COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Decker, Malveaux and Senior Judge Clements UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
HOLLY MALONE MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0472-17-2 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX OCTOBER 31, 2017 DINWIDDIE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DINWIDDIE COUNTY Dennis M. Martin, Judge
Linwood T. Wells, III, for appellant.
Joan M. O’Donnell (M. Brooke Teefey, Guardian ad litem for the minor children; Olde Towne Lawyers, LLP; Teefey Law, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
The Circuit Court of Dinwiddie County (“circuit court”) entered orders terminating the
residual parental rights of Holly Malone (“mother”) to each of her three children. She appeals
those orders, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to warrant termination of her residual
parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B).1 For the following reasons, we conclude that the
evidence was sufficient to support the circuit court’s findings and therefore affirm.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Mother also assigns error to the circuit court’s finding that the evidence was sufficient to warrant termination of her residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). “Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) set forth individual bases upon which a petitioner may seek to terminate residual parental rights.” City of Newport News Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Winslow, 40 Va. App. 556, 563, 580 S.E.2d 463, 466 (2003). Thus, a conclusion that the termination of mother’s parental rights under one subsection of Code § 16.1-283 was warranted means we need not consider whether termination was also appropriate under another subsection. See, e.g., Cumbo v. Dickinson Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 62 Va. App. 124, 127 n.2, 742 S.E.2d 885, 886 n.2 (2013); Butler v. Culpeper Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 48 Va. App. 537, 548-49, 663 S.E.2d 196, 201-02 (2006). Here, because we conclude that the circuit court did not err in terminating I. BACKGROUND
We review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Dinwiddie County Department
of Social Services (“DSS”), the party that prevailed below, affording it all inferences that are
fairly deducible from the evidence. See Bristol Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Welch, 64 Va. App. 34,
40, 764 S.E.2d 284, 287 (2014).
July 2013–March 2014: The initial involvement of DSS
In July 2013, DSS received a report alleging neglect of mother’s three children, J.A.,
N.N., and J.I. J.A., a boy, was eight years old at that time, N.N., a girl, was four years old, and
J.I., a boy, was two years old. DSS staff visited mother’s home, where she lived with her
children and the children’s father;2 her mother, who was physically impaired; and mother’s two
adult sisters, one of whom had her own two children living with her. Gloria Browder-Parham, a
DSS worker who participated in the home visit, testified during the termination proceedings that
the home was infested with roaches, the floor was very dirty, and there was a hole in the
bathroom floor. The residents had to use a screwdriver to turn on the water in the bathroom, and
the children were dirty and had not been bathed. In the kitchen, dishes with dried food on them
were piled in the sink and on the counter. There was little food, and items in the refrigerator
were uncovered and stale. Mother shared a single room with all three of her children and the
children’s father.
DSS inquired about mother’s financial circumstances and learned that Georgia Moore,
mother’s maternal aunt, normally handled the family’s money and brought them food as needed.
Moore was the payee for mother’s Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”), which she received
mother’s residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B), we need not review its decision to terminate her parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). 2 Father left the home within one to two months of DSS’ initial visit. His parental rights were terminated in separate proceedings. -2- for intellectual disabilities. Mother also received assistance through the Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program (“SNAP”), but her SNAP card was in the possession of the children’s father.
Moore was responsible for ensuring that rent and utility bills were paid on time, and provided
mother with spending money each month.
Later that week, DSS discovered that one of mother’s sons and one of her sister’s
children suffered from untreated ringworm. A doctor’s visit was arranged for the children, but
although mother was given ointment to treat the condition, her son’s ringworm got worse and her
daughter also contracted ringworm. DSS determined that although mother opened the ointment,
she was unable to administer the medicine at the appropriate times and in the correct doses.
DSS continued to receive reports that mother’s children were being neglected, including
accounts of filthy household conditions, excessively soiled diapers, and insufficient food. DSS
also received reports that the children sometimes physically attacked mother. The agency
opened a prevention case to monitor the progress of mother and the children’s father in meeting
the children’s needs and providing for their basic care, but observed little improvement.
March 2014–March 2015: Service provisions and preliminary protective orders
In March 2014, DSS arranged for Open Arms Family Services (“Open Arms”) to provide
mother with an in-home parent aide and other assistance. Open Arms staff treated the home for
roaches and removed and cleaned clothing and bedding. The parent aide, who was in the home
three or four days each week for three to four hours per visit, assisted mother with budgeting,
managing food and meal planning, hygiene, and maintaining a safe home. Open Arms staff also
mentored the children.
Around June 20, 2014, DSS received a call regarding conditions in mother’s home.
Browder-Parham visited the home and found that more people were living there, as each of
mother’s sisters had recently had a child and the father of one of those children had moved in.
-3- Browder-Parham observed human feces in the hallway that had been “trampled through.” She
asked if anyone was going to clean up the feces, but no one took any action. After a few
minutes, she said that someone needed to clean up the waste. Eventually, one of mother’s sisters
used a towel or cloth to clean “just that one spot” before setting the waste on the kitchen table.
Browder-Parham also received a report, prior to or during June 2014, that the older son,
J.A., was “very aggressive in the home” and had been involved in inappropriate “sexual
behaviors.” Later reports indicated that J.A. was involved in a sexual incident with a neighbor
and sexual misconduct with his siblings. During home visits, Browder-Parham also witnessed
the younger son, J.I., hit his mother when he did not get what he wanted.
On June 24, 2014, DSS filed petitions alleging abuse or neglect of each child and seeking
emergency removal orders and protective orders for each. On July 1, the Dinwiddie County
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (“J&DR court”) entered preliminary protective
orders for all three children. Among other things, the protective orders required mother to:
ensure that each child received a daily bath and all prescribed medications; prevent each child
from engaging in physical altercations; provide sufficient food and supervision for each child;
comply with her service providers’ daily household cleaning schedule and work with them to
create weekly meal plans and grocery lists; and participate in a psychological evaluation. Those
orders were extended in August and December 2014. The J&DR court specifically noted in each
order that the “conditions (feces, lack of supervision, decaying food) in [the] household create
risk of death, disfigurement or impairment of bodily or mental functions.”
Although parent aide services were discontinued in September 2014, the family
continued to receive other in-home services. DSS workers visited the home several times each
week to ensure that the home was clean and safe and the children’s basic needs were being met.
Mother made some efforts to attempt to care for the home, and took turns with her sisters
-4- preparing meals and performing chores. However, mother was unable to complete many basic,
daily childcare tasks without direction by DSS or other support staff. During Browder-Parham’s
frequent home visits, she observed no significant change in mother’s parenting skills. DSS
ultimately determined that mother remained unable to consistently care for and meet the basic
needs of her children. Further, due to mother’s cognitive limitations and the special needs of the
children,3 the children remained at risk for abuse and neglect while they continued to be in
mother’s care.
March 2015–December 2015: Foster care service plans and additional service provisions
On March 6, 2015, the J&DR court entered adjudicatory orders for all three children,
finding each was abused or neglected as defined by Code § 16.1-228. The children were placed
in the custody of DSS. When the children were removed from mother’s home, each was dirty
and had a foul body odor. The two youngest children were suffering from tooth decay. J.I.
required dental surgery, and N.N. had to have some of her teeth pulled. On April 28, 2015, the
J&DR court entered orders approving foster care service plans for each child with an initial goal
of returning them to mother’s home and a concurrent goal of adoption.
At that point, after more than a year of providing mother with services through Open
Arms, DSS began to provide services through National Counseling Group (“NCG”).
Browder-Parham testified that DSS decided “to put a different set of eyes on the situation
because [Open Arms] had been in the home for a while and they felt they had basically
exhausted the services that they could offer to have any significant change.” Through NCG,
DSS provided mother with a parenting coach who visited with mother two to three days each
week for at least two hours a day. These services were provided to mother for three to four
3 Browder-Parham testified that J.I. is “on the autism spectrum” and that N.N. was diagnosed with “post[-]traumatic stress mathematics disorder and adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct.” -5- months. As with Open Arms, one of the goals of NCG was to assist mother with her personal
hygiene, which continued to be an issue.
During 2015, mother attended and completed parenting classes through the Virginia
Cooperative Extension Service. By July, the household—including mother, her two sisters, and
their disabled mother—had moved to a new house. By November, mother was living in her own
house which she leased with her aunt, Georgia Moore. When a DSS worker visited the home in
November 2015, there was trash in small bags in the kitchen and no trash in the trash can, “but
there was something molding/spoiling in the bottom [of the can], there were roaches, []dishes in
the kitchen sink that appeared to have been there for a while, and [the] water was turned off for
the second time since October.” DSS staff also reported trash piled on the floor and back steps
of the home and that a window in the home could not be closed.
DSS scheduled two occasions when the children were to visit mother in her new home.
The first visit took place during the Thanksgiving or Christmas holidays of 2015.
Browder-Parham, who was present for the visit, testified that the defective window in mother’s
home had not been repaired and was still open and that mother’s only source of heat at that time
was an electric heater in the front portion of the house. To provide further heat for the visit,
mother opened her oven door. Browder-Parham explained to mother the hazard this presented to
the children. The visit was completed at another location, and the second visit was cancelled due
to mother’s ongoing lack of adequate heat.
December 2015: Mother’s psychological evaluation
Two clinical psychologists conducted mother’s court-ordered psychological evaluation
during November and December 2015. In their report, they concluded that mother’s cognitive
and emotional functioning is significantly impaired. In particular, they determined that her
adaptive skills are “within the extremely low range indicating moderate to severe intellectual
-6- disabilities” and that in the conceptual and social domain, she exhibits a “severe level of
intellectual disability.” They noted that DSS and NCG records “suggest that the support from
parenting aids [sic] and coaching provided to [mother] for the past two years resulted in minimal
improvement to care for the children and the house,” and opined that mother’s “intellectual
disabilities explain the minimal success after exhaustive efforts of training with parenting
coaches.” The psychologists also concluded that mother’s “skills at organizing information,
utilizing working memory, mental flexibility and developing problem-solving strategies are all
significantly impaired, and they greatly limit her ability to adapt. [She] has limited ability to
organize schedules and plan meals for the family.” Further, mother has “little understanding of
written language or concepts involving numbers, quantity, time, and money. She will require
significant support for problem-solving throughout life.” The psychologists recommended that
mother “continue to get assistance from her aunt for managing her money and spending” and that
she be “assisted with supervision of activities of daily living and developing an awareness of
cleanliness and hygiene. She needs a high level of structure and support to function in any
environment.”
Browder-Parham testified that the outcome of mother’s psychological evaluation led DSS
to file new foster care service plans seeking the children’s adoption. On December 28, 2015,
DSS filed petitions for permanency planning hearings and new foster care service plans.
January 2016–2017: Permanency planning orders, new foster care plans, and termination
The J&DR court entered permanency planning orders for the children on January 29,
2016, finding that termination of parental rights was in the best interest of each child and
approving the goal of adoption. DSS petitioned for involuntary termination of mother’s parental
rights to her three children, pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C). The J&DR court
terminated mother’s residual parental rights on August 23, 2016, finding clear and convincing
-7- evidence to support termination under Code § 16.1-283(B) and specifically noting the
applicability of subsection (B)(2)(a). Mother appealed to the circuit court, which heard the
matter on January 17, 2017.
At the hearing, Browder-Parham testified as described above. She further testified that
she had visited mother the previous week and that mother was unemployed at that time. One of
mother’s sisters was living with her, and mother’s aunt continued to manage her bills.
Browder-Parham asked mother what her plan would be if her children were returned to her
home, and “she really did not have a plan. She just said that she would have her sister move out.
And that was . . . the plan.” Browder-Parham also expressed DSS’ concerns about mother’s
ability to meet the special needs of some of her children. She stated that both Open Arms and
NCG had worked with mother and informed DSS that they had exhausted the services that they
could provide. When asked whether she observed conditions in mother’s home getting worse,
getting better, or staying the same between summer 2013 and the children’s removal in March
2015, Browder-Parham replied that they “stay[ed] the same.”
Mother testified at the hearing. She stated that the previous summer, she began work as a
cleaner and worked eight hours per week. However, she had lost her job a few days previously
after a “run-in” with her boss. Later, mother testified that she could still go back to her job if she
wanted to, but that she didn’t get along with her boss. She testified that she could not remember
how much money she made, because “[m]y money was going on the card.” She stated that her
rent was $400 per month and that she paid her aunt half that amount, which she said was $100.
When asked how much she received in SSI, mother replied, “I don’t know because my aunt
handles my check.” When asked if she had made any preparations for the children to return to
her home, mother replied, “I told my sister that she had to get out.”
-8- In its ruling from the bench, the circuit court quoted language from Code
§ 16.1-283(B)(2)(a) providing that a severe intellectual disability constitutes prima facie
evidence of the conditions required by subsection (B)(2) for termination of residual parental
rights. Noting that “there was 15 months plus the services from [DSS] . . . to the parent, services
to the children before the termination of parental rights was filed,” the circuit court concluded
that mother “still [is] not taking care of herself. She doesn’t have any idea what her household
bills are. At some point in time there is no heat in the house.” Further, “[t]he rooming in the
house is inadequate . . . . [O]ne of her children has been involved in sexual activity that would be
a danger to both of her [other] kids, yet she was going to put them in [the] same bedroom
together.” The circuit court found that the requirements of Code § 16.1-283(B) had been
satisfied, and on March 3, 2017, entered orders terminating mother’s residual parental rights to
J.A., N.N., and J.I., pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2). This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
“When reviewing a decision to terminate parental rights, we presume the circuit court
‘thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and made its
determination based on the child’s best interests.’” Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46
Va. App. 257, 265-66, 616 S.E.2d 765, 769 (2005) (quoting Fields v. Dinwiddie Cty. Dep’t of
Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 1, 7, 614 S.E.2d 656, 659 (2005)). The circuit court has “broad
discretion in making the decisions necessary to guard and to foster a child’s best interests.”
Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 328, 387 S.E.2d 794, 795 (1990). “Therefore, in a case
involving termination of parental rights, ‘[t]he trial court’s judgment, when based on evidence
heard ore tenus, will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to
support it.’” Eaton v. Wash. Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 66 Va. App. 317, 324, 785 S.E.2d 231,
235 (2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Fields, 46 Va. App. at 7, 614 S.E.2d at 659).
-9- In order to terminate residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B), a court is
required to make three findings based upon clear and convincing evidence. Butler v. Culpeper
Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 48 Va. App. 537, 547, 633 S.E.2d 196, 201 (2006); see Code
§ 16.1-283(B). First, the termination of residual parental rights must be in the child’s best
interests. Butler, 48 Va. App. at 547, 633 S.E.2d at 201. Second, the child must have suffered
neglect or abuse that “presented a serious and substantial threat to his life, health or
development.” Code § 16.1-283(B)(1); see also Butler, 48 Va. App. at 547, 633 S.E.2d at 201.
Third, the court must find that it is “not reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in
such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow the child's safe
return to his parent . . . within a reasonable period of time.” Code § 16.1-283(B)(2); see also
Butler, 48 Va. App. at 547, 633 S.E.2d at 201.
On appeal, mother argues that the circuit court erred in finding sufficient evidence to
terminate her residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B). Specifically, she argues that the
evidence was insufficient to support findings under the second and third prongs described above.
A. Neglect or Abuse Presenting a Serious and Substantial Threat
Mother asserts that the evidence was insufficient to find that the neglect or abuse suffered
by each of her children presented a serious and substantial threat to their life, health, or
development. See Code § 16.1-283(B)(1). She acknowledges that when DSS first became
involved with her family, her living conditions at that time constituted a neglectful environment
that may have harmed her children’s health or development. However, mother argues that
whatever conditions initially may have existed ceased once she was living in her own home.
A review of the record reveals abundant evidence that mother’s children suffered neglect
or abuse presenting a serious and substantial threat to their lives, health, or development
throughout their time living with mother. When DSS first became involved with mother and her
- 10 - children, they were living in highly unsanitary conditions. Little food was available for the
children, and their medical and dental problems were untreated. One child later was diagnosed
with post-traumatic stress disorder, and another was violent toward mother when he did not get
his way. The oldest child was engaging in inappropriate sexual activity. The children lacked
adequate living space and were sharing a single bedroom with mother and their father. Further,
mother was not in control of her own finances and funds for the children were only intermittently
available. Despite intensive efforts by DSS, Open Arms, and other service providers, DSS saw
no improvement in conditions during the nearly two years between their first contact with mother
and the children’s removal from the home.
Further, contrary to mother’s argument, her move to a home of her own did not mean the
previous conditions which resulted in neglect or abuse no longer existed. While the new home
was less crowded, it contained roaches, molding or spoiling waste, improperly disposed of trash,
a dirty kitchen, inadequate heat, and a water supply which repeatedly was turned off. Moreover,
even in her new home, mother’s cognitive limitations continued to negatively impact her ability
to provide a safe and materially adequate environment for her children. Mother still was not in
control of her finances, or even adequately aware of the financial demands upon her household.
When DSS arranged a home visit during the holiday season in late 2015, mother tried to heat part
of her home with an open oven, creating a hazard for her children. The conditions in the new
home were so problematic that the visit had to be completed at another location and a second
home visit had to be cancelled. As late as the termination hearing, mother had no plan for how
to accommodate and care for her children in her new home beyond asking her sister to move out.
The circuit court conducted an extensive hearing, during which it heard testimony not
only from DSS but also from mother. The circuit court concluded that there was clear and
convincing evidence that the children suffered neglect or abuse and that this neglect or abuse
- 11 - presented a serious and substantial threat to their life, health, or development. Here, the
evidence, viewed in totality, supports the circuit court’s finding.
B. Substantial Correction or Elimination of Conditions
Mother also contends that the evidence was insufficient to find that it was not reasonably
likely that she could substantially correct or eliminate the conditions which resulted in her
children’s neglect or abuse, so as to allow their safe return to her within a reasonable period of
time. See Code § 16.1-283(B)(2). Again, mother concedes that during the early period of DSS’
involvement with her family, there were neglectful conditions in her home which “either did, or
if allowed to continue, would have led to neglect or abuse.” However, as above, she then argues
that “there are two distinct periods in this case”—the period when mother and her children were
living with their extended family, and the period after the children were placed in foster care
when mother was living largely by herself. Mother again alleges that the physical conditions
which brought DSS involvement and assistance ceased to exist after mother moved to her own
home, and thus the circuit court erred in finding that conditions of abuse or neglect still existed.
Code § 16.1-283(B)(2) provides, in pertinent part, that
Proof of any of the following shall constitute prima facie evidence of the conditions set forth in subdivision B 2: a. The parent or parents have a mental or emotional illness or intellectual disability of such severity that there is no reasonable expectation that such parent will be able to undertake responsibility for the care needed by the child in accordance with his age and stage of development . . . .
Here, as noted above, mother’s psychological evaluation indicates that she suffers from moderate
to severe intellectual disabilities and that her cognitive and emotional functioning and life skills
are significantly impaired. She has a limited ability to adapt. Also limited by her cognitive
deficiencies are mother’s conceptual skills and her understanding of written language and
concepts involving numbers, time, and money. Further, she has a limited ability to organize such
- 12 - aspects of family life as schedules and plans for meals. In the examining psychologists’
opinions, mother will require significant support to assist her with problem-solving throughout
her life.
Thus, the record clearly supports that mother’s intellectual disabilities are severe enough
to constitute prima facie evidence, under Code § 16.1-283(B)(2)(a), that there is no reasonable
expectation that she will be able to undertake responsibility for the care needed by her children.
And mother fails to rebut this evidence. She argues that her living circumstances have improved
since DSS first became involved with her family. While mother no longer lives in as crowded a
household, DSS reported that even after her move, mother proved unable to correct major
deficiencies in her living circumstances. While living in her own home, she has proved unable to
consistently provide basic necessities, such as running water and adequate heat. Her new home
was unclean and unhygienic. At the time of the termination hearing, after more than a year in
her new residence, mother still did not control her own finances or have regular employment.
Her only preparation for undertaking responsibility for the care of her children, some of whom
have special needs, consisted of telling her sister that she would have to move out of the home if
her children were returned to her. Thus, the changes in mother’s physical environment have not
“substantially corrected or eliminated” the “conditions which resulted in [the] neglect or abuse”
of her children. Code § 16.1-283(B)(2). Here, the evidence, viewed in totality, clearly supports
the circuit court’s finding.
III. CONCLUSION
The factual findings underlying the circuit court’s order terminating mother’s residual
parental rights were neither plainly wrong nor without evidence to support them. Thus, we
affirm the circuit court’s decision terminating mother’s residual parental rights.
Affirmed.
- 13 -