CHIEF JUSTICE LEWIS
delivered the opinion oe the coubt.
Appellees, alleging in tbeir petition that at a primary election, held September 19, 1896, under authority of the [121]*121executive committee oil the Democratic party of Wolfe county, they were nominated as candidates for various named offices, brought this action in the Clark Circuit Court October 22, 1897, for a writ of mandamus, requiring appellant, county court clerk, to cause printed on the official ballots to be prepared by him and used in said county at the November election, 1897, their respective names as candidates for said offices, as follows: Gr. T. Center, for county judge; J. F. Vansant, circuit court clerk; Silas Tutt, county court clerk; A. T. Combs, sheriff; Isaac W. Combs, .jailer; Gr. W. Sally, assessor; John W. Taubee, superintendent of common schools; J. W. Sample, coroner; John Creech, surveyor; John D. Row, Jr., justice of the peace; Preston Holland, justice of the peace; Peter R. Legg, justice of the peace; J. W. Drake, .constable; Sylvester Norman, constable; James W. Rose, ■constable.
On the same day, October 22, 1897, appellant entered his appearance, waiving service of notice. And thereupon parties consenting, the case was submitted for trial by Leland ■Hathaway, special judge. Appellant then filed a general demurrer to the petition, which was overruled; and, there being tendered by him no other pleading, judgment was rendered for the writ of mandamus as prayed for by appellees. And an appeal from that judgment having been granted, and the parties uniting in a motion to immediately docket and submit the case, it is now before this court for decision.
The sections of Kentucky Statutes applicable, and upon construction of which determination of the questions involved depends, are as follows:
“Section 1453. The county clerk of each county shall cause [122]*122to be printed on the respective ballots the names of the candidates nominated by the convention or primary election of any party that cast two per cent, of the total vote of the State at the last preceding general election, as certified to said clerk by the presiding officer and secretary of such convention, or, in case of primary election, by the chairman and secretary of any county or district committee. * * * The certificate of nomination by a convention or primary election shall be in writing, and shall contain the name of eactt person nominated, his residence and the office for which he is nominated, and shall designate a title for the party or principle which such convention or primary election represents, together with any simple figure or device by which its list of candidates may be designated on the ballots; said-certificate shall be signed by the presiding officer and secretary of such convention, or by the chairman and secretary of the county, city or district committee, who shall add tO' their signatures their respective places of residence and acknowledge the same before an officer duly authorized to administer oaths. * * *
“Section 1456. * * * Certificates and petitions of nominations herein directed to be filed with the clerk of a county shall be filed not more than sixty and not less than fifteen days before the election.”
Each of appellees filed with appellant, as clerk of the county court,'a certificate, signed by Gr. C. Hanks, chairman, and attested by J. E. Carroll, secretary of the Democratic committee of Wolfe county, showing he had, at,a primary election held in the various precincts, been duly electeu Democratic nominee for the particular office therein men-. [123]*123tioned to be voted ior at tbe November election, 1897, except James R. Ross and John Creech, neither of whom filed any. All the certificates were filed during the period prescribed by statute except one by Gl. W. Sally and another by J.F'. Sample, filed October 19th, less than'fifteen days, and one filed more than sixty days before the election. But not one of them contains a statement of the residence of either the nominee, chairman or secretary; nor was any of the certificates acknowledged by either the chairman or secretary before an officer authorized to administer oaths.
The question thus arises whether any of the defects or omissions referred to justified appellant in refusing, as he did, to cause the names of appellees printed on the ballots as candidates for the respective offices.' He was not justified in so refusing if pertinent provisions of the two sections quoted be directory merely, and not mandatory.
It is sometimes difficult to fix the line of demarcation; but the rule by which to determine when a statute is only directory is well stated in Cooley on Constitutional Limitations, as follows: “Those directions which are not of the essence of the thing to be done, but which are given with á view merely to the properly, orderly and prompt conduct of the business, and by a failure to obey which the right of those interested will not be prejudiced, are not commonly to be regarded as mandatory; and if the act is performed, but not in the time nor in the precise mode indicated, it may still be sufficient, if that which is done accomplishes the substantial purposes of the statute.” And that rule has been uniformly, though not stated in that exact language, recognized and applied by this court.
[124]*124'The thing intended to be done by the two sections, in case of a party convention or a primary election, is the printing on the respective ballots the names of candidates of whose nomination the county court clerk has proper and satisfactory evidence. But the only mode provided for showing the fact is a certificate of the presiding officer and secretary of such convention, or, in case of a primary election, by the chairman and secretary of a county or district committee of the particular party. And that main and essential fact, in our opinion, was not intended by the Legislature to be shown in any other way; otherwise the plan adopted for properly placing before the electors candidates to be voted for would be rendered useless.
Such being the case, it would seem to follow, and ordinarily would follow, that the required certificate should be treated as authentic only when the chairman or presiding officer, as the case may be, and secretary have, according to the provision of the statute, added to their signatures their respective places of residence and acknowledged same before an officer duly authorized to administer oaths. And, in our opinion, such requirement could not be dispensed with in this case if either right of appellees to have their respective names put upon the ballots had been contested by others claiming to have been nominated instead of them, or the clerk had denied and demanded other proof of the facts required to be stated in the certificate. But statement is made in the petition which, on trial of the demurrer, is to be taken as true, that the persons who signed the several certificates were respectively chairman and secretary of the Democratic committee of Wolfe county; that it was within [125]*125actual and personal knowledge of appellant that appellees had been nominated at the primary election, duly held, as candidates for the several offices mentioned in the various certificates filed with him; and, moreover, that he did not refuse to put their names on the ballots because he was unaware of their regular nomination,'but upon the sole ground the certificates did not conform to the formal requirement of the statutes.
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CHIEF JUSTICE LEWIS
delivered the opinion oe the coubt.
Appellees, alleging in tbeir petition that at a primary election, held September 19, 1896, under authority of the [121]*121executive committee oil the Democratic party of Wolfe county, they were nominated as candidates for various named offices, brought this action in the Clark Circuit Court October 22, 1897, for a writ of mandamus, requiring appellant, county court clerk, to cause printed on the official ballots to be prepared by him and used in said county at the November election, 1897, their respective names as candidates for said offices, as follows: Gr. T. Center, for county judge; J. F. Vansant, circuit court clerk; Silas Tutt, county court clerk; A. T. Combs, sheriff; Isaac W. Combs, .jailer; Gr. W. Sally, assessor; John W. Taubee, superintendent of common schools; J. W. Sample, coroner; John Creech, surveyor; John D. Row, Jr., justice of the peace; Preston Holland, justice of the peace; Peter R. Legg, justice of the peace; J. W. Drake, .constable; Sylvester Norman, constable; James W. Rose, ■constable.
On the same day, October 22, 1897, appellant entered his appearance, waiving service of notice. And thereupon parties consenting, the case was submitted for trial by Leland ■Hathaway, special judge. Appellant then filed a general demurrer to the petition, which was overruled; and, there being tendered by him no other pleading, judgment was rendered for the writ of mandamus as prayed for by appellees. And an appeal from that judgment having been granted, and the parties uniting in a motion to immediately docket and submit the case, it is now before this court for decision.
The sections of Kentucky Statutes applicable, and upon construction of which determination of the questions involved depends, are as follows:
“Section 1453. The county clerk of each county shall cause [122]*122to be printed on the respective ballots the names of the candidates nominated by the convention or primary election of any party that cast two per cent, of the total vote of the State at the last preceding general election, as certified to said clerk by the presiding officer and secretary of such convention, or, in case of primary election, by the chairman and secretary of any county or district committee. * * * The certificate of nomination by a convention or primary election shall be in writing, and shall contain the name of eactt person nominated, his residence and the office for which he is nominated, and shall designate a title for the party or principle which such convention or primary election represents, together with any simple figure or device by which its list of candidates may be designated on the ballots; said-certificate shall be signed by the presiding officer and secretary of such convention, or by the chairman and secretary of the county, city or district committee, who shall add tO' their signatures their respective places of residence and acknowledge the same before an officer duly authorized to administer oaths. * * *
“Section 1456. * * * Certificates and petitions of nominations herein directed to be filed with the clerk of a county shall be filed not more than sixty and not less than fifteen days before the election.”
Each of appellees filed with appellant, as clerk of the county court,'a certificate, signed by Gr. C. Hanks, chairman, and attested by J. E. Carroll, secretary of the Democratic committee of Wolfe county, showing he had, at,a primary election held in the various precincts, been duly electeu Democratic nominee for the particular office therein men-. [123]*123tioned to be voted ior at tbe November election, 1897, except James R. Ross and John Creech, neither of whom filed any. All the certificates were filed during the period prescribed by statute except one by Gl. W. Sally and another by J.F'. Sample, filed October 19th, less than'fifteen days, and one filed more than sixty days before the election. But not one of them contains a statement of the residence of either the nominee, chairman or secretary; nor was any of the certificates acknowledged by either the chairman or secretary before an officer authorized to administer oaths.
The question thus arises whether any of the defects or omissions referred to justified appellant in refusing, as he did, to cause the names of appellees printed on the ballots as candidates for the respective offices.' He was not justified in so refusing if pertinent provisions of the two sections quoted be directory merely, and not mandatory.
It is sometimes difficult to fix the line of demarcation; but the rule by which to determine when a statute is only directory is well stated in Cooley on Constitutional Limitations, as follows: “Those directions which are not of the essence of the thing to be done, but which are given with á view merely to the properly, orderly and prompt conduct of the business, and by a failure to obey which the right of those interested will not be prejudiced, are not commonly to be regarded as mandatory; and if the act is performed, but not in the time nor in the precise mode indicated, it may still be sufficient, if that which is done accomplishes the substantial purposes of the statute.” And that rule has been uniformly, though not stated in that exact language, recognized and applied by this court.
[124]*124'The thing intended to be done by the two sections, in case of a party convention or a primary election, is the printing on the respective ballots the names of candidates of whose nomination the county court clerk has proper and satisfactory evidence. But the only mode provided for showing the fact is a certificate of the presiding officer and secretary of such convention, or, in case of a primary election, by the chairman and secretary of a county or district committee of the particular party. And that main and essential fact, in our opinion, was not intended by the Legislature to be shown in any other way; otherwise the plan adopted for properly placing before the electors candidates to be voted for would be rendered useless.
Such being the case, it would seem to follow, and ordinarily would follow, that the required certificate should be treated as authentic only when the chairman or presiding officer, as the case may be, and secretary have, according to the provision of the statute, added to their signatures their respective places of residence and acknowledged same before an officer duly authorized to administer oaths. And, in our opinion, such requirement could not be dispensed with in this case if either right of appellees to have their respective names put upon the ballots had been contested by others claiming to have been nominated instead of them, or the clerk had denied and demanded other proof of the facts required to be stated in the certificate. But statement is made in the petition which, on trial of the demurrer, is to be taken as true, that the persons who signed the several certificates were respectively chairman and secretary of the Democratic committee of Wolfe county; that it was within [125]*125actual and personal knowledge of appellant that appellees had been nominated at the primary election, duly held, as candidates for the several offices mentioned in the various certificates filed with him; and, moreover, that he did not refuse to put their names on the ballots because he was unaware of their regular nomination,'but upon the sole ground the certificates did not conform to the formal requirement of the statutes. Therefore, as the two sections relate not to the vital and ultimate matter of securing fair and free election of officers by the voters at large, and of ascertaining the correct result thereof, but to the preliminary matter of ascertaining and determining who have been nominated or selected by various political parties as proper candidates, generally dependent upon persons unlearned of the' law, we think the maxim should apply that what is alleged and admitted or not denied, should be taken as established. It 'thus results that, knowing the two persons assuming to be chairman and secretary of the county committee were in fact such, it was duty of the clerk, in the absence of contest or dispute by others, to give the same credit to the statements contained in the certificates as they would have been entitled to if the required acknowledgment had been made before the officer authorized to administer oaths. And so of course the residence in Wolfe county of appellees, which is only one of the qualifications for such offices prescribed by law, having been alleged and not denied, should be considered established.
But the two appellees who did not file any certificates at all were manifestly not entitled to have their names put upon the ballots. Nor, inasmuch as there are obvious and essen[126]*126tial reasons for requiring .the certificate of each nominee to be filed not less than fifteen days before tbe election, were tbe two, wbo failed to -comply with that provision that we regard mandatory, so entitled. Tbe same reason does not, however, apply to that one wbo filed bis certificate more than sixty days before tbe election, because if it was actually in possession of tbe clerk not more than sixty nor less than fifteen- days before tbe election it is not material where it may have been kept or lodged in tbe meantime.
For the reasons given the judgment or order for tbe mandamus must be reversed as to appellees, James R. Rose, John Creech, G-. W. Sally and J. F. Sample, and affirmed as to all tbe others.