Wade, 0. J.
This action grows out of a conflict between a placer location under the act of congress of July 26, 1866, and a quartz lode location under the act of May 10, 1812, and the plaintiffs bring the action under the statute to have determined the right to the possession of the ground in dispute. The defendants claimed title and the right of possession under a placer location, and on the trial offered to prove that the ground in question was located and recorded as a placer mining claim in the year 1866 in pursuance of the law and the local rules and regulations of the Summit Yalley Mining District; that the parties who made the location immediately entered into the actual possession, and thereafter sold the ground to other parties and delivered the actual possession thereof to them; that such other parties, while in the actual possession, sold and delivered the same to defendants, who at once entered into the actual possession, and held such possession down to the date of the com-' mencement of this action, but that none of said sales and transfers were by deed.
This testimony was excluded and error assigned.
1. Under this issue the question of actual possession was not very material. The inquiry being as to which of these parties had the right to possession, the presumption of ownership which accompanies possession did not arise. Possession by defendants was admitted, and issue was joined as to their right. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants had forfeited their right to the possession by a failure to comply with the rules and regulations of the mining district in relation thereto, and that was the question to be tried. The defendants did not offer to [556]*556prove, and ifc did not appear, that they or their predecessors in interest held possession of the claim by virtue of a compliance with the local rules and regulations of the district in which the same was situated. Possession must be so held in order to carry with it a possessory title. Possession within a mining district, to be protected, or to give vitality to a title, must be in pursuance of the law and the local rules and regulations. Possession, in order to be available, must be properly supported. It must stand upon the law and be the result of a compliance therewith. Representation of a claim in the manner provided by the law, and the local rules and regulations of the mining district, is the life of the possessory title to such claim. Possession, without a location, carries no title. Possession under a location that has become dead by reason of non-representation, or a failure to comply with the local rules and customs, is equivalent to possession with no location at all. Therefore proof of the mere delivery of possession of a placer claim from one to another, from the date of location to the date of the adverse claim, whether such delivery was accompanied by a deed or otherwise, would be of little or no consequence. Such delivery would carry no title, unless the possession was supported by proof of a continued compliance with the law and the local rules and regulations, which alone givés vitality to the title by possession. Possessory titles do not live upon possession alone. They must be supported by proof of a compliance with the law that gives the right to and sustains the possession. The mere naked possession of a mining claim upon the public lands is not sufficient to hold such claim as against a subsequent location, made in pursuance of the law, and kept alive by a compliance therewith. Hence, we say that upon an issue joined as to the forfeiture of the right to the possession of a mining claim, by reason of failure in complying with the rules and regulations of the district as to representation, etc., proof of the actual [557]*557possession, or of the delivery of such possession from the date of the location to the trial of the issue, if unaccompanied by testimony showing that such possession was taken and held under and by virtue of a compliance with the local rules and regulations of the district, is immaterial proof. •
2. The possessory title to a mining claim ought to be conveyed by deed. Such a title is real estate. It is a grant by the government to the locator of an interest in the public domain. Robertson v. Smith, 1 Mont. 414. A location as provided by law, and possession in compliance with the local rules and customs, gives to the locator such an interest in the ground located as that the government has no interest or estate therein that can be granted or conveyed to any other person, and in such a case the government holds the naked title in trust for the locator or his assigns.
Having heretofore held (Robertson v. Smith, supra) that the locator takes as by grant from the government, it necessarily follows that the thing granted is real estaté. Personal property is not conveyed by grant. The term “grant” is only applicable to transfers of real property. 2 Washburn on Real Property, 517. If, then, the possessory interest of the defendants was an interest in real estate, it should have been conveyed by deed. Our statute provides (sec. 160, p. 435, R. S.) that no estate or interest in lands other than for leases for a term not exceeding one year shall be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared, unless by act or operation of law, or by deed or conveyance in writing, subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring the same. And section 211, id., declares that “the term real estate, as used in this article, shall be construed as co-extensive in meaning with lands, tenements, hereditaments and possessory titles to the public lands in this territory.”
Thus, by the very terms of the statute, the possessory [558]*558title of the defendants’ predecessors was real estate, and should have been conveyed by deed. The California de- ■ cisions referred to do not throw much light on this subject.
The case of Table Mt. Tunnel Co. v. Stranahan, 20 Cal. 198, holds that “rights resting upon possession only, and not amounting to an■ interest in- the land, are not within the statute of frauds, and no conveyance other than by a transfer of possession is necessary to pass-them.” Of course, rights resting upon naked possession only could not be considered real estate. A mere trespasser might possess such rights. But it is a very different thing where possession is held by virtue of a location and representation, in pursuance of the local rules and regulations of a mining district. In such a case the possession is supported by a grant from the government, and the possessory title thereby acquired and held is, by the terms of our statute, declared to be real estate. The effect of this decision is that rights resting in possession, which do not amount to an interest in the land, are not' within the statute of frauds. And, thus stated, the doctrine is always correct.
In the case of Hardenbergh v. Bacon, 33 Cal. 381, the following language is used: “In this state it has frequently been held that the title to a mining claim would pass by a verbal sale, accompanied by an actual transfer of the possession. Table Mt. Tunnel Co. v. Stranahan, 20 Cal. 198; Gatewood v. McLaughlin, 23 Cal. 178; Patterson v. Keystone Co. id. 576.
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Wade, 0. J.
This action grows out of a conflict between a placer location under the act of congress of July 26, 1866, and a quartz lode location under the act of May 10, 1812, and the plaintiffs bring the action under the statute to have determined the right to the possession of the ground in dispute. The defendants claimed title and the right of possession under a placer location, and on the trial offered to prove that the ground in question was located and recorded as a placer mining claim in the year 1866 in pursuance of the law and the local rules and regulations of the Summit Yalley Mining District; that the parties who made the location immediately entered into the actual possession, and thereafter sold the ground to other parties and delivered the actual possession thereof to them; that such other parties, while in the actual possession, sold and delivered the same to defendants, who at once entered into the actual possession, and held such possession down to the date of the com-' mencement of this action, but that none of said sales and transfers were by deed.
This testimony was excluded and error assigned.
1. Under this issue the question of actual possession was not very material. The inquiry being as to which of these parties had the right to possession, the presumption of ownership which accompanies possession did not arise. Possession by defendants was admitted, and issue was joined as to their right. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants had forfeited their right to the possession by a failure to comply with the rules and regulations of the mining district in relation thereto, and that was the question to be tried. The defendants did not offer to [556]*556prove, and ifc did not appear, that they or their predecessors in interest held possession of the claim by virtue of a compliance with the local rules and regulations of the district in which the same was situated. Possession must be so held in order to carry with it a possessory title. Possession within a mining district, to be protected, or to give vitality to a title, must be in pursuance of the law and the local rules and regulations. Possession, in order to be available, must be properly supported. It must stand upon the law and be the result of a compliance therewith. Representation of a claim in the manner provided by the law, and the local rules and regulations of the mining district, is the life of the possessory title to such claim. Possession, without a location, carries no title. Possession under a location that has become dead by reason of non-representation, or a failure to comply with the local rules and customs, is equivalent to possession with no location at all. Therefore proof of the mere delivery of possession of a placer claim from one to another, from the date of location to the date of the adverse claim, whether such delivery was accompanied by a deed or otherwise, would be of little or no consequence. Such delivery would carry no title, unless the possession was supported by proof of a continued compliance with the law and the local rules and regulations, which alone givés vitality to the title by possession. Possessory titles do not live upon possession alone. They must be supported by proof of a compliance with the law that gives the right to and sustains the possession. The mere naked possession of a mining claim upon the public lands is not sufficient to hold such claim as against a subsequent location, made in pursuance of the law, and kept alive by a compliance therewith. Hence, we say that upon an issue joined as to the forfeiture of the right to the possession of a mining claim, by reason of failure in complying with the rules and regulations of the district as to representation, etc., proof of the actual [557]*557possession, or of the delivery of such possession from the date of the location to the trial of the issue, if unaccompanied by testimony showing that such possession was taken and held under and by virtue of a compliance with the local rules and regulations of the district, is immaterial proof. •
2. The possessory title to a mining claim ought to be conveyed by deed. Such a title is real estate. It is a grant by the government to the locator of an interest in the public domain. Robertson v. Smith, 1 Mont. 414. A location as provided by law, and possession in compliance with the local rules and customs, gives to the locator such an interest in the ground located as that the government has no interest or estate therein that can be granted or conveyed to any other person, and in such a case the government holds the naked title in trust for the locator or his assigns.
Having heretofore held (Robertson v. Smith, supra) that the locator takes as by grant from the government, it necessarily follows that the thing granted is real estaté. Personal property is not conveyed by grant. The term “grant” is only applicable to transfers of real property. 2 Washburn on Real Property, 517. If, then, the possessory interest of the defendants was an interest in real estate, it should have been conveyed by deed. Our statute provides (sec. 160, p. 435, R. S.) that no estate or interest in lands other than for leases for a term not exceeding one year shall be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared, unless by act or operation of law, or by deed or conveyance in writing, subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring the same. And section 211, id., declares that “the term real estate, as used in this article, shall be construed as co-extensive in meaning with lands, tenements, hereditaments and possessory titles to the public lands in this territory.”
Thus, by the very terms of the statute, the possessory [558]*558title of the defendants’ predecessors was real estate, and should have been conveyed by deed. The California de- ■ cisions referred to do not throw much light on this subject.
The case of Table Mt. Tunnel Co. v. Stranahan, 20 Cal. 198, holds that “rights resting upon possession only, and not amounting to an■ interest in- the land, are not within the statute of frauds, and no conveyance other than by a transfer of possession is necessary to pass-them.” Of course, rights resting upon naked possession only could not be considered real estate. A mere trespasser might possess such rights. But it is a very different thing where possession is held by virtue of a location and representation, in pursuance of the local rules and regulations of a mining district. In such a case the possession is supported by a grant from the government, and the possessory title thereby acquired and held is, by the terms of our statute, declared to be real estate. The effect of this decision is that rights resting in possession, which do not amount to an interest in the land, are not' within the statute of frauds. And, thus stated, the doctrine is always correct.
In the case of Hardenbergh v. Bacon, 33 Cal. 381, the following language is used: “In this state it has frequently been held that the title to a mining claim would pass by a verbal sale, accompanied by an actual transfer of the possession. Table Mt. Tunnel Co. v. Stranahan, 20 Cal. 198; Gatewood v. McLaughlin, 23 Cal. 178; Patterson v. Keystone Co. id. 576. ” It is i mpossible to reconcile those cases with the statute of frauds, 'except upon the ground' taken in the leading case, that “rights resting upon possession only, and not amounting to an interest in the land, are not within the statute of frauds, and no conveyance other than a transfer of possession is necessary to pass them.” The doctrine off those cases, however, has no bearing when the interest held in the mining ground is considered as real estate. The declaration in Mining [559]*559Co. v. Taylor, 100 U. S. 42, that a written conveyance is not necessary to the transfer of a mining claim, is based upon the case of The Table Mt. Tunnel Co. v. Stranahan, supra, which case seems to have been overruled by the later case of Hardenbergh v. Bacon, supra, in the same state.
3. The original locators of the quartz lode claim described in the complaint conveyed the same to Olive H. Hopkins, the wife of Robert P. Hopkins, the plaintiff, and it is contended by the defendants that when real estate is conveyed to a wife, in the absence of words in the conveyance limiting the same to her sole and separate use, the property so conveyed, by operation of law, at once becomes the property of the husband, and therefore that the husband alone could bring this action. We know of no authority in the books to support the proposition. In the absence of any statutory provision regulating such conveyances, a conveyance of real property to a wife, containing no words limiting the conveyance to her sole and separate use, vests the property in her, and her husband is only entitled to the rents and profits thereof. 1 Wash. Real Prop. 312. These are among his marital rights, and if the wife forfeited the estate, his rights and interests therein would be defeated. If the intention is to cut off the marital rights of the husband, this intention must be so declared in the deed, by conveying the property to the sole and separate use of the wife. The intention must be clear in order to secure such separate use to the wife and to exclude the marital rights of the husband. 1 Washburn, Real Prop. 313-14, and authorities there cited. The marital rights of the husband do not swallow up or destroy the title of the wife, but are limited to the rents and profits, and these rights may be cut off and defeated by apt words in the conveyance declaring such intention.
4. The claim of plaintiff was located by Hale, La Blue and Forrest. Hale conveyed his undivided third interest [560]*560directly to Olive H. Hopkins, and La Blue and Forrest, conveyed to her by attorney. The two last deeds are defectively executed, but there is no objection to the deed from Hale. So that Mrs. Hopkins either became the owner of the entire property, or the owner of one undivided third interest therein, and a tenant in common with La Blue and Forrest, in either of which events she and her husband could maintain this action. One of the incidents of tenancy in common is that each of the co-tenants is entitled to the exclusive possession of the entire property as against the whole world except his co-tenants. Therefore a co-tenant, in prosecuting or defending actions concerning the common property, may treat the same as his own as against every one except his co-tenant. ■ Trent v. Reiley, 35 Cal. 129; Williams v. Sutton, 43 Cal. 65.
Judgment is affirmed, with costs.
Judgment affirmed.