USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 1 of 7
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 24-1605
HOMERO TREJO-JUAREZ,
Petitioner,
v.
PAMELA JO BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Submitted: March 6, 2025 Decided: June 3, 2025
Before BENJAMIN, BERNER, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.
Petition for review denied by unpublished opinion. Judge Berner wrote the opinion, in which Judge Benjamin and Senior Judge Floyd joined.
ON BRIEF: Vincent Rivas-Flores, KONARE LAW, Frederick, Maryland, for Petitioner. Brian Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jennifer Levings, Assistant Director, Allison Frayer, Senior Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 2 of 7
BERNER, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner Homero Trejo-Juarez is a Mexican citizen who has resided in the United
States since he entered the country unlawfully in 2006. He has two United States citizen
sons, one of whom has a history of mental health challenges. In 2017, Trejo-Juarez was
arrested for driving under the influence. Several days after his arrest, he was placed in the
custody of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, served with a notice to appear, and
charged with being present in the United States without being admitted or paroled.
Trejo-Juarez applied for cancellation of removal, alleging that his children would
suffer exceptional and extremely unusual hardship if he were removed from the United
States. Following a hearing, an immigration judge denied Trejo-Juarez’s application for
cancellation of removal and the Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed. Trejo-Juarez
petitions for review of that order. We deny his petition.
I. Background
Trejo-Juarez contends that the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) erred in
affirming the decision of the immigration judge (IJ) for two reasons. He argues that the IJ
failed to properly consider all evidence in the record. He also argues that the IJ erred in
finding that he failed to satisfy the statutory requirements for cancellation of removal.
To establish statutory eligibility for discretionary cancellation of removal, a
petitioner must (1) have been continually present in the United States for at least ten years;
(2) have demonstrated good moral character during that time; (3) have not committed a
disqualifying offense; and (4) show that their removal will cause “exceptional and
2 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 3 of 7
extremely unusual hardship” to a qualifying family member who is a United States citizen
or lawful permanent resident. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). The IJ concluded that Trejo-Juarez
met two of these four statutory requirements. He had been continually present for at least
ten years and had not committed a disqualifying offense. The IJ also found, however, that
Trejo-Juarez did not demonstrate good moral character and failed to show that his children
would suffer exceptional and extremely unusual hardship if he were removed.
On appeal, the BIA adopted the reasoning of the IJ and affirmed the denial of
Trejo-Juarez’s application for cancellation of removal on the basis that Trejo-Juarez failed
to demonstrate the statutorily required hardship. Because that issue was dispositive of
Trejo-Juarez’s application for cancellation of removal, the BIA declined to reach the other
issues raised by Trejo-Juarez on appeal.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
Our jurisdiction over decisions of the BIA is limited. See
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). Although we may not review an IJ’s factual findings, we may
review questions of law arising from decisions denying discretionary relief. Wilkinson v.
Garland, 601 U.S. 209, 225 (2024); Cortes v. Garland, 105 F.4th 124, 132 (4th Cir. 2024).
This jurisdiction extends to mixed questions of law and fact, including whether “settled
facts meet the legal standard.” Cortes, 105 F.4th at 132. We may review a final order of
removal if the noncitizen has exhausted all available administrative remedies and the
3 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 4 of 7
validity of that order has not been decided by prior judicial proceedings.
8 U.S.C. § 1252(d). 1
When the BIA affirms and adopts the IJ’s decision, this court reviews the decisions
of both the IJ and the BIA. Cabrera v. Garland, 21 F.4th 878, 883 (4th Cir. 2022). The
question of whether the statutory hardship requirement has been met by the facts as
determined by the IJ is a mixed question of law and fact. See Cortes, 105 F.4th at 131. We
review the IJ and BIA’s rulings on this issue with deference. Id. at 133–34. 2 We need not
determine precisely what level of deference is due because, under any standard, we find
that Trejo-Juarez failed to demonstrate exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.
III. Analysis
Trejo-Juarez first contends that the IJ failed to consider significant evidence. “[I]n
reviewing agency decisions in immigration matters, it is ‘our responsibility to ensure that
unrebutted, legally significant evidence is not arbitrarily ignored by the factfinder.’” Tassi
1 Because we are barred from reviewing matters that were not administratively exhausted, we will not review arguments Trejo-Juarez failed to raise before the BIA. See Tepas v. Garland, 73 F.4th 208, 213–14 (4th Cir. 2023). 2 Trejo-Juarez submitted a letter pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) directing our attention to Moctezuma-Reyes v. Garland, a recent decision by the Sixth Circuit. 124 F.4th 416 (6th Cir. 2024). He argues that in that case the court reviewed de novo the hardship determination and analyzed the facts cumulatively. To the contrary, the Sixth Circuit agreed that the hardship determination was a mixed question of law and fact requiring deferential review. Id. at 423. To the extent the letter can be read to suggest the BIA erred in not considering the facts cumulatively, we decline to reach that argument. See Alvarez v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 288, 295 n.7 (4th Cir. 2016) (explaining how the court declines to reach arguments raised for the first time in a 28(j) letter). 4 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 5 of 7
v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710, 719 (4th Cir. 2011) (quoting Baharon v. Holder, 588 F.3d 228,
233 (4th Cir. 2009)). Trejo-Juarez contends the IJ failed to adequately consider two
categories of evidence: (1) evidence in the record regarding his son’s mental health
challenges; and, (2) his partner’s testimony about the lack of mental health services
available in Mexico. Trejo-Juarez is mistaken.
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USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 1 of 7
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 24-1605
HOMERO TREJO-JUAREZ,
Petitioner,
v.
PAMELA JO BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Submitted: March 6, 2025 Decided: June 3, 2025
Before BENJAMIN, BERNER, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.
Petition for review denied by unpublished opinion. Judge Berner wrote the opinion, in which Judge Benjamin and Senior Judge Floyd joined.
ON BRIEF: Vincent Rivas-Flores, KONARE LAW, Frederick, Maryland, for Petitioner. Brian Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jennifer Levings, Assistant Director, Allison Frayer, Senior Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 2 of 7
BERNER, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner Homero Trejo-Juarez is a Mexican citizen who has resided in the United
States since he entered the country unlawfully in 2006. He has two United States citizen
sons, one of whom has a history of mental health challenges. In 2017, Trejo-Juarez was
arrested for driving under the influence. Several days after his arrest, he was placed in the
custody of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, served with a notice to appear, and
charged with being present in the United States without being admitted or paroled.
Trejo-Juarez applied for cancellation of removal, alleging that his children would
suffer exceptional and extremely unusual hardship if he were removed from the United
States. Following a hearing, an immigration judge denied Trejo-Juarez’s application for
cancellation of removal and the Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed. Trejo-Juarez
petitions for review of that order. We deny his petition.
I. Background
Trejo-Juarez contends that the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) erred in
affirming the decision of the immigration judge (IJ) for two reasons. He argues that the IJ
failed to properly consider all evidence in the record. He also argues that the IJ erred in
finding that he failed to satisfy the statutory requirements for cancellation of removal.
To establish statutory eligibility for discretionary cancellation of removal, a
petitioner must (1) have been continually present in the United States for at least ten years;
(2) have demonstrated good moral character during that time; (3) have not committed a
disqualifying offense; and (4) show that their removal will cause “exceptional and
2 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 3 of 7
extremely unusual hardship” to a qualifying family member who is a United States citizen
or lawful permanent resident. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). The IJ concluded that Trejo-Juarez
met two of these four statutory requirements. He had been continually present for at least
ten years and had not committed a disqualifying offense. The IJ also found, however, that
Trejo-Juarez did not demonstrate good moral character and failed to show that his children
would suffer exceptional and extremely unusual hardship if he were removed.
On appeal, the BIA adopted the reasoning of the IJ and affirmed the denial of
Trejo-Juarez’s application for cancellation of removal on the basis that Trejo-Juarez failed
to demonstrate the statutorily required hardship. Because that issue was dispositive of
Trejo-Juarez’s application for cancellation of removal, the BIA declined to reach the other
issues raised by Trejo-Juarez on appeal.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
Our jurisdiction over decisions of the BIA is limited. See
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). Although we may not review an IJ’s factual findings, we may
review questions of law arising from decisions denying discretionary relief. Wilkinson v.
Garland, 601 U.S. 209, 225 (2024); Cortes v. Garland, 105 F.4th 124, 132 (4th Cir. 2024).
This jurisdiction extends to mixed questions of law and fact, including whether “settled
facts meet the legal standard.” Cortes, 105 F.4th at 132. We may review a final order of
removal if the noncitizen has exhausted all available administrative remedies and the
3 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 4 of 7
validity of that order has not been decided by prior judicial proceedings.
8 U.S.C. § 1252(d). 1
When the BIA affirms and adopts the IJ’s decision, this court reviews the decisions
of both the IJ and the BIA. Cabrera v. Garland, 21 F.4th 878, 883 (4th Cir. 2022). The
question of whether the statutory hardship requirement has been met by the facts as
determined by the IJ is a mixed question of law and fact. See Cortes, 105 F.4th at 131. We
review the IJ and BIA’s rulings on this issue with deference. Id. at 133–34. 2 We need not
determine precisely what level of deference is due because, under any standard, we find
that Trejo-Juarez failed to demonstrate exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.
III. Analysis
Trejo-Juarez first contends that the IJ failed to consider significant evidence. “[I]n
reviewing agency decisions in immigration matters, it is ‘our responsibility to ensure that
unrebutted, legally significant evidence is not arbitrarily ignored by the factfinder.’” Tassi
1 Because we are barred from reviewing matters that were not administratively exhausted, we will not review arguments Trejo-Juarez failed to raise before the BIA. See Tepas v. Garland, 73 F.4th 208, 213–14 (4th Cir. 2023). 2 Trejo-Juarez submitted a letter pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) directing our attention to Moctezuma-Reyes v. Garland, a recent decision by the Sixth Circuit. 124 F.4th 416 (6th Cir. 2024). He argues that in that case the court reviewed de novo the hardship determination and analyzed the facts cumulatively. To the contrary, the Sixth Circuit agreed that the hardship determination was a mixed question of law and fact requiring deferential review. Id. at 423. To the extent the letter can be read to suggest the BIA erred in not considering the facts cumulatively, we decline to reach that argument. See Alvarez v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 288, 295 n.7 (4th Cir. 2016) (explaining how the court declines to reach arguments raised for the first time in a 28(j) letter). 4 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1605 Doc: 38 Filed: 06/03/2025 Pg: 5 of 7
v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710, 719 (4th Cir. 2011) (quoting Baharon v. Holder, 588 F.3d 228,
233 (4th Cir. 2009)). Trejo-Juarez contends the IJ failed to adequately consider two
categories of evidence: (1) evidence in the record regarding his son’s mental health
challenges; and, (2) his partner’s testimony about the lack of mental health services
available in Mexico. Trejo-Juarez is mistaken. The IJ evaluated and discussed both
categories of evidence. Trejo-Juarez’s true objection appears not to be that the IJ arbitrarily
ignored this evidence altogether but rather that the IJ did not afford it the proper weight.
Because we may not reweigh the evidence or disturb the facts found by the IJ, we reject
this argument. See Cortes, 105 F.4th at 131.
Trejo-Juarez also contends that the BIA and IJ erred in concluding that he failed to
demonstrate that his minor children would suffer exceptional and extremely unusual
hardship as a result of his removal. Trejo-Juarez claims that his eldest son would suffer
emotional and psychological harm and that both of his children would suffer exceptional
and extremely unusual hardship because of decreased financial and educational
opportunities in Mexico. Hardship resulting from statutory removal shall only be deemed
exceptional and extremely unusual if it substantially exceeds “the ordinary hardship that
would be expected when a close family member is removed.” Id. at 134 (quoting Gonzalez
Galvan v. Garland, 6 F.4th 552, 561 (4th Cir. 2021)).
After carefully considering the evidence presented by Trejo-Juarez regarding the
mental health challenges faced by his eldest son, the IJ concluded the evidence did not
support a finding that those challenges would be substantially exacerbated if Trejo-Juarez
were removed. Although separation from his father could lead to further hardship, the
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evidence before the IJ supported a finding that Trejo-Juarez planned for his children to
relocate with him upon removal. Thus, Trejo-Juarez’s eldest son would not likely be
separated from his father and separation was not a necessary consequence of denial of
relief. Because the evidence presented supported a finding that Trejo-Juarez’s family
would remain together, the IJ concluded that the evidence presented by Trejo-Juarez
regarding the effects of his removal on his eldest son’s mental health was not relevant. The
IJ thus denied Trejo-Juarez’s petition, finding that he failed to meet his burden to show that
his eldest child would suffer exceptional and extremely unusual hardship. The BIA
affirmed this ruling and we agree.
Trejo-Juarez further contends that the IJ erred in concluding that his removal would
not cause his children to be deprived of economic stability and educational opportunities
sufficient to constitute exceptional and extremely unusual hardship. The children’s
education might well be impacted if they were to relocate to Mexico with their father.
Reduced educational opportunities are “not rare but expected,” however. Moctezuma-
Reyes, 124 F.4th at 422. This evidence, with nothing more, will not support a finding of
exceptional and extremely unusual hardship. The IJ found significant that Trejo-Juarez was
likely to find work to support his family in Mexico. The IJ further noted that Trejo-Juarez’s
children speak Spanish, that the family could reside with relatives in Mexico, and that no
evidence had been presented to support a finding of fear for the children’s wellbeing in
Mexico. Granting appropriate deference to the factual findings of the IJ, we find no error.
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IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the petition to review the order of the BIA is denied.
DENIED