Holland v. City of San Francisco

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: March 24, 2021
• Docket: 3:19-cv-02545
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 PAUL HOLLAND, et al., Case No. 19-cv-02545-SI

8 Plaintiffs,

9 v. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY

10 CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO, et al., JUDGMENT

11 Defendants.

13 14 On February 26, 2021, the Court heard oral argument on a motion for summary judgment, 15 filed by defendants the City and County of San Francisco, Eric Tindall, William Petersen, Donald 16 Sakayama, Anthony Watson, Robert Navarro, and Arturo Ramirez (collectively defendants). 17 Having considered the arguments made and papers submitted in support thereof, the Court hereby 18 GRANTS defendants’ motion for summary judgment in full for the reasons articulated below.

19 BACKGROUND1 20 On December 6, 2018, at approximately 10:50 pm, mall security officers, Chris Ferrari and 21 Mark Hankins, were on patrol and noticed a Ford Explorer and a silver Infinity Q45 parked well 22 after closing2 near a construction site adjacent to Macy’s3 in Stonestown Mall, San Francisco.. Dkt. 23 24 1 Unless otherwise stated, the proceeding facts are undisputed. And for ease of reference, 25 page number citations refer to the ECF branded number in the upper right corner of the page.

26 2 Mr. Ferrari and Mr. Hankins first observed plaintiffs at approximately 10:50 pm – the mall closes at 9 pm. Dkt. No. 68-9 6:22-25 (Ferrari Depo); Dkt No. 68-10 at 7:2-12 (Hankins Depo). 27 1 No. 68-9 at 6:14-25, 8:14-22, 9:24-10:10, and 13:2-14:14 (Ferrari Depo); Dkt. No. 68-5 at ¶¶ 4-5 2 (Tindall Decl.). Mr. Ferrari and Mr. Hankins approached the vehicles and saw trash bags strewn on 3 the ground near the vehicles and two men (plaintiffs); Mr. Ferrari and Mr. Hankins assumed the 4 men were dumping trash, asked them to leave, and the men “were compliant.” Dkt. No. 68-9 at 5 6:7-18 (Ferrari Depo); Dkt. No. 68-10 at 7:5-22 (Hankins Depo). Mr. Ferrari and Mr. Hankins 6 continued to patrol the mall and doubled back to check on the area adjacent to the construction site. 7 Dkt. No. 68-10 at 7:19-8:16 (Hankins Depo). Upon returning to the construction site, the mall 8 security officers (1) saw the trash bags were no longer there and neither were the two men, (2) the 9 Ford and Infinity vehicles were still parked and empty, and (3) the security fencing to the 10 construction site was not only open but the lock had been cut off.4 At approximately 11:10 p.m., 11 the mall security officers asked dispatch to call the police. Dkt. No. 68-9 at 11:14-12:6 (Ferrari 12 Depo); Dkt. No. 68-10 at 9:12-15 (Hankins Depo). Shortly thereafter, Mr. Ferrari called 911 to 13 report he observed a silver Infinity Q45 parked near the construction site with a pair of bolt cutters 14 in plain view on the front seat. Dkt. No. 68-9 34:3-8 (Ferrari Depo); 68-10: 8:9-16 (Hankins Depo). 15 In response, 911 dispatch broadcasted the report and several SFPD Officers responded, 16 including defendant Officers Eric Tindall, William Petersen, Donald Sakayama, Anthony Watson, 17 Robert Navarro and Arturo Ramirez.5 18 Once on scene, Officers Tindall and Petersen6 were met by Messers. Ferrari and Hankins. 19

20 4 Dkt. No. 68-9 at 5-15 (Ferrari Depo); Dkt. No. 68-10 at 7:23-8:16 (Hankins Depo); Dkt. No. 69-5 at 20:14-23:10 (Tindall BWC). 21

5 Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 2-3 (Tindall Decl); Dkt. No 68-20 ¶ 2-3 (Peterson Decl); Dkt. No. 68-1 ¶ 22 2-3 (Sakayama Decl); Dkt. No. 68-2 ¶ 2-3 (Watson Decl); Dkt. No. 68-3 ¶ 2-3 (Navarro Decl); Dkt. No. 68-4 ¶ 2-3 (Ramirez Decl). 23

6 Shortly after arriving, Officers Sakayama, Watson, Navarro and Ramirez left the scene to 24 respond to a robbery. Dkt. No. 68-1 ¶ 4 (Sakayama Decl); Dkt. No. 68-2 ¶4 (Watson Decl); Dkt. No. 68-3 ¶ 4 (Navarro Decl); Dkt. No. 68-4 ¶ 4 (Ramirez Decl). Defendants argue summary 25 judgment should be granted for these four officers because none of them participated in the investigation leaving only defendant Officers Tindall and Petersen at the scene. Dkt. No. 68-1 ¶ 5 26 (Sakayama Decl); Dkt. No. 68-2 ¶ 5 (Watson Decl); Dkt. No. 68-3 ¶ 5 (Navarro Decl); Dkt. No. 68- 4 ¶ 5 (Ramirez Decl). Plaintiffs’ opposition brief does not contest defendants’ argument, indeed, 27 plaintiffs’ brief does not address the issue whatsoever. Because officers Sakayama, Watson, 1 Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 4 (Tindall Decl.); Dkt. No. 68-20 ¶ 4 (Petersen Decl.). Messers. Ferrari and Hankins 2 showed Officers Tindall and Petersen the Ford and Infiniti Q45 parked in front of Macy’s, which 3 raised suspicions because the vehicles were not near an open business.7 Messers. Ferrari and 4 Hankins then described the two men they saw standing near the vehicles, one of whom was wearing 5 a headlamp.8 Mr. Ferrari told the officers the chain securing the entrance to the Macy’s construction 6 area appeared to have been cut and the mall security officers had seen bolt cutters in one of the 7 vehicles.9 8 Shortly thereafter plaintiffs Paul Holland and Geoffrey Nelson approached the parked 9 vehicles. Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 8 (Tindall Decl). Mr. Hankins told Officers Tindall and Petersen he saw 10 plaintiffs walk out of a Macy’s employee entrance, approximately 30 feet from the vehicles.10 The 11 parties dispute whether Mr. Hankins actually saw plaintiffs exit the employee entrance. Mr. Ferrari 12 identified plaintiffs as the men he had seen earlier.11 13 Plaintiffs told Officers Tindall and Petersen they had just eaten dinner at a nearby 14 McDonald’s, located over 1000 feet (roughly three football fields) from plaintiffs’ parked cars.12 15 Officer Tindall requested the mall security check their cameras near McDonalds for footage of 16 plaintiffs entering or exiting. Dkt. No. 69-5 at 00:23:40-00:23:54 (Tindall BWC). Plaintiffs were 17

7 Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 5 (Tindall Decl.); Dkt. No. 68-20 ¶ 5 (Petersen Decl.); Dkt. No. 69-5 at 19 08:03:50-08:05:51 (Tindall BWC); Dkt. No. 68-9 15:22-17:10 (Ferrari Depo); Dkt. No. 68-10 20:1- 21:16 (Hankins Depo). 20

8 Dkt. No. 68-9 15:14-19 (Ferrari Depo); Dkt. No. 69-5 at 08:03:50-08:05:51 (Tindall BWC); 21 Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 5 (Tindall Decl); Dkt. No. 68-20 ¶ 5 (Peterson Decl).

22 9 Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 6 (Tindall Decl); Dkt. No. 68-20 ¶ 6 (Peterson Decl); Dkt. No. 68-9 29:17- 30:6; 35:18-36:3 (Ferrari Depo); Dkt. No. 69-5 at 08:03:50-08:05:51 (Tindall BWC). 23

10 Dkt. No. 68-10 at 26:16-29:11 and 30:16-31:6 (Hankins Depo); Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 8 (Tindall 24 Decl); Dkt. No. 68-20 ¶ 11 (Petersen Decl.).

25 11 Dkt. No. 68-10 at 10:1-12:11 (Hankins Depo); Dkt. No. 68-5 at ¶ 8 (Tindall Decl); Dkt. No. 68-20 at ¶ 10 (Petersen Decl). 26

12 Dkt. No. 68-5 at ¶ 9 (Tindall Decl.); Dkt. No. 68-20 at ¶ 9 (Petersen Decl.); Dkt. No. 68- 27 14 at 84:22-85:9 (Holland Depo.); Dkt. No. 68-17 at 60:3-15 (Nelson Depo.); Dkt. No. 69-5 at 1 then detained and searched. Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶¶ 11-12 (Tindall Decl.); Dkt. No. 68-20 ¶¶ 13-14 2 (Petersen Decl). Plaintiff Nelson had a headlamp on his head and plaintiff Holland had a headlamp 3 in the pocket of his sweatshirt.13 Officer Tindall also searched the construction site at Macy’s and 4 found (1) the chain locking the construction site had been cut, and (2) there was a wheeled cart full 5 of tools, bolt cutters, and electrical equipment just next to the open gate.14 6 Shortly thereafter, the construction site’s superintendent, Robert Castaneda, arrived. Dkt. 7 No. 69-5 at 8:17:15-8:19:20 (Tindall BWC); Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 10 (Tindall Decl). Mr. Castaneda told 8 Officer Tindall: 9 (1) the site had been burglarized in the recent past, but no police reports were filed – rather 10 the burglaries were reported to mall security (Dkt. No. 69-5 at 8:19:15-20 (Tindall BWC); Dkt. No. 11 68-5 ¶ 10 (Tindall Decl)); 12 (2) the site is always locked when the construction workers leave around 5:30 p.m. (Dkt. 13 No. 69-5 at 8:17:15-8:19:20 (Tindall BWC); Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 10 (Tindall Decl.)); 14 (3) the wheeled cart full of tools, bolt cutters, and electrical equipment was not put 15 there/gathered by his crew (Dkt. No. 69-5 at 00:33:40-00:38:45); and, 16 (4) plaintiffs were not Mr. Castaneda’s employees construction company. Dkt. No. 69-5 at 17 8:21:15-25 (Tindall BWC); Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 10 (Tindall Decl). 18 Finally, Mr. Castaneda showed officer Tindall it was possible for a potential burglar to access the 19 construction site through the main gate and then walk out of the employee entrance that Mr. Ferrari 20 allegedly witnessed the plaintiffs exit. Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 10 ((Tindall Decl). 21 At some point, the officers learned plaintiff Holland was on felony probation for theft related 22 crimes. Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 11 (Tindall Decl). Officer Tindall searched plaintiff Holland’s vehicle and 23 seized two pairs of industrial strength bolt-cutters. Dkt. No. 69-5 at 8:40:00-8:47:00 (Tindall BWC); 24 Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 11 (Tindall Decl). Based on the evidence above, plaintiffs were arrested for burglary 25

26 13Dkt. No. 68-10 at 39:20-25 (Hankins Depo); Dkt. No. 68-5 at ¶ 12 (Tindall Decl.); Dkt. No. 68-20 at ¶ 14 (Petersen Decl.). 27 1 of a building under construction and possession of burglary tools. Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 13 (Tindall Decl); 2 Dkt. No. 68-20 ¶ 15 (Petersen Decl.). 3 After plaintiffs were handcuffed, Officer Tindall checked the handcuffs for the appropriate 4 level of tightness and double-locked them to prevent further tightening. Dkt. No. 68-5 ¶ 14 (Tindall 5 Decl). Both Plaintiffs testified they complained about the handcuffs’ tightness. Dkt. No. 68-14 at 6 123:20-23 (Holland Depo); Dkt. No. 68-17 at 67:13-24, 84:21-85:1 (Nelson Depo). Plaintiff 7 Holland admitted that each time he complained about the handcuffs, the handcuffs were adjusted by 8 an officer – which is also evidenced by body cam footage where officers were patient and caring in 9 response to Mr. Hollands complaints. Dkt. No. 68-14 at 123:2-6 (Holland Depo); Dkt. No. 69-6 at 10 0:00:30 – 0:05:30 (Nguyen BWC). 11 Thereafter, plaintiffs were taken to SFPD’s Taraval station and medically evaluated by the 12 station master.15 Plaintiffs were asked, among other things, if they were injured or required medical 13 attention.16 Plaintiffs answered no to both questions.17 14 Prior to being taken to Taraval police station, while the plaintiffs were still in the back of 15 police vehicles at the mall, mall security officers informed Police Officers Tindall and Peterson that 16 the mall security tapes did not have video of plaintiffs entering or exiting McDonalds. Dkt. No. 69- 17 5 at 01:15:00-01:15:50. 18 On December 9, 2019, the San Francisco District Attorney’s Office charged plaintiffs with 19 violations of Penal Code Sections 182(a) (conspiracy to commit crime), 459(f) (burglary) and 20 602.1(a)(m) (interfering with business). Dkt. No. 68-16 (Holland Criminal Disp. Docs); Dkt. No. 21 68-19 (Nelson Criminal Disp. Docs). On January 29, 2019, the San Francisco District Attorney’s 22 Office dismissed the charges in the interest of justice. Id. 23 15 See Dkt. No. 69-7 (Ex. H, Holland medical evaluation form); Dkt. No. 69-9 (Ex. K, Nelson 24 medical evaluation form); Dkt. No. 68-14 at 132:6-133:5 (Holland Depo).

25 16 See Dkt. No. 69-7 (Ex. H, Holland medical evaluation form); Dkt. No. 69-9 (Ex. K, Nelson medical evaluation form); Dkt. No. 68-17 at 86:25-87:2 (Nelson Depo). 26

17 See Dkt. No. 69-7 (Ex. H, Holland medical evaluation form); Dkt. No. 69-9 (Ex. K Nelson 27 medical evaluation form); Dkt. No. 68-17 at 86:25-87:2 (Nelson Depo.); Dkt. No. 69-6 at 9:19:10- 1 In conjunction with their opposition to the instant motion, plaintiffs filed exhibits of security 2 video footage allegedly showing plaintiffs entering and exiting the McDonalds on the night of the 3 incident. See Dkt. No. 73. However, the video footage is not time or date stamped. Nor is the video 4 footage authenticated in any way by way. Dkt. No. 72-1 (Decl. of Stanley Goff). Finally, there are 5 no declarations from plaintiffs themselves on the issue of them being at McDonalds or any other 6 issue. The only evidence filed by plaintiffs in support of their opposition is (1) the alleged video 7 footage of them entering/exiting the McDonalds; (2) Officer Tindall’s body-worn camera footage; 8 (3) deposition transcript excerpts from mall security officer Chris Ferrari; and (4) deposition 9 transcript excerpts from mall security officer Mark Hankins. Dkt. No. 72-1 (Decl. of Stanley Goff). 10 11 LEGAL STANDARD 12 Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, 13 and any affidavits show there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled 14 to judgment as a matter of law. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the initial burden 15 of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 16 317, 323 (1986). The moving party, however, has no burden to produce evidence showing the 17 absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 325. Rather, the burden on the moving party may 18 be discharged by pointing out to the district court that there is an absence of evidence to support the 19 nonmoving party’s case. Id. 20 Once the moving party has met its burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to 21 “designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. at 324 (quoting 22 then FED. R. CIV. P. 56(e)). To carry this burden, the non-moving party must “do more than simply 23 show there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. 24 v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence . . 25 . will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the 26 [nonmoving party].” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986). 27 For summary judgment, the Court must view evidence in the light most favorable to the 1 determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the 2 facts are jury functions, not those of a judge . . . ruling on a motion for summary judgment…” Id. 3 However, conclusory, speculative testimony in affidavits and moving papers is insufficient to raise 4 genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment. Thornhill Publ'g Co., Inc. v. Gen. Tel. & Elec. 5 Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 738 (9th Cir. 1979). Parties must present admissible evidence. FED. R. CIV. 6 P. 56(c). 7 8 DISCUSSION 9 The key issues for the Court are (1) whether police officers Tindall and Petersen had 10 probable cause to arrest plaintiffs and (2) whether the officers’ use of force was reasonable.? 11 12 I. Excessive Force Claims (Claims 1 and 7) 13 During the hearing, plaintiffs’ counsel conceded the excessive force claims (claims 1 and 7 14 for §1983 False Arrest/Excessive Force and California Bane Act Violation, respectively) should be 15 denied; the officers acted reasonably and did not use excessive force during plaintiffs’ detention 16 and arrest. 17 The Court agrees there is no evidence of excessive force relating to claims 1 and 7. The 18 officers went ensured plaintiffs’ comfort and safety, speaking reassuringly to plaintiffs and 19 loosening handcuffs as needed. Dkt. No. 68-14 at 123:2-6 (Holland Depo); Dkt. No. 69-6 at 0:00:30 20 – 0:05:30 (Nguyen BWC). Summary judgment is therefore GRANTED with respect to claims 1 21 and 7. 22 23 II. Plaintiffs’ Remaining Claims Hinge Upon Probable Cause 24 Plaintiffs’ remaining claims are: 25 • Claim 2: §1983 Malicious Prosecution in violation of plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights 26 • Claim 3: §1983 Unlawful Detention 27 • Claim 4: California Assault & Battery • Claim 5: California False Imprisonment • Claim 8: Negligence 1 • Claim 9: California State Malicious Prosecution as to San Francisco Police Officer 2 defendants • Claim 11 State Malicious Prosecution as to Mark Hankins & Allied Universal Security 3 (Vicarious Liability)18 4 The parties agree these claims hinge upon whether the defendant officers had probable cause 5 to arrest plaintiffs.19 Dkt. No. 68 at 8-9 (Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment); Dkt. No. 6 7220 at 4 and 6 (Opposition). 7 “The absence of probable cause is a necessary element of § 1983 false arrest and malicious 8 prosecution claims.” Yousefian v. City of Glendale, 779 F.3d 1010, 1014 (9th Cir. 2015); see also 9 Smith v. Almada, 640 F.3d 931, 938 (9th Cir. 2011) (upholding district court's grant of summary 10 judgment on malicious prosecution claim because probable cause existed to arrest and prosecute 11 plaintiff for arson); Lassiter v. City of Bremerton, 556 F.3d 1049, 1054-55 (9th Cir. 2009) (declining 12 to determine malice because probable cause existed and probable cause is an absolute defense to 13 malicious prosecution claim). 14 The Fourth Amendment requires an arrest be supported by probable cause. Atwater v. City 15 of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 354 (2001); Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 700 (1981) (an arrest 16 is unlawful unless there is probable cause to support it). An arrest is supported by probable cause if, 17 under the totality of the circumstances known to the arresting officer, a prudent person would have 18 concluded there was a fair probability the defendant committed a crime. Luchtel v. Hagemann, 623 19 F.3d 975, 980 (9th Cir. 2010). For probable cause to exist, it is not necessary that the crime actually 20 have occurred. Harper v. City of L.A., 533 F.3d 1010, 1022 (9th Cir. 2008) (“While conclusive 21 18 The instant motion is brought by the City and County of San Francisco and six individual 22 police officer defendants. There are two other defendants: Allied Universal Security Services and Mark Hankins (“the Allied defendants”). The Amended Complaint alleged two causes of action 23 against the Allied defendants, namely, negligence and vicarious malicious prosecution. The Court previously dismissed the negligence cause of action against the Allied defendants; thus the vicarious 24 malicious prosecution claim (Claim 11) is the only surviving cause of action against the Allied defendants. Dkt. No. 37 (Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Defendant Allied Security 25 Service’s Motion to Dismiss). At oral argument, counsel for the Allied defendants urged that should plaintiffs’ claims against the other defendants fail, so should the claims against the Allied 26 defendants. Counsel for plaintiffs did not disagree at that time, and the Court concurs that the claims rise or fall together. 27 1 evidence of guilt is of course not necessary . . . to establish probable cause, mere suspicion, common 2 rumor, or even strong reason to suspect are not enough.” (quotation and internal marks omitted)). 3 Under California law, “an officer has probable cause for a warrantless arrest ‘if the facts known to 4 him would lead a [person] of ordinary care and prudence to believe and conscientiously entertain an 5 honest and strong suspicion that the person is guilty of a crime.’” Id. (internal citations omitted; 6 brackets in original). 7 Here, the defendant officers had ample probable cause to detain and arrest plaintiffs for of a 8 building under construction and possession of burglary tools, namely: 9 • Plaintiffs were parked directly next to a construction site, hundreds of yards away 10 from McDonalds; 11 • Plaintiffs were at the mall hours after the vast majority of the stores closed; 12 • Plaintiffs both had headlamps on their persons—matching the mall officers’ 13 description; 14 • Industrial size bolt cutters, capable of cutting the construction site’s security fence, 15 were found in one of plaintiff’s cars; 16 • Mall security officers Messers, Ferrari, and Hankins initially saw plaintiffs near the 17 construction site and later found plaintiffs’ cars near the site, the security fencing into 18 the construction site open, the lock cut, and bolt cutters on the front seat of one of 19 plaintiff’s cars; 20 • The superintendent of the construction project confirmed that a wheeled cart full of 21 tools, bolt cutters, and electrical equipment next to the open gate had not been placed 22 there by the construction team; and 23 • The superintendent of the construction project confirmed that plaintiffs were not 24 employees of the construction project. 25 Whether or not Mr. Ferrari witnessed plaintiffs exiting the employee-only entrance, the 26 evidence above establishes probable cause. Plaintiffs were wearing headlamps, in possession of 27 huge bolt cutters, parked next to a construction site with a freshly cut lock, hours after the mall had 1 At the time of the incident, plaintiffs stated that they had been at the McDonalds, not in the 2 Macy’s construction site. The police investigated plaintiffs’ claim they were at McDonalds and 3 could not find any evidence in support thereof. On the night of the incident, the police officers 4 specifically asked mall security to review the security cameras for footage of plaintiffs entering or 5 exiting McDonalds. The police were told there was no footage of plaintiffs doing so. Therefore, 6 the only evidence plaintiffs presented on the night of the incident was their word. Plaintiffs did not 7 then – nor do they now – present evidence of a receipt corroborating their claims. Indeed, even in 8 connection with this motion plaintiffs failed to submit a declaration saying they were at McDonalds 9 on the night of the incident. If probable cause dissipated every time suspects protested they “didn’t 10 do it,” policework would be impossible. 11 The Court finds there was probable cause to arrest plaintiffs and GRANTS summary 12 judgment as to the 2nd-6th, 8th, and 9th causes of action. 13 14 III. Qualified Immunity 15 The defense of qualified immunity protects “government officials . . . from liability for civil 16 damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights 17 of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 18 818. In Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 (2001), the Supreme Court set forth a two-pronged test to 19 determine whether qualified immunity exists. First, the court asks: “Taken in the light most 20 favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer’s conduct violated a 21 constitutional right?” Id. at 201. If no constitutional right was violated, the inquiry ends and 22 defendants prevail. See id. If, however, “a violation could be made out on a favorable view of the 23 parties’ submissions, the next, sequential step is to ask whether the right was clearly established…” 24 The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear such that a reasonable official would understand 25 that what he is doing violates that right. The relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a 26 right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was 27 unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Id. at 201-02 (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 1 above, courts have the discretion to decide which prong to address first, in light of the particular 2 || circumstances of each case. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). 3 As the Court has already discussed above, the officers had probable cause to arrest plaintiffs. 4 || All of plaintiffs causes of action are premised on a lack of probable cause. Therefore, by finding 5 the officers had probable cause, the Court foreclosed plaintiffs’ ability to establish a constitutional 6 || violation. As such, the Court also finds the defendant officers ARE entitled to qualified immunity. 7 8 CONCLUSION 9 The Court hereby GRANTS summary judgment on claims 1-9 and 11, finding: 10 (1) The officer defendants acted reasonably; 11 (2) The officer defendants had probable cause to detain and arrest defendants; 12 (3) The officer defendants are entitled to qualified immunity; and 5 13 (4) The vicarious malicious prosecution claims against the Allied defendants fail. 14 Plaintiffs’ motion to seal is GRANTED.

a 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. 17 || Dated: March 24, 2021 Site WU tee 18 SUSAN ILLSTON 19 United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28