BRANNON, Judge :
Charles Holdermann presents a petition stating that at a-municipal election in the city of Benwood he was the Republican nominated candidate for recorder of that city, and that James F. Ivelley was the nominated Democratic candidate for the same office; that by the returns sent from the voting precincts said Holdermann was elected, but that on a recount by the board of canvassers of the city Kelley was declared elected; that such result upon such recount arose from the counting as-good ballots certain ballots not countable by law, whereas by their rejection Ploldermann would be elected. Said petition-asks that a writ of mandamus issue from this Court to compel the recorder,, the n^or and the eight eouncilmen of said city, naming them, who composed the canvassing board which made-[12]*12the recount, to reconvene and reopen the packages of ballots sealed up by them upon such re-count and correct errors which had been committed upon such re-count, and declare the true result. Said parties resist the grant of mandamus by motion to .quash the mandamus and by answer.
When the petition for mandamus was presented and the rule awarded the persons named as mayor, councilmen and recorder, who acted as canvassers of said election, had ceased to be such 'by expiration of their terms of office, and their successors had .qualified, and the question is, Can mandamus be maintained against them ? Does the fact that they were then no longer such ■officers preclude their being reconvened and required to recount the ballots? In Dent v. Board, 45 W. Va. 750, this question is somewhat discussed, two judges out of three holding that “a mandamus cannot be brought against an officer in his official capacity after his term of office has ended.” A fuller discussion is found in Hebb v. County Court, 49 W. Va. 733. The Court equally divided in the latter case. In the opinions in the cases named authorities are cited on this question, which cover it. •Mr. Mechem, whoi wrote the standard special work on Public Officers, in section 940 states the rule to be: “Mandamus will not be granted to require action on the part of an officer whose authority to do the act has terminated, or whose term of office 'has expired.” It seems clear, without aid from authorities cited, that our statute law demands this decision. Chapter 3, section ••85, Code, says: “Every municipal election shall be held in conformity with the provisions of this act, except that the duties herein required of the county and circuit court clerks shall be performed by the municipal clerk (or recorder); the duties 'herein required of the commissioners of the county court, shall ;be performed by the municipal council.” Thus, the councilmen have just such powers, as to municipal elections, as the commis.sioners have as to general elections, and their powers are told in section 68, containing these words: “The commissioners of the •county court shall be ex-officio á canvassing board,” &e. Observe the words “ex-officio.” Both commissioners and councilmen, under this statute law, as election canvassers, derive their powers 'by virtue of their offices of commissioners and mayor and councilmen. From no other source or right than their.being commissioners and councilmen do they get any power as canvassers. [13]*13A commissioner or councilman acts as canvasser only because he is a commissioner or councilman. How can you call on him to-act when his office is gone from him and vested in another ? Has he then any more right or power to act as canvesser than a man' who never was commissioner or councilman ? Our law says that: an officer shall hold till his successor has qualified; but when that successor does qualify the former incumbent is, by sheer force' of law, relegated to private station, disrobed of official authority,., just as completely as if he never had held the office. Is not the-act of canvassing an election a public official function? Surely ■it is; it cannot be performed by any person and every person;-, the law points out that man who holds a certain office to perform; the duty of canvasser. How can you say that a man can be a canvasser when he has no office? When the new Benwood officers qualified they filled the offices and were de jure officers, and' there cannot be two de jure- officers in the same office at the same time; indeed, there cannot be a de facto and de jure officer in at~ the same time, Ifecham, Pub. Off. section 322, and other authorities cited in Dial Case, 39 W. Va. p. 8.
A judge cannot, after his term, grant a new trial, but his successor must do this. Ott v. McHenry, 2 W. Va. 73. It is admitted that such is the general rule; but it is sought to make canvassers an exception. Why? There is no valid why. Is canvassing not an official act, done by a public officer, just as much, as granting a new trial ? I say an official act, that is, one done ■ by a public official. True, one is a ministerial, the other a judicial function, in nature ; but they are not dissimiilar in the respect that they are official acts to be done only by public officers.Our decisions do, for some purposes, draw a distinction between-commissioners of the county court acting as canvassers and acting generally, making their action as canvassers purely and' only ministerial, that is, in the essential nature of the act. Brazie v. Commissioners, 25 W. Va. 213. And in elections car county seats the commissioners canvass as the county court, not ■ as a board of canvassers, owing to different statutes. Brown v. Randolph, 45 W. Va. 827. But this distinction is only as to the-nature of the act. It does not go to the length of proving that commissioners or couneilmen whose terms are ended are still such for any purpose. The election ballots are no longer in the • [14]*14custody of tbe old officers. Their successors have them, and the old officers have na power to demand them.
Another consideration has great force. These defendants protest against any compulsion on them to act farther. The law makes no provision for their pay for services to be performed. Leach v. Aitken, 91 Cal. 484, strikes me as of great force in holding: “The legislature cannot enjoin upon a private citizen the duty of settling a bill of exceptions, nor require a judge to continue to discharge judicial duties after his term has expired, •though it may authorize him to settle such bill.” Though a .statute gave the ex-judge power to sign a bill, it was held he could -not be compelled to do so by mandamus. „
'In the Hebb Case, 45 W. Va. 740, Rosenthal v. Board, 50 Kan. 129, and Rice v. Same, are cited. They do not apply to the question in this case. They hold that after a canvassing body has once fully acted, it is functus officio, even though the officers’ terms were yet going on, and could not be reconvened and again ■ compelled to act. According to them this mandamus would fail, because here the act was complete. An erroneous act or judgment completed is none the less full and final because erroneous. But our case of Alderson v. Commissioners, 32 W. Va. 454, holds, contrary to those Kansas cases, that commissioners, though they have fully performed the act, are competent to reconvene and correctly act. In the Kansas cases and the Alderson ■Case
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BRANNON, Judge :
Charles Holdermann presents a petition stating that at a-municipal election in the city of Benwood he was the Republican nominated candidate for recorder of that city, and that James F. Ivelley was the nominated Democratic candidate for the same office; that by the returns sent from the voting precincts said Holdermann was elected, but that on a recount by the board of canvassers of the city Kelley was declared elected; that such result upon such recount arose from the counting as-good ballots certain ballots not countable by law, whereas by their rejection Ploldermann would be elected. Said petition-asks that a writ of mandamus issue from this Court to compel the recorder,, the n^or and the eight eouncilmen of said city, naming them, who composed the canvassing board which made-[12]*12the recount, to reconvene and reopen the packages of ballots sealed up by them upon such re-count and correct errors which had been committed upon such re-count, and declare the true result. Said parties resist the grant of mandamus by motion to .quash the mandamus and by answer.
When the petition for mandamus was presented and the rule awarded the persons named as mayor, councilmen and recorder, who acted as canvassers of said election, had ceased to be such 'by expiration of their terms of office, and their successors had .qualified, and the question is, Can mandamus be maintained against them ? Does the fact that they were then no longer such ■officers preclude their being reconvened and required to recount the ballots? In Dent v. Board, 45 W. Va. 750, this question is somewhat discussed, two judges out of three holding that “a mandamus cannot be brought against an officer in his official capacity after his term of office has ended.” A fuller discussion is found in Hebb v. County Court, 49 W. Va. 733. The Court equally divided in the latter case. In the opinions in the cases named authorities are cited on this question, which cover it. •Mr. Mechem, whoi wrote the standard special work on Public Officers, in section 940 states the rule to be: “Mandamus will not be granted to require action on the part of an officer whose authority to do the act has terminated, or whose term of office 'has expired.” It seems clear, without aid from authorities cited, that our statute law demands this decision. Chapter 3, section ••85, Code, says: “Every municipal election shall be held in conformity with the provisions of this act, except that the duties herein required of the county and circuit court clerks shall be performed by the municipal clerk (or recorder); the duties 'herein required of the commissioners of the county court, shall ;be performed by the municipal council.” Thus, the councilmen have just such powers, as to municipal elections, as the commis.sioners have as to general elections, and their powers are told in section 68, containing these words: “The commissioners of the •county court shall be ex-officio á canvassing board,” &e. Observe the words “ex-officio.” Both commissioners and councilmen, under this statute law, as election canvassers, derive their powers 'by virtue of their offices of commissioners and mayor and councilmen. From no other source or right than their.being commissioners and councilmen do they get any power as canvassers. [13]*13A commissioner or councilman acts as canvasser only because he is a commissioner or councilman. How can you call on him to-act when his office is gone from him and vested in another ? Has he then any more right or power to act as canvesser than a man' who never was commissioner or councilman ? Our law says that: an officer shall hold till his successor has qualified; but when that successor does qualify the former incumbent is, by sheer force' of law, relegated to private station, disrobed of official authority,., just as completely as if he never had held the office. Is not the-act of canvassing an election a public official function? Surely ■it is; it cannot be performed by any person and every person;-, the law points out that man who holds a certain office to perform; the duty of canvasser. How can you say that a man can be a canvasser when he has no office? When the new Benwood officers qualified they filled the offices and were de jure officers, and' there cannot be two de jure- officers in the same office at the same time; indeed, there cannot be a de facto and de jure officer in at~ the same time, Ifecham, Pub. Off. section 322, and other authorities cited in Dial Case, 39 W. Va. p. 8.
A judge cannot, after his term, grant a new trial, but his successor must do this. Ott v. McHenry, 2 W. Va. 73. It is admitted that such is the general rule; but it is sought to make canvassers an exception. Why? There is no valid why. Is canvassing not an official act, done by a public officer, just as much, as granting a new trial ? I say an official act, that is, one done ■ by a public official. True, one is a ministerial, the other a judicial function, in nature ; but they are not dissimiilar in the respect that they are official acts to be done only by public officers.Our decisions do, for some purposes, draw a distinction between-commissioners of the county court acting as canvassers and acting generally, making their action as canvassers purely and' only ministerial, that is, in the essential nature of the act. Brazie v. Commissioners, 25 W. Va. 213. And in elections car county seats the commissioners canvass as the county court, not ■ as a board of canvassers, owing to different statutes. Brown v. Randolph, 45 W. Va. 827. But this distinction is only as to the-nature of the act. It does not go to the length of proving that commissioners or couneilmen whose terms are ended are still such for any purpose. The election ballots are no longer in the • [14]*14custody of tbe old officers. Their successors have them, and the old officers have na power to demand them.
Another consideration has great force. These defendants protest against any compulsion on them to act farther. The law makes no provision for their pay for services to be performed. Leach v. Aitken, 91 Cal. 484, strikes me as of great force in holding: “The legislature cannot enjoin upon a private citizen the duty of settling a bill of exceptions, nor require a judge to continue to discharge judicial duties after his term has expired, •though it may authorize him to settle such bill.” Though a .statute gave the ex-judge power to sign a bill, it was held he could -not be compelled to do so by mandamus. „
'In the Hebb Case, 45 W. Va. 740, Rosenthal v. Board, 50 Kan. 129, and Rice v. Same, are cited. They do not apply to the question in this case. They hold that after a canvassing body has once fully acted, it is functus officio, even though the officers’ terms were yet going on, and could not be reconvened and again ■ compelled to act. According to them this mandamus would fail, because here the act was complete. An erroneous act or judgment completed is none the less full and final because erroneous. But our case of Alderson v. Commissioners, 32 W. Va. 454, holds, contrary to those Kansas cases, that commissioners, though they have fully performed the act, are competent to reconvene and correctly act. In the Kansas cases and the Alderson ■Case the question was, not whether persons whose terms had expired could be compelled to act, but whether a complete act, but ■ erroneous, ended the power of a still continuing body. A ciricuit •court giving final judgment afterward reversed is still competent •to re-try the case, and may be compelled to do so; but the judge who tried the case cannot be- compelled to re-try it after his term. Besides, the canvassing boards were not continuing bodies as in this State. The 7 Iowa case goes to support our holding as it shows that new canvassers act. The Hagerty Case does not 'bear on the question. The Washington Case does not involve powers of retired officers.
We are asked to make a new case out of this by awarding the writ against the new mayor and councilmen. We cannot convert a suit ¡against particular persons into one against others. The new officers are successors, it is true, but get no privity •with them, do not represent them. If the persons against whom [15]*15the suit began had been then in office, and pending it, their terms had expired, there would be more color for this request, though many cases deny it even in such case; and hold that the proceeding abates. Warner v. Stock Co., 165 U. S. 28; U. S. v. Bontwell, 17 Wall 604; Secretary v. McGarrahan, 9 Wall 298, 313.
Therefore we dismiss the mandamus.
Writ denied.
Opinion by
DeNT, Judge:
The Court has reached a right conclusion in this case in which I concur, on fallacious reasoning, and an erroneous construction of the statute, from which I dissent.
In so far as the s}dlabus and opinion hold that the respondents, having discharged their duties legally, and their terms of office having by reason thereof expired, are no longer subject to the writ of mandamus, I unhesitatingly assent; but in so far as they hold that the respondents terms of office have expired and that they are no longer subject to the writ of mandamus by reason of their neglect or refusal to discharge their duties legally, and that their illegal action is a satisfaction of the law, and in so far as such syllabus and opinion tend to hold that persons who were 'not in office at the time of. the election when such duties should have been legally performed, can be required by mandamus to perform such neglected duties of their predecessors, I dissent. The statute in language too plain to be misunderstood imposes on this Court the duty of requiring all officers, mentioned therein, to perform their duties legally, and does not permit any election officer to escape the remedial force and effect thereof by an illegal or erroneous discharge of his duties equivalent to and mare insidious than a positive refusal to discharge such duties at all. Ignorance of law is no excuse for an election officer, and therefore his failure to legally discharge his duties must be treated as a refusal to do so. Otherwise the statute is rendered ineffectual to accomplish the end of its enactment, being the true ascertainment of the result of all elections by those appointed for this purpose under the mandatory supervision of this Court, and thereby the public service is injured, public morals corrupted, and the public weal forgotten, contrary to the plainly expressed will of the people through their lawmakers. The statute only authorizes the Court to compel those, who omit to do so, to per[16]*16form their duties legally, and does not permit the Court to visit’ the sins of election officers on their predecessors in some office. Until election officers have performed their duties legally they are the proper custodians of the poll boohs, tally sheets and ballots, and until they have so performed their duties they are stilt in office for this purpose. This is in accordance with a true public-policy for the promotion of just and fair elections. Hebb v. County Court, 49 W. Va. 746; Smith v. Lawrance et al. (S. D.) 49 U. W. 7.