of COVID-19 as a dangerous situation for the citizens of Ohio and declared a state of emergency. . . . In the following weeks the State of Ohio closed schools, polling stations, childcare facilities, adult daycare facilities, senior centers, restaurants and more, citing a significant risk of substantial harm due to the high probability of widespread exposure to COVID-19.
Id. (citations omitted). It is now common knowledge that the virus poses serious risks, particularly for persons with certain health conditions and persons of an older age: No one can deny that the health risks caused by the pandemic are grave. Objectively, the health risks posed by COVID-19 are abundantly clear. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease that can result in serious illness or death. It is caused by a new strain of coronavirus not previously identified in humans, and easily spreads from person to person. There is currently no approved vaccine or antiviral treatment for this disease. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, estimated that between 100,000 and 240,000 people in the United States will die from COVID-19 related complications. Michael D. Shear et al., Coronavirus May Kill 100,000 to 240,000 in U.S. Despite Actions, Officials Say, N.Y. Times, Mar. 31, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/us/politics/coronavirus-death-toll-united- states.html.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have advised that “[p]eople aged 65 years and older” may be at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19. People Who Are at Higher Risk for Severe Illness, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Mar. 31, 2020), https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need- extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html. The CDC also has identified persons with certain medical conditions as being at high risk, including those with “serious heart conditions.” Ibid. That includes “heart failure, coronary artery disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and pulmonary hypertension.” Groups at Higher Risk for Severe Illness, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/groups-at- higher-risk.html (last visited May 8, 2020).
Perez-Perez v. Adducci, 459 F. Supp. 3d 918, 926–27 (E.D. Mich. 2020). I Petitioner has not submitted any medical records to support his claim that he suffers from health issues that cause him to be at high risk for serious complications from COVID-19, and he must establish that he is at higher risk for complications from COVID to succeed on his claim. See Sow v. Adducci, No. 2:20-CV-2140, 2020 WL 3000425, at *3 (S.D. Ohio June 4, 2020), report and recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 3415110 (S.D. Ohio June 22, 2020) (citing Fofana v. Albence, No. 20-10869, 2020 WL 1873307, at *10 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 15, 2020) (holding that certain detainees were not likely to succeed on the merits of their deliberate indifference claim because there was no evidence that they suffered from any underlying conditions that placed them at high risk for serious illness from exposure to COVID-19); Prieto Refunjol, 461 F.Supp.3d 675, 710 (S.D. Ohio 2020) (denying release based on deliberate indifference claim for infected detainees who were not at high risk of complications from COVID-19). In any event, Petitioner cannot meet the subjective component required to establish that prison officials have acted with deliberate indifference so as to warrant relief. Limitations imposed on social distancing as a result of the reality of prison life or inadequate mask enforcement by prison guards does not rise to a deliberately indifferent unreasonable failure to act. “[T]he CDC's own guidance ‘presupposes that some modification of its social-distancing recommendations will be necessary in institutional settings.’” Blackburn, 2020 WL 4758358, at *6 (citing Swain v. Junior, 958 F.3d 1081, 1089 (11th Cir. 2020)). Further, the fact that COVID-19 has spread among [] inmates does not establish . . . the necessary state of mind to satisfy the subjective deliberate indifference prong as to the safety measures implemented to protect inmates from COVID-19. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844, 114 S.Ct. 1970 (the fact that “the harm ultimately was not averted” does not demonstrate deliberate indifference); Wilson, 961 F.3d at 841 (finding “while the harm imposed by COVID-19 on inmates at Elkton ultimately [is] not averted, the BOP has responded reasonably to the risk and therefore has not been deliberately indifferent to the inmates’ Eighth Amendment rights,” noting evidence that the BOP took preventative measures, including screening for symptoms, educating staff and inmates about COVID-19, cancelling visitation, quarantining new inmates, implementing regular cleaning, providing disinfectant supplies, providing mask, and engaging in efforts to expand testing “demonstrate the opposite of a disregard of a serious health risk”) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Id. at *7 (footnote omitted). This Court has found that the ODRC has acted reasonably in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and engaged in “an extensive effort to combat this new disease and protect the prisoners’ health and safety.” Smith v. DeWine, 476 F.Supp.3d at 662-63. It is clear that the Director was aware of the risk COVID-19 presented based on her statements about the disease and the extensive actions she took in response. The key question is whether the Director “responded reasonably to th[is] risk.” Wilson, 961 F.3d at 840 (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844, 114 S.Ct. 1970). Importantly, the resultant harm, while serious and concerning, does not establish a liable state of mind. See Swain v. Junior, 958 F.3d 1081, 1089 (11th Cir. 2020) (finding the district court incorrectly “treated an increase in COVID-19 infections as proof that the defendants deliberately disregarded an intolerable risk”). Putting aside the resultant harm, the evidence shows the Director responded reasonably to the risk.
The Director began preparing for the introduction of COVID-19 into Ohio's prisons before COVID-19 was even confirmed in the United States. (Def. Director Resp. Prelim. Inj. at Ex. A, ¶ 8.) After COVID-19 entered the United States and then Ohio's prison system, the Director continued to coordinate a response among all of ODRC's facilities which included educating staff and inmates, tracking and distributing PPE, implementing social distancing measures among staff and inmates, increasing cleaning and sanitizing, screening visitors, staff, and inmates, cancelling visitation, quarantining those with symptoms, and implementing other policies designed to prevent COVID-19's spread. (See id.) The Sixth Circuit has previously held actions such as these a reasonable response. See e.g., Wilson, 961 F.3d at 840 (finding the Bureau of Prisons’ response to COVID-19 including screening for symptoms, educating staff and inmates, cancelling visitation, quarantining new inmates, implementing cleaning, providing disinfectant, and more, a reasonable response); Wooler v. Hickman Cnty., 377 F. App'x 502, 506 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding a jail nurse's actions of cleaning every cell, quarantining infected inmates, and distributing information about a bacterial disease precluded a finding of deliberate indifference).
Other courts around the country have also found similar actions taken in response to COVID-19 enough to preclude a finding of deliberate indifference. See e.g., Valentine, 956 F.3d at 802 (noting that the prison officials took measures recommended by the CDC and the plaintiffs offered no evidence they subjectively believed those actions were inadequate); Swain, 958 F.3d at 1089 (noting that neither the resultant harm in COVID-19 infections or the inability to achieve social distancing constituted a state of mind more blameworthy than negligence); Money, 453 F.Supp.3d at ––––, 2020 WL 1820660 at *18 (finding the plaintiffs did not have a chance of success on this claim because the prison officials had come forth with a lengthy list of actions they had taken to try and protect inmates from COVID- 19 and “the record simply [did] not support any suggestion that [the defendants] ha[d] turned the kind of blind eye and deaf ear to a known problem that would indicate ‘total unconcern’ for the inmates’ welfare” (citing Rosario v. Brawn, 670 F.3d 816, 821 (7th Cir. 2012))). There is no evidence that the Director subjectively believed her actions were inadequate or that she indicated a total concern for the inmates’ welfare.
Id., at 663. The Court takes judicial notice of those findings here.
“[I]t is well-settled that federal courts may take judicial notice of proceedings in other courts of record.” United States v. Mont, 723 Fed. Appx. 325, 327 n.3 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Lyons v. Stovall, 188 F.3d 327, 332, n.3 (6th Cir. 1999) (brackets, quotation marks, and citation omitted)). While this doctrine typically does not extend to the factual findings of another court, notice may be taken of “proceedings in other courts . . . if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” United States v. Neal, 577 Fed. Appx. 434, 452 n. 11 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States ex rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992) (ellipsis and emphasis in original)).
Schneider v. Credit Human Federal Credit Union, No. 4:20-cv-1747, 2021 WL 147050, at *1 n. 2 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 15, 2021). Because Petitioner cannot establish that prison officials acted with deliberate indifference, he cannot establish a basis for relief. V. DISPOSITION For the foregoing reasons it is RECOMMENDED that this action be DISMISSED.
PROCEDURE ON OBJECTIONS
If any party objects to this Report and Recommendation, that party may, within fourteen days of the date of this Report, file and serve on all parties written objections to those specific proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made, together with supporting authority for the objection(s). A judge of this Court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made. Upon proper objections, a judge of this Court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made herein, may receive further evidence or may recommit this matter to the magistrate judge with instructions. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The parties are specifically advised that failure to object to the Report and Recommendation will result in a waiver of the right to have the district judge review the Report and Recommendation de novo, and also operates as a waiver of the right to appeal the decision of the District Court adopting the Report and Recommendation. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140 (1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981). The parties are further advised that, if they intend to file an appeal of any adverse decision, they may submit arguments in any objections filed, regarding whether a certificate of appealability should issue.
_s/ Elizabeth A. Preston Deavers_______ ELIZABETH A. PRESTON DEAVERS UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE