STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
10-1176
HONEI OTWELL
VERSUS
JODY OTWELL
**********
APPEAL FROM THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF CATAHOULA, NO. 26,020 "B" HONORABLE LEO BOOTHE, DISTRICT JUDGE
SHANNON J. GREMILLION JUDGE
Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, Billy Howard Ezell, and Shannon J. Gremillion, Judges.
REVERSED.
Charles Overton LaCroix LaCroix, Levy & Barnett, LLC P. O. Box 1105 Alexandria, LA 71309-1105 (318) 443-7615 Counsel for Defendant/Appellant: Jody Otwell
Brandy McClure Smith, Taliaferro & Purvis P. O. Box 298 Jonesville, LA 71343 (318) 339-8526 Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellee: Honei Otwell GREMILLION, Judge.
The defendant/appellant, Jody Paul Otwell, appeals the judgment in
favor of the plaintiff/appellee, Honei Brown Otwell, modifying a Georgia-issued
child custody and support order. For the following reasons, we reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Jody and Honei are the parents of two children, Savannah born in 1998,
and Marleigh born in 2007. Jody and Honei entered into a Settlement Agreement in
April 2009 and were divorced in May 2009 pursuant to a Final Judgment and Decree
filed in the Superior Court of Henry Country, State of Georgia. The Final Judgment
and Decree approved the agreement of the parties filed in April 2009. Honei and
Jody were ordered to strictly comply with its terms.
In March 2010, Honei filed a Motion to Modify Visitation and Child
Support in the Seventh Judicial District Court in Catahoula Parish urging that venue
was proper in Catahoula because the children had resided there for a more than a year.
She claimed that circumstances had materially changed warranting a change in
visitation and child support. Jody filed an Exception of Lack of Subject Matter
Jurisdiction urging that the Georgia judgment could not be modified for lack of
jurisdiction pursuant to La.R.S. 13:1815 and La.Ch.Code arts. 1306.11 and 1306.13.
Following a hearing in June 2010, the trial court found Jody’s Exception untimely
and, therefore, waived. However, in its July 2010 “Order” it found that ruling
incorrect and determined the exception was timely filed and the merits were to be
considered and ruled on. The July judgment in the record before us does not mention
the Exception of Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, but instead substantially
modified the existing Georgia decree pertaining to visitation and support. Jody now
1 appeals and assigns as error the trial court’s denial of his Exception of Lack of
Subject Matter Jurisdiction relating to child support and child custody.
DISCUSSION
Modification of the Georgia Custody Decree
A most basic tenet of our law is a court’s power to hear an action before
it. “Jurisdiction is the legal power and authority of a court to hear and determine an
action or proceeding involving the legal relations of the parties, and to grant the relief
to which they are entitled.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 1. Subject matter jurisdiction is “the
legal power and authority of a court to hear and determine a particular class of actions
or proceedings, based upon the object of the demand, the amount in dispute, or the
value of the right asserted.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 2. “The jurisdiction of a court over
the subject matter of an action or proceeding cannot be conferred by consent of the
parties. A judgment rendered by a court which has no jurisdiction over the subject
matter of the action or proceeding is void.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 3. The issue of
whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at any time and by the
court on its own motion. Boudreaux v. State, Dept. of Transp. and Development, 01-
1329 (La.2/26/02), 815 So.2d 7. Furthermore, the court has the duty to examine
subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte, even if the litigants have not raised the issue.
Id. Whether a district court has subject matter jurisdiction over a case is subject to
a de novo review. Hartman v. Lambert, 08-1055 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/04/09), 7 So.3d
758.
The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, found
in La.R.S. 13:1801 et seq., effective August 2007, pertains to this litigation.
Particularly applicable to these circumstances is La.R.S. 13:1815 which applies to the
2 jurisdiction of a Louisiana court to modify the determination of another court
(emphasis added):
Except as otherwise provided in R.S. 13:1816, a court of this state may not modify a child custody determination made by a court of another state unless a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial determination under R.S. 13:1813(A)(1) or (2) and:
(1) The court of the other state determines it no longer has exclusive, continuing jurisdiction under R.S. 13:1814 or that a court of this state would be a more convenient forum under R.S. 13:1819; or
(2) A court of this state or a court of the other state determines that the child, the child’s parents, and any person acting as a parent do not presently reside in the other state.
Louisiana Revised Statute 13:1813 pertains to an initial determination of child
custody and states:
A. Except as otherwise provided in R.S. 13:1816, a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if:
(1) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state, or had been the child’s home state within twelve months before commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from the state because he was required to leave or was evacuated due to an emergency or disaster declared under the provisions of R.S. 29:721 et seq., or declared by federal authority, and for an unforeseen reason resulting from the effects of such emergency or disaster was unable to return to this state for an extended period of time.
(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under R.S. 13:1819 or 1820; and
(a) The child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least one parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than mere physical presence.
(b) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships.
3 (3) All courts having jurisdiction have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under La.R.S. 13:1819 or 1820; or
(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria specified in Paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this Subsection.
B. Subsection A of this Section is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for making a child custody determination by a court of this state.
C. Physical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party or a child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody determination.
Under the express terms of this statute, a Louisiana court does not have
subject matter jurisdiction over a custody issue if another state has rendered a child
custody determination. Honei argues that because Louisiana is the “home state” of
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STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
10-1176
HONEI OTWELL
VERSUS
JODY OTWELL
**********
APPEAL FROM THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF CATAHOULA, NO. 26,020 "B" HONORABLE LEO BOOTHE, DISTRICT JUDGE
SHANNON J. GREMILLION JUDGE
Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, Billy Howard Ezell, and Shannon J. Gremillion, Judges.
REVERSED.
Charles Overton LaCroix LaCroix, Levy & Barnett, LLC P. O. Box 1105 Alexandria, LA 71309-1105 (318) 443-7615 Counsel for Defendant/Appellant: Jody Otwell
Brandy McClure Smith, Taliaferro & Purvis P. O. Box 298 Jonesville, LA 71343 (318) 339-8526 Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellee: Honei Otwell GREMILLION, Judge.
The defendant/appellant, Jody Paul Otwell, appeals the judgment in
favor of the plaintiff/appellee, Honei Brown Otwell, modifying a Georgia-issued
child custody and support order. For the following reasons, we reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Jody and Honei are the parents of two children, Savannah born in 1998,
and Marleigh born in 2007. Jody and Honei entered into a Settlement Agreement in
April 2009 and were divorced in May 2009 pursuant to a Final Judgment and Decree
filed in the Superior Court of Henry Country, State of Georgia. The Final Judgment
and Decree approved the agreement of the parties filed in April 2009. Honei and
Jody were ordered to strictly comply with its terms.
In March 2010, Honei filed a Motion to Modify Visitation and Child
Support in the Seventh Judicial District Court in Catahoula Parish urging that venue
was proper in Catahoula because the children had resided there for a more than a year.
She claimed that circumstances had materially changed warranting a change in
visitation and child support. Jody filed an Exception of Lack of Subject Matter
Jurisdiction urging that the Georgia judgment could not be modified for lack of
jurisdiction pursuant to La.R.S. 13:1815 and La.Ch.Code arts. 1306.11 and 1306.13.
Following a hearing in June 2010, the trial court found Jody’s Exception untimely
and, therefore, waived. However, in its July 2010 “Order” it found that ruling
incorrect and determined the exception was timely filed and the merits were to be
considered and ruled on. The July judgment in the record before us does not mention
the Exception of Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, but instead substantially
modified the existing Georgia decree pertaining to visitation and support. Jody now
1 appeals and assigns as error the trial court’s denial of his Exception of Lack of
Subject Matter Jurisdiction relating to child support and child custody.
DISCUSSION
Modification of the Georgia Custody Decree
A most basic tenet of our law is a court’s power to hear an action before
it. “Jurisdiction is the legal power and authority of a court to hear and determine an
action or proceeding involving the legal relations of the parties, and to grant the relief
to which they are entitled.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 1. Subject matter jurisdiction is “the
legal power and authority of a court to hear and determine a particular class of actions
or proceedings, based upon the object of the demand, the amount in dispute, or the
value of the right asserted.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 2. “The jurisdiction of a court over
the subject matter of an action or proceeding cannot be conferred by consent of the
parties. A judgment rendered by a court which has no jurisdiction over the subject
matter of the action or proceeding is void.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 3. The issue of
whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at any time and by the
court on its own motion. Boudreaux v. State, Dept. of Transp. and Development, 01-
1329 (La.2/26/02), 815 So.2d 7. Furthermore, the court has the duty to examine
subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte, even if the litigants have not raised the issue.
Id. Whether a district court has subject matter jurisdiction over a case is subject to
a de novo review. Hartman v. Lambert, 08-1055 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/04/09), 7 So.3d
758.
The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, found
in La.R.S. 13:1801 et seq., effective August 2007, pertains to this litigation.
Particularly applicable to these circumstances is La.R.S. 13:1815 which applies to the
2 jurisdiction of a Louisiana court to modify the determination of another court
(emphasis added):
Except as otherwise provided in R.S. 13:1816, a court of this state may not modify a child custody determination made by a court of another state unless a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial determination under R.S. 13:1813(A)(1) or (2) and:
(1) The court of the other state determines it no longer has exclusive, continuing jurisdiction under R.S. 13:1814 or that a court of this state would be a more convenient forum under R.S. 13:1819; or
(2) A court of this state or a court of the other state determines that the child, the child’s parents, and any person acting as a parent do not presently reside in the other state.
Louisiana Revised Statute 13:1813 pertains to an initial determination of child
custody and states:
A. Except as otherwise provided in R.S. 13:1816, a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if:
(1) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state, or had been the child’s home state within twelve months before commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from the state because he was required to leave or was evacuated due to an emergency or disaster declared under the provisions of R.S. 29:721 et seq., or declared by federal authority, and for an unforeseen reason resulting from the effects of such emergency or disaster was unable to return to this state for an extended period of time.
(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under R.S. 13:1819 or 1820; and
(a) The child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least one parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than mere physical presence.
(b) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships.
3 (3) All courts having jurisdiction have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under La.R.S. 13:1819 or 1820; or
(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria specified in Paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this Subsection.
B. Subsection A of this Section is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for making a child custody determination by a court of this state.
C. Physical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party or a child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody determination.
Under the express terms of this statute, a Louisiana court does not have
subject matter jurisdiction over a custody issue if another state has rendered a child
custody determination. Honei argues that because Louisiana is the “home state” of
the children, a Louisiana court had subject matter jurisdiction to modify the order.
This argument fails. When a custody determination has been issued by another state,
a Louisiana court does not have jurisdiction unless the other state has determined that
it no longer has jurisdiction or that the Louisiana court would be a more convenient
forum. La.R.S. 13:1815 (1). See Hughes v. Fabio, 07-1008 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/25/08),
983 So.2d 946. Honei fails to distinguish that it is the court of the state that has
already issued a child custody order that must determine if the other forum is more
convenient. There is simply no indication in the record that a Georgia court has
determined that it no longer has jurisdiction or that Louisiana would be a more
convenient forum. Accordingly, the trial court erred in exercising subject matter
jurisdiction over the child custody issues and that portion of the judgment is void.
Modification of the Georgia Support Award
The Uniform Interstate Family Support Act found in the La.Ch.Code
arts. 1301.1 et seq. was enacted to unify the law among the states enacting the
provisions. La.Ch.Code art. 1301.2. It has been adopted by every state in the United
4 States. Louisiana Children’s Code article 1306.11 provides for the modification of
the child support order of another state:
A. After a child support order issued in another state has been registered in this state, the responding tribunal of this state may modify that order only if Article 1306.13 (Jurisdiction to modify child support order of another state when individual parties reside in this state) does not apply and, after notice and hearing, it finds that either:
(1) All of the following requirements are met:
(a) The child, the individual obligee, and the obligor do not reside in the issuing state.
(b) A petitioner who is a nonresident of this state seeks modification.
(c) The respondent is subject to the personal jurisdiction of the tribunal of this state.
(2) The child or a party who is an individual is subject to the personal jurisdiction of the tribunal of this state and all of the parties who are individuals have filed a written consent in the issuing tribunal for a tribunal of this state to modify the support order and assume continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over the order. However, if the issuing state is a foreign jurisdiction that has not enacted a law or established procedures substantially similar to the procedures under this Chapter, the consent otherwise required of an individual residing in this state is not required for the tribunal to assume jurisdiction to modify the child support order.
B. Modification of a registered child support order is subject to the same requirements, procedures, and defenses that apply to the modification of an order issued by a tribunal of this state and the order may be enforced and satisfied in the same manner.
C. A tribunal of this state may not modify any aspect of a child support order that may not be modified under the law of the issuing sate. If two or more tribunals have issued child support orders for the same obligor and child, the order that controls and must be so recognized under the provisions of Article 1302.7 (Recognition of controlling child support order) establishes the aspects of the support order that are nonmodifiable.
D. On issuance of an order modifying a child support order issued in another state, a tribunal of this state becomes the tribunal having continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.
Louisiana Children’s Code article 1306.13 provides:
5 A. If all of the parties who are individuals reside in this state and the child does not reside in the issuing state, a tribunal of this state has jurisdiction to enforce and to modify the issuing state’s child support order in a proceeding to register that order.
B. A tribunal of this state exercising jurisdiction as provided in this Article shall apply the provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of this Chapter, this Article, and the procedural and substantive laws of this state to the proceeding for enforcement or modification. Sections 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of this Chapter do not apply.
Honei argues that pursuant to La.Ch.Code art. 1302.1(2), the trial court
“properly exercised personal jurisdiction for modification of the child support order.”
This argument fails to distinguish between personal and subject matter jurisdiction.
Jody continues to live in the state that issued the support order—Georgia. Again,
according to the clear and express terms of the statutes, a Louisiana court has no
subject matter jurisdiction to modify the child support award. Georgia continues to
have exclusive jurisdiction over this matter. See La.Ch.Code art. 1302.5.
Furthermore, Honei’s argument that Jody made a general appearance
and, thereby, waived “personal jurisdiction” is flawed in two respects. First, Jody’s
attorney’s response to this suit is not a general appearance, and secondly, the issue
is whether the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction, not personal jurisdiction.
Assuming the trial court did have personal jurisdiction over Jody, it still does not
have subject matter jurisdiction over the support issue. Accordingly, the trial court’s
erroneous modification of the child support order is void and the Geogia support
order is reinstated.
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court modifying both the custody award and
the support award is void for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Final Judgment
and Decree rendered in May 2009, adopting the Settlement Agreement of April 2009
6 entered into by the parties, by the Superior Court of Henry County is hereby
reinstated. All costs of this appeal are assessed against the plaintiff/appellee, Honei
Brown Otwell.