2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 3 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 4 * * * 5 David Holmes, Case No. 2:24-cv-01525-APG-DJA 6 Plaintiff, 7 Order v. 8 State of Nevada, 9 Defendant. 10 11 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 Plaintiff is proceeding in this action pro se and has requested 12 authority to proceed in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff also submitted a complaint. (ECF 13 No. 1-1). Because the Court finds that Plaintiff’s application is complete, it grants the application 14 to proceed in forma pauperis. However, because the Court finds that Plaintiff’s complaint does 15 not properly assert sufficient facts, it dismisses the complaint with leave to amend. 16 I. In forma pauperis application. 17 Plaintiff filed the affidavit required by § 1915(a). (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff has shown an 18 inability to prepay fees and costs or give security for them. Accordingly, the request to proceed 19 in forma pauperis will be granted under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). The Court will now review 20 Plaintiff’s complaint. 21 II. Legal standard for screening. 22 Upon granting an application to proceed in forma pauperis, courts additionally screen the 23 complaint under § 1915(e). Federal courts are given the authority to dismiss a case if the action is 24 legally “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks 25 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 26 When a court dismisses a complaint under § 1915, the plaintiff should be given leave to amend 27 the complaint with directions as to curing its deficiencies, unless it is clear from the face of the 1 complaint that the deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Cato v. United States, 70 2 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995). 3 Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for dismissal of a 4 complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Review under Rule 5 12(b)(6) is essentially a ruling on a question of law. See Chappel v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 232 F.3d 6 719, 723 (9th Cir. 2000). A properly pled complaint must provide a short and plain statement of 7 the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atlantic Corp. 8 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Although Rule 8 does not require detailed factual 9 allegations, it demands “more than labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the 10 elements of a cause of action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Papasan v. 11 Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). The court must accept as true all well-pled factual allegations 12 contained in the complaint, but the same requirement does not apply to legal conclusions. Iqbal, 13 556 U.S. at 679. Mere recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported only by conclusory 14 allegations, do not suffice. Id. at 678. Where the claims in the complaint have not crossed the 15 line from conceivable to plausible, the complaint should be dismissed. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. 16 Allegations of a pro se complaint are held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings 17 drafted by lawyers. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2010) (finding that liberal 18 construction of pro se pleadings is required after Twombly and Iqbal). 19 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and possess only that power authorized by 20 the Constitution and statute. See Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466, 489 (2004). Under 28 U.S.C. 21 § 1331, federal courts have original jurisdiction over “all civil actions arising under the 22 Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” Cases “arise under” federal law either when 23 federal law creates the cause of action or where the vindication of a right under state law 24 necessarily turns on the construction of federal law. Republican Party of Guam v. Gutierrez, 277 25 F.3d 1086, 1088-89 (9th Cir. 2002). Whether federal-question jurisdiction exists is based on the 26 “well-pleaded complaint rule,” which provides that “federal jurisdiction exists only when a 27 federal question is presented on the face of the plaintiff’s properly pleaded complaint.” 1 district courts have original jurisdiction over civil actions in diversity cases “where the matter in 2 controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000” and where the matter is between “citizens of 3 different states.” Generally speaking, diversity jurisdiction exists only where there is “complete 4 diversity” among the parties; each of the plaintiffs must be a citizen of a different state than each 5 of the defendants. Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 68 (1996). 6 III. Screening the complaint. 7 Plaintiff sues Defendant the State of Nevada, alleging violations of various Constitutional 8 rights and federal civil rights statutes. (ECF No. 1-1 at 1). Plaintiff alleges that, on January 29, 9 2020, North Las Vegas Police Department officers attacked him, leaving him with life threatening 10 injuries. (Id. at 5-7). He asserts that the State of Nevada is responsible for not training the 11 officers, for not ensuring that the Dotty’s Casino outside of which officers assaulted him was safe, 12 and for not investigating the attack. (Id.). However, Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant fail 13 because they do not provide sufficient factual detail and because it appears that they are barred by 14 the statute of limitations.1 15 First, Plaintiff’s allegations primarily describe officers’ actions in assaulting him. But he 16 does not sue those officers in this lawsuit. Otherwise, his allegations against Defendant are 17 conclusory. This is not sufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 18 Second, Plaintiff’s claims appear to be barred by the statute of limitations. Plaintiff’s 19 claims arise under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Crumpton v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 20 1991) (laying out the elements of a § 1983 claim, including that the plaintiff allege a violation of 21 rights protected by the Constitution or created by federal statute by a person acting under color of 22 state law). Plaintiff also invokes 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985 and 1986.2 The statute of limitations for 23
24 1 Plaintiff’s complaint also appears to raise sovereign immunity concerns because “[w]ith respect to federal court cases, the State of Nevada does not waive its sovereign immunity.” Johnson v. 25 Nevada Department of Corrections Medical Department, No. 3:22-cv-00552-MMD-CLB, 2023 WL 7412833, at *3 (D. Nev. Mar. 24, 2023).
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2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 3 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 4 * * * 5 David Holmes, Case No. 2:24-cv-01525-APG-DJA 6 Plaintiff, 7 Order v. 8 State of Nevada, 9 Defendant. 10 11 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 Plaintiff is proceeding in this action pro se and has requested 12 authority to proceed in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff also submitted a complaint. (ECF 13 No. 1-1). Because the Court finds that Plaintiff’s application is complete, it grants the application 14 to proceed in forma pauperis. However, because the Court finds that Plaintiff’s complaint does 15 not properly assert sufficient facts, it dismisses the complaint with leave to amend. 16 I. In forma pauperis application. 17 Plaintiff filed the affidavit required by § 1915(a). (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff has shown an 18 inability to prepay fees and costs or give security for them. Accordingly, the request to proceed 19 in forma pauperis will be granted under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). The Court will now review 20 Plaintiff’s complaint. 21 II. Legal standard for screening. 22 Upon granting an application to proceed in forma pauperis, courts additionally screen the 23 complaint under § 1915(e). Federal courts are given the authority to dismiss a case if the action is 24 legally “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks 25 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 26 When a court dismisses a complaint under § 1915, the plaintiff should be given leave to amend 27 the complaint with directions as to curing its deficiencies, unless it is clear from the face of the 1 complaint that the deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Cato v. United States, 70 2 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995). 3 Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for dismissal of a 4 complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Review under Rule 5 12(b)(6) is essentially a ruling on a question of law. See Chappel v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 232 F.3d 6 719, 723 (9th Cir. 2000). A properly pled complaint must provide a short and plain statement of 7 the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atlantic Corp. 8 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Although Rule 8 does not require detailed factual 9 allegations, it demands “more than labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the 10 elements of a cause of action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Papasan v. 11 Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). The court must accept as true all well-pled factual allegations 12 contained in the complaint, but the same requirement does not apply to legal conclusions. Iqbal, 13 556 U.S. at 679. Mere recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported only by conclusory 14 allegations, do not suffice. Id. at 678. Where the claims in the complaint have not crossed the 15 line from conceivable to plausible, the complaint should be dismissed. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. 16 Allegations of a pro se complaint are held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings 17 drafted by lawyers. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2010) (finding that liberal 18 construction of pro se pleadings is required after Twombly and Iqbal). 19 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and possess only that power authorized by 20 the Constitution and statute. See Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466, 489 (2004). Under 28 U.S.C. 21 § 1331, federal courts have original jurisdiction over “all civil actions arising under the 22 Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” Cases “arise under” federal law either when 23 federal law creates the cause of action or where the vindication of a right under state law 24 necessarily turns on the construction of federal law. Republican Party of Guam v. Gutierrez, 277 25 F.3d 1086, 1088-89 (9th Cir. 2002). Whether federal-question jurisdiction exists is based on the 26 “well-pleaded complaint rule,” which provides that “federal jurisdiction exists only when a 27 federal question is presented on the face of the plaintiff’s properly pleaded complaint.” 1 district courts have original jurisdiction over civil actions in diversity cases “where the matter in 2 controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000” and where the matter is between “citizens of 3 different states.” Generally speaking, diversity jurisdiction exists only where there is “complete 4 diversity” among the parties; each of the plaintiffs must be a citizen of a different state than each 5 of the defendants. Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 68 (1996). 6 III. Screening the complaint. 7 Plaintiff sues Defendant the State of Nevada, alleging violations of various Constitutional 8 rights and federal civil rights statutes. (ECF No. 1-1 at 1). Plaintiff alleges that, on January 29, 9 2020, North Las Vegas Police Department officers attacked him, leaving him with life threatening 10 injuries. (Id. at 5-7). He asserts that the State of Nevada is responsible for not training the 11 officers, for not ensuring that the Dotty’s Casino outside of which officers assaulted him was safe, 12 and for not investigating the attack. (Id.). However, Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant fail 13 because they do not provide sufficient factual detail and because it appears that they are barred by 14 the statute of limitations.1 15 First, Plaintiff’s allegations primarily describe officers’ actions in assaulting him. But he 16 does not sue those officers in this lawsuit. Otherwise, his allegations against Defendant are 17 conclusory. This is not sufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 18 Second, Plaintiff’s claims appear to be barred by the statute of limitations. Plaintiff’s 19 claims arise under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Crumpton v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 20 1991) (laying out the elements of a § 1983 claim, including that the plaintiff allege a violation of 21 rights protected by the Constitution or created by federal statute by a person acting under color of 22 state law). Plaintiff also invokes 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985 and 1986.2 The statute of limitations for 23
24 1 Plaintiff’s complaint also appears to raise sovereign immunity concerns because “[w]ith respect to federal court cases, the State of Nevada does not waive its sovereign immunity.” Johnson v. 25 Nevada Department of Corrections Medical Department, No. 3:22-cv-00552-MMD-CLB, 2023 WL 7412833, at *3 (D. Nev. Mar. 24, 2023). However, because the Court dismisses Plaintiff’s 26 complaint on statute of limitations grounds and for alleging only conclusory allegations, the Court 27 does not reach the issue of sovereign immunity. 2 Although Plaintiff also brings his claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, that statute does not provide a 1 claims arising under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is the state limitations period for personal injury claims, 2 which in Nevada, is two years. See Perez v. Seevers, 869 F.2d 425, 426 (9th Cir. 1989) (per 3 curiam) (citing Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 61, 279-80 (1985)); Nev. Rev. Stat. 11.190(4)(e). 4 Claims brought under § 1985 are likewise governed by the statute of limitations for personal 5 injury claims and, as such, the statute of limitations for such claims is two years. McDougal v. 6 County of Imperial, 942 F.2d 668, 673-74 (9th Cir. 1991). Unlike 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, 7 the statute of limitations for claims predicated on 42 U.S.C. § 1986 originates within the statute 8 itself. Actions under this statute “must be commenced within one year after the cause of action 9 has accrued.” 42 U.S.C. § 1986; Bledsoe v. City of Stockton Police Dept, No. 2:20-cv-01654- 10 KJM-KJN PS, 2020 WL 5203438, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 1, 2020), report and recommendation 11 adopted, No. 2:20-cv-01654-KJM-KJN PS, 2020 WL 5847142 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 1, 2020). 12 Plaintiff does not allege when Defendant’s actions took place. But if they were relatively 13 soon after the January 29, 2020 attack, then his claims are over four years old and barred by the 14 applicable statutes of limitation. Because Plaintiff does not allege when the actions about which 15 he complains took place and, if his claims are time barred, whether tolling applies, the Court 16 cannot determine if he states a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Court thus dismisses 17 Plaintiff’s complaint without prejudice and with leave to amend. 18 19 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma 20 pauperis (ECF No. 1) is granted. Plaintiff will not be required to pay an initial installment fee. 21 Nevertheless, the full filing fee will still be due, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915, as amended by the 22 Prison Litigation Reform Act. The movant herein is permitted to maintain this action to 23 conclusion without the necessity of prepayment of fees or costs or the giving of security therefor. 24 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915, as amended by the 25 Prison Litigation Reform Act, the Clark County Detention Center will forward payments from the 26
27 to the prevailing party in an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Merry v. Sandoval, No. 3:16-cv- 1 account of David Holmes, Inmate No. 1210144, to the Clerk of the United States District Court, 2 District of Nevada, 20% of the preceding month’s deposits (in months that the account exceeds 3 $10.00) until the full $350 filing fee has been paid for this action. The Clerk of Court is kindly 4 directed to send a copy of this order to the Finance Division of the Clerk’s Office. The Clerk of 5 Court is also kindly directed to send a copy of this order to the attention of Chief of Inmate 6 Services for the Clark County Detention Center at 330 S. Casino Center Blvd., Las Vegas, NV 7 89101. 8 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, even if this action is dismissed, or is otherwise 9 unsuccessful, the full filing fee will still be due, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915, as amended by the 10 Prison Litigation Reform Act. 11 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court is kindly directed to file Plaintiff’s 12 complaint (ECF No. 1-1) on the docket but shall not issue summons. 13 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the complaint (ECF No. 1-1) is dismissed without 14 prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, with leave to amend. 15 Plaintiff will have until September 30, 2024, to file an amended complaint if the noted 16 deficiencies can be corrected. If Plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, Plaintiff is informed 17 that the Court cannot refer to a prior pleading (i.e., the original complaint) to make the amended 18 complaint complete. This is because, generally, an amended complaint supersedes the original 19 complaint. Local Rule 15-1(a) requires that an amended complaint be complete without reference 20 to any prior pleading. Once a plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original complaint no 21 longer serves any function in the case. Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original 22 complaint, each claim and the involvement of each Defendant must be sufficiently alleged. 23 Failure to comply with this order will result in the recommended dismissal of this case. 24 25 DATED: August 29, 2024 26 27 DANIEL J. ALBREGTS